The Cuban iguana (Cyclura nubila) it is found in the rocky coastal areas of Cuba and in the 4.000 islets surrounding the Cuban mainland, including the Isle of Youth, off the southern coast, which has one of the most robust populations. Populations are found on islets along the north and south coasts and in protected areas on the mainland.. [These include the Guanahacabibes Biosphere Reserve in the west., the Desembarco del Granma National Park, Hatibonico Wildlife Refuge, the Punta Negra-Quemados Ecological Reserve and the Delta del Cauto Wildlife Refuge, all in eastern Cuba. [According to Allison Alberts, San Diego Zoo Ecologist, among the many species of fauna at the base, » the Cuban iguana (Cyclura nubila) is one of the largest, certainly the most visible and certainly the most charismatic.". It seems that no one completes a period of service at Guantanamo without meeting these prehistoric-looking giants.". An unusual incident occurred when a detainee at the prison assaulted a guard with a bloodied tail ripped from a Cuban iguana in 2005.

The subspecies, Cyclura nubila caymanensis, it is endemic to the "sister islands" of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. The population in Cayman Brac is less than 50 of these animals and Small Alligator keeps 1.500. A feral population of C has been established in Grand Cayman. n. caymanensis.

The Cuban iguana makes its burrow near cacti or thistles, sometimes even within the cactus itself. These thorny plants offer protection and their fruits and flowers offer food to iguanas.. In areas without cacti, lizards make their burrows in dead trees, hollow logs and limestone cracks.

In the middle of the Decade of 1960, a small group of Cuban iguanas was released from a zoo on Magueyes Island, southwest of Puerto Rico, forming an independent feral population. As of the year 2000, there has been talk of eliminating or relocating this iguana population by the U.S. Department of the Interior. This feral population is the source of the 90% of captive Cuban iguanas found in private collections.

As the largest member of its kind, the Cuban iguana (Cyclura nubila) reaches a total length of 150 cm and a head-torso length of 70 cm.. Males are much larger than females and have large pores on their thighs through which they release pheromones. Both sexes have a dorsal crest. The scales of the muzzle are enlarged and bulging, but they do not form "horns". Skin color varies from dark gray to brick red in males, and is olive green with dark bands in females. Feet are blackish.

The Cuban iguana prefers to live in coastal and rocky areas covered with shrubs, holly and opuntia. Animals feed on plant material such as leaves, flowers or fruits. The Cuban iguana is oviparous. Egg clutches consist of 5-11 eggs, that hatch after 77-92 days at an ambient temperature of approximately 30ºC and have a length of 27-32 cm..

State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

Since 1999, all major concentrations of iguanas, except one, are partially or fully protected by the Cuban government. Although there is no captive breeding program in Cuba, the National Center for Protected Areas has suggested that it will explore this avenue in the future.. In 1985, the Cuban government issued a commemorative peso with a Cuban iguana on the front of the coin in an attempt to raise awareness about this animal.

The Cuban iguana is well established in public and private collections. Many zoos and private individuals keep them in captive breeding programs, minimizing the demand for wild-caught specimens for the pet trade. [The Cuban iguanas are listed as «vulnerable» in the The IUCN Red list, as well as the predominant Cuban subspecies, while the subspecies of the Cayman Islands is "critically endangered". The total population in Cuba is estimated between 40.000 and 60.000 individuals, and the feral population on Magueyes Island is estimated at more than 1.000..

Indirectly, the status of the Cuban iguana under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. USA. came to American jurisprudence. In the autumn of 2003, Attorney Tom Wilner had to persuade U.S. Supreme Court justices. USA. to accept the case of a dozen Kuwaiti detainees who were isolated at Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), no fees, