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Blue-winged Parrotlet
Forpus xanthopterygius

Cotorrita Aliazul

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

12 to 13 cm.. height.

The Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) has the forecrown, the crown, back of the neck and ear-coverts, green; cheeks, eye area and lores, emerald green. Upperparts and wings, green, except the part inferior of the back, rump, primaries and greater coverts, are cobalt blue and blue color toward the base of the secondaries. Under, the wings with the coverts a rich cobalt blue color; the flight feathers Matte metallic blue. the underparts of color green with shades yellow and with feathers of color red Emerald around the thighs and vent. Upper, the tail green; undertail, pale green.

Bill and cere Pink with gray base up to the upper jaw; bare periophthalmic pale grey: irises dark brown: legs Gris-Rosado pale.

Female all green.

Immature similar to the adult respective but the color blue of them males young mixed with green.

Subspecies description
  • Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens

    (Salvadori, 1891) – Similar to the species nominal but the males with the rump pale blue; underparts and facial area more yellowish; undertail, the tail more bluish.

  • Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens

    (Hellmayr, 1929) – Generally paler and more yellowish which the nominal. Forehead, throat and cheeks males, yellow.

  • Forpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius

    (Spix, 1824) – The nominal

  • Forpus xanthopterygius crassirostris

    (By Taczanowsk, 1883) – As the species nominal but blue pale with emerald green in it forecrown. Primary coverts pale, of color grisaceo-violeta that contrast with the coverts more large of color blue more dark. upper jaw laterally compressed in the Center.

    – Some authors like (Stotz et to the., 1996, Collar 1997) They have followed Pinto (1945) and considered this subspecies as monotypic species under the scientific name Forpus crassirostris

Habitat:

Frequent habitats woodlands more dry such as Open forests and riparian, closed and caatinga; at the edge of the range that is located in the Savannah, palm groves, scrub semiarid and pastures. In the western amazon appears to be mainly distributed along rivers in lighter riparian growth. Mainly in the land low, but reported to 1,200 m in the mountains of the southeast of Brazil. Gregaria, in herds of up to 50.

Reproduction:

It nests, mainly, in the cavities of trees, Although also termite tree, posts in fences, nests common hornero (Furnarius rufus), which can be occupied by force and lined with grass stalks, or even nests of the Red-rumped Cacique (Cacique haemorrhous). Clutch 3-7 eggs.

Food:

Its diet includes fruit of Cecropia, seeds of Mikania and Trema micrantha and flowers of Ambrosia and Marcgravia; Forages in open areas, sometimes in land.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 5.780.000 km2

Its distribution is discontinuous in South America, since the Basin Amazon to the North of Argentina with people separated in the North of Colombia. The latter occurs in the lowlands of the Caribbean arid from Cartagena through the valley bottom of the river Magdalena South to North of Bolívar and East to the base of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The species reappears in the end South of Colombia about Leticia and possibly in the Putumayo, and records from the Northeast borders of the Ecuador and from the East of Peru to the East of Bolivia in hand me and Santa Cruz; It extends through the basin of the Western Amazon of Brazil eastward to the East of amazon and in large part of the interior of the this of Brazil towards the Southeast, possibly up to Rio Grande do Sul.

Apparently absent from parts of the East and northeast of brazilian amazon with its northeastern limits in maranhão and Ceará.

They are distributed in the northeast of Argentina, in Missions, Northeast of Currents, Chaco oriental and Formosa Eastern.

Is located in the East of Paraguay and can be observed over the West in the chaco.

Apparently introduced in Jamaica, but the current situation is unknown.

Mainly resident Although migrant altitude in the southeast of Brazil, with seasonal movements in Argentina in relation to food supply. common in the East of the cordillera, sometimes locally abundant (for example, in the northern parts of Bay), less abundant in the West, being uncommon and local (Perhaps reducing) in the Northwest of Colombia and scarce throughout the East of Peru and Bolivia. Perhaps increasing in parts of the western amazon with cleared of forest dense, but probably in decline in Paraguay, where formerly common and now rare.

The Blue-winged Parrotlet have been caught for the trade, with captive birds outside range countries. Is unlikely that the trade has been affected to their abundance in the Middle wild.

Subspecies distribution

With the aim of preserving the stability of the nomenclature, It has designated a lectotype for the name widely used xanthopterygius, What makes the correct name for the species present. Four subspecies currently recognized.

  • Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens

    (Salvadori, 1891) – Bolivia and Southeast Peru.

  • Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens

    (Hellmayr, 1929) – maranhão, Piauí, Ceará and Northeast South of Brazil to the North of Bay.

  • Forpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius

    (Spix, 1824) – The nominal

  • Forpus xanthopterygius crassirostris

    (By Taczanowsk, 1883) – West amazon in South Colombia, is of Ecuador and this from Peru to center of amazon, Brazil.

    – Some authors like (Stotz et to the., 1996, Collar 1997) They have followed Pinto (1945) and considered this subspecies as monotypic species under the scientific name Forpus crassirostris

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ


minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Stable.

Justification of the population

The size of the world's population of the Blue-winged Parrotlet It has not been quantified, but this species is described as «common» (Stotz et to the., 1996).

Justification of trend

Suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.

"Blue-winged Parrotlet" in captivity:

In captivity they are not very frequent. They are birds enable you require a large cage. Quiet and something Shy. Not is easy to accommodate them with other parrots.
Can be prone to it Obesity.

Note:

Among the various species of the Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius), There is, Unfortunately, a very extensive variety of colors mixed due to the crossing in captivity of the nominal species with several of their subspecies, as well as the different crosses between subspecies. So, it is rather doubtful to find yet species and subspecies properly colored, especially in the poultry raising European. Only the subspecies Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens, as pure subspecies, it's still pretty easy to recognize.

Alternative names:

Blue-winged Parrotlet, Blue winged Parrotlet, Blue-winged, Large-billed or Turquoise-winged Parrotlet, Blue-winget parrotlet (English).
Toui de Spix, Perruche-moineau à ailes bleues, xT. à gros bec ou T. de Spengel (French).
Blauflügel-Sperlingspapagei (German).
Tuim, bate-cu, caturra, coió-coió, cu-cozido, cuiúba, cu-tapado, meudo, periquitinho, periquito, periquito-do-espírito-santo, quilim, tabacu, tapa-cu, tuietê, tuim-de-asa-azul, tuitiri (Portuguese).
Catita enana, Catita Enana Sudamericana, Cotorrita Aliazul, Periquito Azulejo, Viudita (español).
Catita enana (Argentina).
Catita enana (Colombia).
Periquito de Ala Azul (Peru).
Viudita (Paraguay).


scientific classification:

Johann Baptist von Spix
Johann Baptist von Spix

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Forpus
Scientific name: Forpus xanthopterygius
Citation: (of Spix, 1824)
Protonimo: Psittaculus xanthopterygius


Images Blue-winged Parrotlet:

Videos of the "Blue-winged Parrotlet"



Species of the genus Forpus

Blue-winged Parrotlet (The xanthopterygi of Forp)


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil By Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo (state), Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil By Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) looking out from a nest in the Vale do Ribeira, Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) at Foz do Iguacu, Brazil By Arthur Chapman [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Scaly-naped Amazon
Amazona mercenarius

Scaly-naped Amazon

Content

Description


Anatomy-parrots

33 to 38 cm.. tall and 300 g. of weight.

The Scaly-naped Amazon (Amazona mercenarius) it is the only amazon in mountainous areas.

General coloring green, with the feathers of the chest with black border, It is distinguished by having the wingtip yellow with orange spots, and external feathers tail tricolor with blue base, middle part red and yellow tip.

Bill pale gray area at the base of jaw; irises orange; legs brown.

Both sexes are similar. It is thought that immature they are similar to adults.

Description 2 subspecies

  • Amazona mercenarius canipalliata

    (Cabanis, 1874) – Speculum red absent. bases outer secondaries marked with brown spots. Some specimens show scattered red feathers crown, the throat top of the chest.


  • Amazona mercenarius mercenarius

    (Tschudi, 1844) – Nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Scaly-naped Amazon"

Loro Verde (Mercenary Amazon)

Andean and sub-Andean forests permanently cloudy between 1200 and 3000 m. Occasionally in warm floor and cultivated land.
Usually in pairs or groups of 30 to 40 individuals.

Reproduction:

They have reported evidence reproduction between March and May in Colombia. Nest and eggs not yet described. The incubation period apparently it lasts 25 and 26 days.

Food:

Little information on their diet, but he has seen taking figs and fruit unidentified in Colombia.
In Colombia they have been observed down to attack corn fields.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 3.160.000 km2

Andes from Venezuela to the North of Bolivia.

Distribution 2 subspecies

  • Amazona mercenarius canipalliata

    (Cabanis, 1874) – Andes of Colombia to northwest Venezuela and Ecuador.


  • Amazona mercenarius mercenarius

    (Tschudi, 1844) – Nominal. Andes North of Peru to the North of Bolivia; a single record in Argentina.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ


minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

Justification of the population

The population size World has not been quantified, but this species is described as «quite common» (Stotz et to the., 1996).

Justification of trend

It is suspected that the population is in decline due to the continuous habitat destruction.

The Amazona Mercenary in captivity:

Very rare in captivity.

Alternative names:

Scaly-naped Amazon, Mercenary Amazon, Mercenary Parrot, Scaly naped Parrot, Scaly-naped Parrot (English).
Amazone mercenaire (French).
Soldatenamazone (German).
Loro verde (Portuguese).
Amazona Mercenaria, Amazona Verde, Lora Andina, Loro nuca escamada, Lora paramera (español).


scientific classification:

Tschudi-Johann Jakob of
Tschudi-Johann Jakob of

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Amazona
Scientific name: Amazona mercenarius
Citation: (Tschudi, 1844)
Protonimo: parrot hired


Scaly-naped Amazon Pictures:


Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Birdlife

– Photos: papageien.org, IBC.lynxeds.com , chrislansdell.blogspot.com.es, Flickr.com

– Sound: Hans Matheve

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Tanimbar corella
Cacatua goffiniana

Cacatua de las Tanimbar

Content

Description

31 to 32 cm.. length and a weight of just 300 g..
The Tanimbar corella (Cacatua goffiniana), like all family members Cacatuidae, is a species crestada, meaning it has a collection of feathers on its head which can go up or down at will; his body is covered with white feathers with some feathers or salmon pink between bill and eyes.
The deepest parts of the feathers of the crest and of the neck They are also the pink, but the color is hidden by the white color of the more superficial. The bottom of its wings and feathers of the tail They have a yellowish hue. The bill It is pale gray and eyes range from brown to black.
There is a clear sexual dimorphism and, often, merge with the blood cockatoo (Cacatua sanguinea) due to their similar appearance.

Habitat:

Riparian forests, thickets of acacias and eucalyptus with short grass or pasture with scattered groups of trees.

Reproduction:

The start is two to three eggs, generally deposited in the hollow of a tree. The incubation, that is shared by two birds, lasts a few 30 days. The chicks they leave the nest about ten weeks after hatching, and feeding by the parents continues for another few weeks.

Food:

Dried fruits, fruit, berries, flowers, estate, bulbs, egg yolks, sprouts, and insects

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 9.100 km2

The Tanimbar Cockatoo It is a species of cockatoo endemic to the forests of Yamdena, Larat and Selaru, all the islands of the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesian. This species has been introduced in the Kai Islands, Indonesian, Puerto Rico and Mexico.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ


Near-threatened Near Threatened (UICN)ⓘ

• Current IUCN Red List category: Near-threatened.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

In the Decade of 1970, Japanese loggers ravaged the Islands. Many birds were stunned and disoriented and were captured for pet trade. Although many died from stress during transport, there is still some hope after this ecological disaster, since many cockatoos managed to reproduce in the programs of captive breeding. So, there are now more specimens in captivity than in their natural habitat.

This species has a range very small, but its population is severely fragmented or restricted to a few places. Despite suffering from the pressure of his capture, seems to have maintained a large population. But, the degradation of the habitat, trapping and continuous persecution is likely to be causing a moderate reduction of the population. Therefore it is classified as Near-threatened.

There is a conservation plan in endemic parrots Tanimbar Islands, Indonesian, financed by LORO PARQUE FUNDACIÓN

"Tanimbar corella" in captivity:

You can show a fearful beginning, but you quickly get used to their caregiver, turning into a very cockatoo sweet, playful, sometimes inquisitive and very active. Enjoy being observed, being the center of the world, like all cockatoos. His cry is not nice, but this little cockatoo is quickly forgiven everything as his antics and bad manners will surprise us and make us laugh.

Has the continuing need to fly so you need a large space.

Curiosities:

A Tanimbar corella, without previous training, open five types different locks:

The incredible mechanical intelligence of the Tanimbar cockatoos 1

The incredible mechanical intelligence of Tanimbar Cockatoo

Alternative names:

Tanimbar Cockatoo, Goffin’s cackatoo, Goffin’s Cockatoo, Tanimbar Corella (ingles).
Cacatoès de Goffin (French).
Goffinkakadu, Goffin-Kakadu (German).
Cacatua-de-goffin (Portuguese).
Cacatúa de las Tanimbar, Cacatúa de Tanimbar (español).

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Cacatuidae
Genus: Cockatoo
Scientific name: Cacatua goffiniana
Citation: Roselaar,CS & Michaels, 2004
Protonimo: Cacatua goffiniana

Images Tanimbar Cockatoo:



Species of the genus Cacatua

Sources:
Avibase, BirdLife.org, faunadex
– Photos: sciencio.com, Marah09013 (Wikipedia),
– Sounds: Frank Lambert (Xeno-canto)

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Lilian's Lovebird
Agapornis lilianae


Inseparable del Nyasa

Content

Description Lilian's Lovebird

Ilustración Inseparable del Nyasa

14 cm.. length and a weight between 28 and 37 g..

The colorful plumage of Nyasa small Inseparable (Agapornis lilianae) may cause their extinction, as it faces the constant threat of capture for the cage bird trade.

They have forecrown, fore crown, lores and cheeks brick red, merging with an orange and yellow-green wash on the back of the crown, ear-coverts, sides neck and nape, but occasionally (including samples taken in Malawi and unlikely to be hybrids with the Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agapornis nigrigenis)) brick red is replaced by dark crimson and orange by dark brown.

Mantle and scapulars bright green, rump and uppertail-coverts, Also bright green, but lighter. Upper, wing-coverts bright green; sometimes in yellow alula; vane outside of primaries and secondaries green; vane blackish internal. Under, the wing-coverts green with some blue feathers; bottoms of the flight feather blackish. Throat and top of the chest orange-red to pink salmon; bottom of the chest up to the undertail- coverts light green. The tail green, except central feathers with orange-red base and subterminal band dark.

Bill coral red; cere white; irises brown; eye ring white (2mm wide); legs pale grey.

Both sexes similar.

Immature and adults, but in black suffusion ear-coverts and black marks on the basis of upper jaw.

Habitat Lilian's Lovebird

The Lilian's Lovebird It is in groves mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and acacias in alluvial deposits and banks of river valleys, in general, below the 1.000 m, preferring areas with figs. Avoid trees miombo.

Very sociable and usually observed in noisy flocks of 20 to 100 birds, sometimes many more, especially when food is plentiful. The birds are not breeding, forman communal roosts in hollow trees, where between 4 and 20 sleeping birds clinging to the walls of the chamber.

Before settling in the place of descando, the Lilian's Lovebird They engaged, to a great extent, to engage in fights and chases.

Reproduction Lilian's Lovebird

Reproduction colonies.

The nest it is a bulky dome-shaped structure with a tube-shaped entrance built from strips of bark, branches and stems brought to the nest by females at the peak.

They build nests in the cavities of trees Mopane, sometimes in some nest of the White-billed Buffalo-Weaver (Bubalornis albirostris).

Wild birds Lundazi nest in the eaves of buildings. the brood, according to sources, It takes place in the months of January and February (birds possibly introduced), September in Zimbabwe and between January and July Zambia.

The laying you can have between 3 and 8 eggs in captivity.

Food Lilian's Lovebird

The diet Lilian's Lovebird It is mainly composed of grass seeds, including Rice perennial and cultivated varieties like millet (particularly unripe) and the sorghum, also seeds acacias, flowers A. whitish, African Erythrophleum, Vitex duamiana and African Cordyla, berries and leaf buds.

The food is collected directly from plants and soil. Often they need to drink, so usually they live near water sources.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 129.000 km2

Several populations Lilian's Lovebird separated on a restricted area in the southeast africa.

They are distributed in the middle of the valley Zambezi River, from the top of Lake Kariba around East of Binga to province Head in Mozambique, in northern and southern belt Zambezi River, below the 1.000 m, including valleys Angwa and Hunyani in Zimbabwe and valleys Lunsemfwa and Sash in Zambia.

In Northeast Zambia, It is also located north of valle de Luangwa, seemingly isolated from the valley Zambezi River, where possibly they were imported.

In Malawi, There is an isolated population of Inseparable the Nyasa located in forests Mopane in the region of the Lake Malombe, to the South of the Lake Malawi. There is also dispersed populations in southern Tanzania.

Wild birds are believed to exist (at least in the past) in the District of Choma and Mazabuka, to the South of Zambia. Aves on al Namibia are escapes from.

generally common, in some places abundant, but probably overall decline due to habitat loss, for example, in the basin of the Lake Kariba.

Apparently they are sedentary, but you can make local movements in response to the food supply.

There is a large number of Lilian's Lovebird in captivity.

Conservation:


Near-threatened

• Current Red List of UICN: Near threatened

• Population trend: Decreasing

The population of the Lilian's Lovebird It is suspected of being in decline due to predation by invasive species and unsustainable levels of exploitation.

Its population has been greatly reduced by the flooding of much of the valley Zambezi by the Lake Kariba, and probably also by the dam Cahorra Low in Mozambique.

They considered a pest, small-scale, by farmers (Harrison et al. 1997). Besides the captura legal large quantities for the international trade in cage birds (more than 10.000 from 1981 when it began to be mentioned in the CITES Appendix II), many are caught and sold locally Mozambique, and the species is also caught and sold in Zimbabwe and Zambia (V. Parker in little . 2003, UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database, January 2005).

Conservation Actions Underway:

    – Conduct surveys to obtain an overall estimate of the population.
    – Monitor population trends through regular surveys.
    – Control or stop the capture and trade in order to prevent overfishing.

This species is well studied in South Africa «Research Project» conducido por el «Research Centre for Parrot Conservation» de la Universidad de KwaZulu-Natal. Studies to better understand its ecology and conservation.

The Inseparable from the Nyasa in captivity

They were imported to Europe 1926.

Rarely seen among breeders and many crossed with Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri).

The Lilian's Lovebird son aves gregarias, that coexist very well in Cologne. They have a character quite scary because not very frequent, they have not yet become very familiar with the human being, but once caught enough confidence spend the day making a racket.

You can keep an aviary with Black-cheeked Lovebird (Agapornis nigrigenis).

They are birds something else complicated to create than other varieties Lovebird, are birds more timid and therefore need more peace of mind, plus the percentage of egg fertility in this species is a 40 % to 60 %.

Apparently they have problems to survive the first moult, so in this case it is recommended to acquire and adults.

With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived 19,2 years in captivity.

Alternative names:

Nyasa Lovebird, Black-cheeked Lovebird, Nyassa Lovebird (English).
Inséparable de Lilian, Inséparable de Liliane, Inséparable liliane, Inséparable nyasa (French).
Erdbeerköpfchen (German).
Inseparável do Niassa, Inseparável-de-niassa (Portuguese).
Inseparable del Nyasa, Inseparable Liliana, Agapornis Lilianae (español).

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Lovebirds
Scientific name: Agapornis lilianae
Citation: Shelley, 1894
Protonimo: Agapornis lilianae

Images Lilian's Lovebird

Videos "Lilian's Lovebird"


Species of the genus Agapornis


Lilian's Lovebird (Agapornis lilianae)


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Lilian’s Lovebird at South Luangwa Valley National Park, Zambia © Hans Hillewaert/, via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Three Agapornis lilianae birds By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Agapornis_lilianae.jpg: Wessel van der Veen (Agapornis_lilianae.jpg) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Agapornis lilianae green D (Jade) By Gonzalo Blanco – Linx
(4) – A perched bird By Paul van Giersbergen – Lynx
(5) – Pair By Philip Perry – Lynx
(6) – Illustration by Ibis 1894

Sounds: Derek Solomon (Xeno-canto)

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Blue-throated Macaw
Ara glaucogularis


Guacamayo barbiazul

Content

Description:

Of 85 cm.. length and a weight between 600 and 1000 g..

The Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) they have a very vivid coloration. Very similar to the more common Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna), easily differentiated by wide turquoise blue stain that reaches the throat.

These beautiful macaws have bright turquoise blue feathers that cover the throat, crown, the back and the back of your wings and tail. Yellow gold feathers grow in a strip between the crown blue and neck, on the sides of the face and in the ventral part of the body, the wings and tail.

In the face There is a patch sparsely feathered skin near the base of the great bill dark which has 5 or 6 horizontal stripes of blue feathers, unique for each Blue-throated Macaw and that they can be used to individually identify adults. The skin This patch is predominantly white with a tinge of pink around the bill.

The Blue-throated Macaw sample little sexual dimorphism.; However, the males they tend to be a little larger than the females with approximate masses of 600 and 800 g., respectively.

The newborn infants they are completely pink and have no feathers. The gray color of the underparts grows as they age, and is later replaced by colorful feather, fully developed. The irises It also changes color with age. The color of the eyes of a hatchling is initially black and changes to brown shortly after the opening of the eyes.

When is the Macaw one to three years, their eyes Gray become, then white. In the old mature, the irises It turns yellow and will be more golden color to the 10 years, becoming a gold richer with age.

The largest macaws They show a ring dark grey color that surrounds the pupil. This ring can be used to estimate the age of the Macaw.

Habitat:

Very scarce and localised. They inhabit gallery forests and tree islands surrounded by tropical savannah..

Seasonal rains cause floods in October to may and transform the Savannah in a swamp covered with grass that surrounds the high forest islands, permanently dry. The presence of Palms is required Motivate (Attalea phalerata) for the survival of the Blue-throated Macaw Since this species feeds, In addition to using it to build their nests. Also have favoritism by the Acrocomia aculeata.

They are most frequently between the elevations 200 and 300 m. Most of these macaws' habitat is used for cattle ranching.. But, the land is not suitable for cultivation, so there is one alteration of habitat for agriculture.

In general, observed in pairs; apparently less sociable nearby conspecifics than. The young are believed to stay with the parents for only a brief period of time., Perhaps that explains the infrequency in which observed small flocks or family groups. Probably communal roosts, sometimes with the Blue-and-yellow Macaw. They tend to use hangers in tall trees, especially of the species Tabebuia.

Although cattle trample young trees, Palms Motivate mature they are very resilient and resist damage. This Palm is also fire-resistant. As a result, Palms Motivate, often dominate the forest fragments in the Beni savanna (Llanos de Moxos).

Reproduction:

The Blue-throated Macaw are monogamous and they mate for life. It is not known if these macaws are matched with another partner if your original partner, dies. Nothing more is known about systems of mating for this species in the wild.

Usually They nest in cavities of Palm trees, often the species Attalea phalerata, but they will also use other Palm species or trees Tabebuia. You can use the holes previously occupied by other species, for example, woodpeckers.

Dead Palm trees are ideal for nesting, insofar as they are excavated by large larvae after a tree has died.

Some species of macaws, including the Blue-throated Macaw, palm leaves are eaten, causing the death of the tree. The trunk of the Palm will be recessed by larvae, resulting in the creation of a potential nest. It is not yet known if this is a coincidence or if these birds do this intentionally to create nesting sites..

Nesting couples do not remain in a nest consecutive reproductive seasons and generally seek different nesting sites each year.

The reproduction do it once a year if environmental conditions permit; However, If eggs or chicks are lost, the breeding pair can produce a second clutch in the same breeding season.

It has been speculated that the two sub-populations they breed at slightly different times: the population of North from August to November and the population of South from November to March.

The female It puts one to three eggs by laying and incubated during 26 days. The chicks have a mass of about 18 g at hatching; they leave the nest to 13 to 14 weeks and not be completely independent parents for a full year. They will reach their sexual maturity to the 5 years.

Food:

The Blue-throated Macaw do not feed on seeds and nuts to the same extent that other many other species of macaws make it. On the other hand, they eat mainly fruit of large Palm trees, including the of the Attalea phalerata and Acrocomia aculeata.

They supplement their diet with seeds and leaves of Hura crepitans, Inflorescences of Syagrus botryophora and palm trees Astrocaryum vulgare.

Birds consume ripe and near-ripe fruit and drink fluids from immature palm fruits. Attalea.

Distribution:

The Blue-throated Macaw only found in the Beni Department, Bolivia (between 200 and 300 meters above the sea level). In total, They inhabit an area of 2508 square kilometers.

There is a two inhabited areas by two subpopulations, to the Northwest of Trinidad (the capital of Beni), and the other to the South of Trinidad. This separation may have occurred because of the indigenous peoples who historically inhabited this area and who hunted the Blue-throated Macaw in order to use their feathers in their ornamental costumes. This separation could also have been caused more recently by the wild bird trade. With the high population of humans, macaws in those areas would have a higher chance of being caught. The formation of large human settlements in this area also resulted in a loss of suitable habitat and fragmentation of the habitat of this species. So, there are not any Blue-throated Macaw in the vicinity of Trinidad.

Reports of birds in Tarija and Chuquisaca they have not been tested. Stock in Paraguay and North of Argentina they are still being corroborated and seem unlikely. Apparently resident. Scarce and highly dispersed.

Conservation:


critical hazard

• Current Red List of UICN: critically endangered

• Population trend: Stable

The Blue-throated Macaw is currently classified as in critical hazard on The IUCN Red list and figure in the Appendix I by the CITES. Trapping for this species is illegal because the Blue-throated Macaw they are protected by the national law of Bolivia and Convention on international trade in endangered species of Fauna and Flora Silvestres (CITES) from 1986. (Strem, 2008; «Blue-throated Macaw», 2009)

The capture for the pet trade It is the main reason that the Blue-throated Macaw are in such critical danger. The rarity of this species drove the selling price, What gives as a result an increase in the pressure of capture. As more birds were captured, the rarity of the Blue-throated Macaw was on the rise. This became a vicious cycle that greatly reduced the wild population of these Macaws to the numbers currently observed.. Currently there is an estimated number of 50 to 250 specimens in the nature. (Hesse and Duffield, 2000; Jor­dan and Munn, 1993; «Blue-throated Macaw», 2009)

Since the Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) became extinct in the 2000, the species Ara glaucogularis It is now the rarest among macaws in the world. With the low estimated wild population, extreme conservation actions are needed.

The World Parrot Trust has many volunteers and employees who work in the conservation of the Blue-throated Macaw. These people watch over nests to protect the chicks from predation. The chicks are also examined periodically to be sure that they are healthy and receive adequate food from their parents. If the female is not doing as well as expected, is then supplemented with formula. New nest boxes have been built and current nesting sites have been improved. The support of local landowners has also been established. (Gi­lardi, et to the., 2005; Kyle, 2006; Kyle, 2007b; Kyle, 2007to)

"Blue-throated Macaw" in captivity:

The Blue-throated Macaw they are relatively easy to breed in captivity, and the captive population is many times greater than the wild population.

This species of Macaw is now more common in captivity in United States and South Africa in its natural habitat. In a recent study of the species of the Appendix I of the CITES, carried out by the Committee CITES of the AF A, This species was the second more documented; only the Scarlet Macaw had been documented in greater numbers in captivity. It also, most owners have had success in breeding, Although it is uncommon to obtain seed of the second generation (only three owners have reported it). Without a doubt, This will change in the near future, When juveniles reach the age and maturity appropriate to reproduce.

With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived during 22 years in captivity. It has been reported that these animals can live up to 32,8 years in captivity, but this has not been verified.

As a special, a specific installation of United States produces more than seventy copies of Blue-throated Macaw a year. The price of this species has experienced the most drastic decline of any parrot species; initially, It was not unusual to see couples of Blue-throated Macaw that were sold for even 10.000 $ americans, While it is now possible to find a pair of unrelated young by 3000 $ American or even less.

On the other hand, export made by breeders of United States to those of other countries is difficult to carry out at this time due to the strict restrictions on trade in this species imposed by the CITES. The legal trade in legal birds would certainly alleviate some of the threat hanging over the remaining flocks of wild birds..

Its feathers have also been used for ornamental costume decoration by indigenous groups..

Only breeders of a long experience with the most common species of Ara should consider obtaining these macaws.

Alternative names:

Blue-throated Macaw, Blue throated Macaw, Caninde Macaw, Wagler’s Macaw (English).
Ara canindé, Ara à gorge bleue (French).
Blaukehlara, Kaninde (German).
Arara-de-garganta-azul (Portuguese).
Guacamayo Barbazul, Guacamayo barbiazul, Guacamayo de Barba Azul, Papagayo azul y amarillo (español).
Guacamaya caninde, Guacamaya garganta azul (Bolivia).
Andapury, Arara (Guarani).
Bagará (Emberá).
Carú (Yucuna).
Koatá (Tunebo).

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: ARA
Scientific name: Ara glaucogularis
Citation: Dabbene, 1921
Protonimo: Ara glaucogularis

Images Blue-throated Macaw:

Videos "Blue-throated Macaw"

————————————————————————————————

"Blue-chinned macaw" (Ara glaucogularis)


Species of the genus Ara


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Macaws. A Complete Guide by Rick Jordan.

Photos:

(1) – A Blue-throated Macaw at Chester Zoo, Cheshire, England By Steve Wilson – over 2 million views thank you from Chester, UK (Blue throated MacawUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Blue-throated Macaws at Chester Zoo, England. Photograph shows upper bodies of two macaws By David Friel [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Blue-throated Macaw at Cincinnati Zoo, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA By Photo by Greg Hume (Greg5030) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Blue-throated Macaw at Cincinnati Zoo, USA By Ted (originally posted to Flickr as DSC_0388) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blue-throated Macaw; photograph shows upper body of pet parrot By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as Candinde Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Macaw Ara ararauna at Indira Gandhi Zoological Park in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Prades By Adityamadhav83 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – The back of a Blue-throated Macaw showing the blue over its back and top of head By Eric Savage from USA [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Blue-and-yellow macaw Ara ararauna at Himeji Central Park, Hyogo, Japan – opencage.info
(9) – Blue-throated Macaw at Chester Zoo, England By Matt Sims (originally posted to Flickr as DSC_0236) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Golden-plumed Parakeet
Leptosittaca branickii


Aratinga de Pinceles

Content


Anatomy-parrots

Description:

Approximately from 36 cm.. of length and a weight of 150 g.
The Golden-plumed Parakeet (Leptosittaca branickii) has the crown, most of the forecrown, the cheeks, the sides of neck and ear-coverts grass-green; close frontal band on bottom of the forecrown orange, extending towards the upper lores; a feature yellowish stripe at the lower lores extending below the eyes to then join in a loop of yellow the part located behind the eyeball.
Upperparts green. above the wings green. Underwing-coverts greenish yellow; underside of feathers opaque yellow flight.

The underparts green, slightly more yellow than the upper, with a large yellow and orange patch at the bottom of the chest.

Upper, the tail of color green with red off on them vane inner; below its long and acute tail opaque reddish.

The bill color horn; cere grey; bare orbital skin pale whitish-grey; Orange the irises; legs grey.

Both sexes similar. The immature not described.

NOTE: Some authors include the species within the genus Aratinga. But, the facial feathers they are distinctive and monotypic, so the gender Leptosittaca is justified for this species.

Habitat:

Video – "Golden-plumed Parakeet" (Leptosittaca branickii)

Near endemic, Golden-plumed Parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii, White River (manizales)

These birds are found in high altitude formations, between 2,400 and 3.400 m, Sometimes you can see them at altitudes lower, about 1.400 m. With distributed in temperate zones, stunted forests, cloud and tree growth limits. Sometimes they cross cleared areas to visit residual plots.

Its distribution is possibly linked to the trees Podocarpus, at least in the Azuay province and parts of Colombia, Although more studies are needed to confirm this.
The Golden-plumed Parakeet make altitudinal movements day towards the Moors, returning to the lower forests for sleep; in the Puracé national natural park This pattern is reversed, and birds perch on community in paramo areas (above 3.000 m), descending to feed during the day.

In general, in flocks (at least outside of breeding season) of up 20 birds (sometimes more).

Reproduction:

The Golden-plumed Parakeet nests on trunks of Palm wax (Ceroxylon quinduense) and encenillo (Weinmania sp.). Played during the first half of the year. Birds in breeding conditions during the month of February, Colombia, and birds mating in August, Ecuador.

The female lays 2-3 eggs they are incubated both during 28 to 32 days. Only the female incubates during the day., while at night, both dealt with the work. The chicks leave the nest 64-68 days after birth and are fed by both parents, While they are in the nest.

Food:

They feed on coniferous seeds, especially of cones of Podocarpus, as well as the seeds and fruits of some plants, among them included the Rosacea, Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Brunelliaceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae, Croton, Styrax subargentea, otodectes nitida, Ficus and the corn cultivated. Sometimes it can be powered from leaves.

It forages generally in the canopy (birds frequently moving among the trees), sometimes in the layer of shrubs and fields.

Distribution:

The natural habitat of the Golden-plumed Parakeet It is discontinuous and runs from the North of the Andes from Colombia to the South of Peru.

The species is known in three areas of the Colombian Andes:

In West Cerro Munchique and at the borders of Tolima, Risaralda, Quindio and Caldas; in the Center from the North of Caldas until Cauca, including the Volcano Puracé; in the East, to the East of Nariño.

It has been reported from six or seven areas in Ecuador, including the province of Imbaburato in the North and the mountains of Chilla on The Oro Province, high mountains in the Azuay province and Morona Santiago province, as well as various locations in the Loja province in the South.

In Peru are distributed from the Amazonas Department and South of Departments of Cajamarca through Department of San Martin, Freedom, Department of Huánuco and Junin Department until Guzco.

Seasonal and nomadic, unusual and very local, especially in Colombia, in where the drastic decrease of birds is due to the deforestation; in Ecuador It scarce, possibly more common in the southeast, but absent in apparently suitable habitats in the Eastern Andes. In Peru, where is deforestation less severe, It may be more widespread. Your local observation is unpredictable and may be linked to the fructification of your favorite plants.

They are observed (Although perhaps non-resident) in many protected areas, including the Puracé national natural park in the center of the Andes of Colombia, the Podocarpus national park in the South of Ecuador and the Manu National Park, Peru.

VULNERABLE.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ


Vulnerable Vulnerable (UICN)ⓘ

• Red List category of the UICN current: Vulnerable

•Population trend: Decreasing

You suspect a rapid descent and ongoing in the population of the Aratinga of brushes based on the destruction, degradation and fragmentation of their habitat to large scale.

Currently its population It is estimated within a range between 1.500 and 7.000 mature individuals.

The habitat loss and fragmentation It has been significant throughout its range, with between the 90% and the 93% lost mountain forests in Colombia. In the Peru the loss of habitat is less (Salaman et to the. 1999b, PGW Salaman in litt., 1999).

Logging of the Quindio wax Palm for the services of the Palm Sunday It is a serious problem in some parts of Ecuador. (1999b Salaman et to the.).

The road construction is continuous through many areas of dwarf and humid forests in Peru, causing a severe loss of habitat in areas such as Málaga (H. Lloyd in litt., 2007).

In Colombia, are persecuted as corn pests and as pet birds (1999b Salaman et to the.).

Many protected areas they are affected by the burning and grazing Moor, settlements, cleared for agriculture, logging, Narcotics and the extraction of gold (Wege and Long 1995, Salaman et to the., 1999b).

Conservation Actions Underway:

Appendix II of CITES.

Is known of many protected areas (Wege and Long, 1995), including the national parks Los Nevados and Cave of the Guacharos in Colombia, and the Podocarpus national park in Ecuador (PGW Salaman in litt., 1999, Clements and Shany 2001).

The reserves, Ucumari Regional Natural Park, Puracé National Park (Colombia), Huashapamba native forest (Ecuador) and the Rio Abiseo National Park (Peru) they are apparently well protected (Wege and Long 1995).

In Ecuador, an organized campaign by Birds and conservation and Fundación Jocotoco with the support of the Government is aimed at reducing the unsustainable exploitation of the Quindio wax Palm. The Fundación Jocotoco you have installed nest boxes your reservations, that they are being used (even in preference to the natural cavities) for this and other species of parrot (D. Waugh in litt., 2010).

Conservation Actions Proposed:

Assess their condition from Peru (Flanagan et to the., 2000).

Establish the degree of dependence of the Quindio wax Palm in different regions (Sornoza Molina and Lopez-Lanús 1999).

Develop a network of mountain protected forest. Protect the Nevado del RuizNevado del Tolima and Cordillera de Chilla in the The Manu National Park (Jacobs and Walker 1999, PGW Salman in litt., 1999, López-Lanús et al., In press).

"Golden-plumed Parakeet" in captivity:

Very rare in captivity, Some examples in Colombia.

Alternative names:

Golden-plumed Parakeet, Branicki’s Conure, Golden Plumed Conure, Golden plumed Parakeet, Golden-plumed Conure, Golden-plumed Parrot (English).
Conure à pinceaux d’or, Perriche à pinceaux d’or, Perruche à pinceaux d’or (French).
Pinselsittich, Pinsel-Sittich (German).
Papagaio-de-bochechas-douradas (Portuguese).
Aratinga de Pinceles, Cotorra Moteada, Perico Paramuno, Catanica de páramo (español).
Loro paramuno, Perico Paramuno (Colombia).
Perico de Mejilla Dorada (Peru).
Perico cachetidorado, Cotorra moteada o Loro de mejillas doradas (Ecuador).


scientific classification:

Jan Sztolcman
Jan Sztolcman

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Leptosittaca
Scientific name: Leptosittaca branickii
Citation: von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894
Protonimo: Leptosittaca branickii


Golden-plumed Parakeet images:


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws

Photos:

(1) – Golden-plumed Parakeet in Tapichalaca Reserve, Ecuador By markaharper1 [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Leptosittaca branickii – Golden-plumed Parakeet by ProAves ColombiaFlickr
(3) – GOLDEN-PLUMED PARAKEET by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(4) – GOLDEN-PLUMED PARAKEET by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(5) – Leptosittaca branickii – Golden-plumed Parakeet by © Carl Downing – NeotropicalBirds
(6) – Leptopsittaca branickii via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Sun Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis

Aratinga Sol

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 30 cm.. length and a weight between 120 and 130 g.
Of great beauty, the Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) has the lores, ocular region and ear-coverts golden yellow, changing to shades red orange glossy; the forecrown, crown and nape are of a rich color yellow brilliant with color orange.

Bright yellow in the the mantle, the back and rump; uppertail-coverts of color yellow with exotic feathers of color blue. Scapulars Green Tips and the vane inner blue; the coverts smaller and medium, of color yellow with variable staining Green; greater coverts with tips of color green beige, primary coverts, blue. Flight feathers, green above, primaries with tips and vane inner blue; grayish brown then. Undertail-coverts yellow (or orange / yellow). The throat Orange with yellow shading at the top of the chest; lower chest and the belly orange; Flanks and area of the vent yellow.

Ilustración Aratinga-Sol

Upper, the tail mainly of color green yellowish with tips of color blue; undertail, of color grey with dye beige.

The bill of color Brown dark to black; the irises dark brown; legs distant.

Both sexes similar.

Immature usually with more muted than adults with the yellow colors of the head and the body replaced by an orange-Green. Lesser and medium uppertail-coverts green.

Habitat:

Video – "Sun Parakeet" (Aratinga solstitialis)

CAP 547. ARATINGA OF THE SUN. care and behavior.

In general, live in Savanna, in dry forests with Palm trees and some times in flooded areas, until 1200 m. Cross the habitats more open only when traveling between the patches of forest. Son Bird social, usually observed in flocks of 30 or more individuals, with aggregations over large in tree fruit.

Reproduction:

It nests in hollow of trees or palms (for example, Mauritia).
Nest with a chick only in the month of February in Suriname. The size medium of laying is of 3 to 4 eggs. These eggs are hatch during 23 to 27 days, that is almost the forty percent more that it from other birds, in comparison with the mass of egg.

Food:

Their diet is poorly documented, Although it probably consists of locally available food, such as different fruits, berries, nuts, sprouts and flowers. Some foods known including pods of legumes, small fruits of the family Melastomataceae, fruits Red's Cactus and possibly berries of the genus Malpighia.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 96.600 km2

The Sun Parakeet are distributed in the northeast of South America, from the Monte Roraima in the extreme north of Brazil (a single record in 1848 previously attributed to Venezuela), areas adjacent of it Pacaraima mountains in Venezuela and North of Guyana, to pomeroon river, eastward through Suriname (apparently unknown in the North) and French Guayana until Brazil in Amapá.

Observed also in For and Eastern Amazonas (bounded on the west about Rio Branco and locally to the South of the Amazon, from Santarém to the region of the Canuma River).

Although in general can be considered is usual, records sporadic suggest appearances local of the Sun Parakeet in an extended range of its distribution area.

Maintained locally as domestic fowl and trapped for the bird trade Vivas.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: In danger of extinction

• Population trend: Decreasing

A well known in the South flock of Guyana has been registered with a maximum number of 200 individuals (Bergman 2009), with other recent records in Roraima (Laranjeiras et to the. 2011). The population is estimated therefore between 1,000-2,499 mature individuals, based on recent records. This is equivalent to 1,500-3,749 birds in total, rounded in 1.500-4.000 individuals.

The population of the Sun Parakeet It is thought that can be in continuous descent, because, probably, continuous pressure which is subjected due to hunting.

THREATS:

Due to the high demand for this species in the pet market, its population has declined dramatically over the last twenty years (J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Have been exported largely from Guyana during this time, which has led to its virtual extinction in that country. Trappers of Guyana and French Guiana have traveled to the border with Brazil to buy these birds for export (T. Arndt in litt. 2007, L. Silveira in litt., 2007).

A fit annual of export of 600 bird was established in Guyana in the years 1980 and it is believed that more than 2.200 they were imported into the United States between 1981 and 1985 (J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Its trade is in course, and because of the ease with which these birds can be attracted to the bait (for example corn) and the long distances that will be traveling, It is easy to catch all individuals in a given area(J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Conservation Actions Underway:

    • It is very common in captivity, but it is not known what percentage of this population are hybrids between the Aratinga solstitialis and the Aratinga maculata (Silveira et to the., 2005, LF Silveira in litt. 2012).

Conservation Actions Proposed:

    • Consider listing the species in Appendix I.

    • Stop cross-border trade immediately CITES.

    • Work with the indigenous inhabitants of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indian Land and the Amerindian Community in Karasabai to avoid entrapment and protect suitable habitat.

    • Survey to locate additional important subpopulations.

    • Establish captive breeding lines of purebred birds..

"Sun Parakeet" in captivity:

The Sun Parakeet is known for its quacking very strong in comparison with its size relatively small. It is capable of imitating human beings, but not as well as some larger parrots.
Son popular as pets, due to their bright coloration while they have a very limited ability to speak.

Due to its inquisitive temperament, demand much attention from their owners, and sometimes they can be very noisy.

Alternative names:


Sun Parakeet, Sun Conure, Yellow Conure (English).
Conure soleil, Perriche soleil, Perruche soleil (French).
Sonnensittich (German).
Jandaia-sol, cacaoé, guaruba, Jandaia, jandaia-amarela, quijuba (Portuguese).
Aratinga Sol, Periquito Dorado (español).
Perico Dorado (Venezuela).

Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

scientific classification:


Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Aratinga
Scientific name: Aratinga solstitialis
Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
Protonimo: Psittacus solstitialis


Images Sun Parakeet:



Species of the genus Aratinga

Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Cover photo:

(1) – Sun Conure or Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) at a bird park in Singapore By Michael Gwyther-Jones (originally posted to Flickr as Singapore) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Image gallery:

(2) – Three Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conure) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. The bird in the middle of the photograph has been wing clipped By Michael Gwyther-Jones from UK (FlickrUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conures) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore By Michael Spencer (originally posted to Flickr as Jurong Bird Park) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore By Michael Spencer (originally posted to Flickr as Jurong Bird Park) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Sun Conures at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. Wing clipped By Doug Janson (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

(6) – Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) perching on a branch and eating white flowers at Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand By Brian Gratwicke [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Sun Conures, at Pairi Daiza, Brugelette, Belgium © Hans Hillewaert/, via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A pet Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) perching on a shoulder. It has been wingclipped By turtlemom4bacon from Orlando, FL, USA [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Aratinga solstitialis at Baltimore Aquarium, USA By Chris Williamson [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

(10) – Feeding a Sun Conure, also known as a Sun Parakeet at Discovery Cove, Orlando, Florida, USA By eric from USA (IMG_4596) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(11) – He loves it when you blow on his face and it makes him puff! By Sarah G from Tulsa, USA (Sherbie Sherbie Puffs-Alot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(12) – Wing clipped Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conures) at Kobe Kachoen, a bird and flower park located on Port Island in Kobe, Japan By merec0 (originally posted to Flickr as niji) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(13) – Sun Conure, at Pairi Daiza, Brugelette, Belgium © Hans Hillewaert/, via Wikimedia Commons

Photo illustration:

(14) – An adult Sun Parakeet or Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis) . Jacques Barraband [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Red-fronted Parrotlet
Touit costaricensis

The few records Red-fronted Parrotlet existing in Costa Rica come from, mainly, from the central-southern highlands of the Caribbean slope.
Red-fronted Parrotlet
A captive Costa Rican Parrot eating – Nrg800, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

17,5 cm.. length.

The Red-fronted Parrotlet (Touit costaricensis) has the forecrown, anteriorly of crown, lores and stripe under the eyes, red; sides neck, cheeks and upperparts, green with the back of the crown and nape slightly paler and yellower. Inner wing-coverts green; exterior and median coverts and wing leading edge, red; primary coverts black.

Primaries and outer secondaries, black with green margin to outerweb of the primaries. Inner underwing-coverts, yellow, the outer, red. Feathers on base of the beak, on chin and throat, brighter yellowish green; the chest, the belly and undertail-coverts, green tinted yellowish. The tail greenish yellow with a black tip (except the outermost feathers) and dark green subterminally. Bill pale yellow; cere and bare periophthalmic, grey; irises grey; legs slaty.

The female It has less red on the upperwing-coverts, and perhaps more yellow in the underwing-coverts; probably, on average, are smaller than males. The immature It has little or no red on the head.

Note:

The Red-fronted Parrotlet It has sometimes been treated as conspecific with the Blue-fronted Parrotlet (Touit dilectissimus) North of South America and Panama. Although these taxa are clearly allied and share a recent common ancestor, most authors now treat them as separate on the basis of their clear and consistent plumage differences. The structural divergence can also exist in the Red-fronted Parrotlet longer seems to show the uppertail-coverts (extending almost to the end of the tail) its counterpart Southern, While (although the sample is small) it suggests a sexual dimorphism by the length of the wings and tail on Red-fronted Parrotlet but not in Blue-fronted Parrotlet.

Habitat:

Generally observed in the canopy moist forests at mid-altitudes. It moves towards the thicket, on forest edges, flying over the clear, sometimes in the lowlands (sometimes at sea level, especially in southeast Costa Rica), where perhaps it is a seasonal visitor. Tolerates some habitat alterations.

Observed in association with Red-headed Barbet (Eubucco bourcierii) and Blue-and-gold Tanager (Bangsia arcaei), both species associated in cool wet forests in the upper tropics and subtropics.

Observed to 3.000 meters in Costa Rica in the early dry season and reported regularly at altitudes 500-1.000 m during the wet season. Usually in pairs or small flocks family.

Reproduction:

The family size usually between 4-5 birds, suggests the clutch usual 2-3 eggs. probably plays during the season, dry.

Food:

They feed on fruits trees and epiphytes, such as Cavendishia and Clusia, but probably also include flowers and seeds.

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 10.000 km2

The few records Red-fronted Parrotlet existing in Costa Rica come, mainly, the highlands of central-south Caribbean side, where its range seems to extend to the south, from Monteverde, Turrialba volcano and Lemon.

Although there are no records in much of the east of Costa Rica, its existence can be continuous along the Cordillera de Talamanca (perhaps only in the Caribbean side) to western Panama. The handful of panamanian specimens and records from observations, They are mainly from the western highlands to a report from the east, about the Cocle Province.

It is obviously a kind rare and presumably in decline due to continued deforestation (at least in the lowlands) in a limited range.

Conservation:


Vulnerable

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.

Population size : 2500-9999 specimens.

Rationale for the Red List category

This species is classified as Vulnerable because the clearing and forest fragmentation at middle elevations, mainly in the Central Volcanic Range and in the Sierra de Tilarán of Costa Rica, It is likely to be causing significant slopes in its small range and (presumably) in population.

Justification of the population

It is estimated that the breeding population of the Important Bird Areas of Costa Rica is 1.000 to 4.000 mature individuals (J. And others Craido 2007, J. Sánchez et al., In 2007), so it is believed that the total population may be within the range of 2.500-9.999 mature individuals. This is equivalent to 3.750-14.999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3.500-15.000 individuals.

Justification of trend

It is suspected that the population species is decreasing at a moderate rate, in line with continued clearing of its forest habitat in the northern part of its range.

Conservation Actions Underway

CITES Appendix II. Live in several areas protected, including national parks Braulio Carrillo, Tapantí-Cerro de la Muerte and Monteverde, Costa Rica, and La Amistad International Park and adjacent reserves in both countries. But, The legal protection of Palo Seco Protected Forest (BPPS) (a booking Panama adjacent to La Amistad) has not prevented clearance for agriculture (Angehr and Jordan, 1998).

Conservation Actions Proposed

Evaluate the importance of habitat outside the breeding season (J. Created en lit. 2007, J. Sanchez et al., In 2007). Conduct surveys to determine the total size of the population. Study of the ecology of the species (J. Sanchez et al., in bed. , 2007). Monitor population trends through regular surveys. Monitor rates of loss and recovery of forests (J. Sanchez et al., In 2007). Effectively protect the Bosque Protector Palo Seco (BPPS).

"Red-fronted Parrotlet" in captivity:

No reports are known captive birds.

Alternative names:

Red-fronted Parrotlet, Red fronted Parrotlet (English).
Toui du Costa Rica (French).
Costa-Rica-Papagei (German).
Red-fronted Parrotlet (Portuguese).
Cotorrita Costarricense, Lorito de Pecho Rojo, Periquito alirrojo (español).

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Touit
Scientific name: Touit costaricensis
Citation: (Cory, 1913)
Protonimo: Urochroma costaricensis

Images of the "Red-fronted Parrotlet"

Video of the "Red-fronted Parrotlet"



Species of the genus Touit


"Cotorrican Parrot" (Touit costaricensis)


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Papagei am Rincon de la Vieja by Kovac – GEO Reisencommunity

Sounds: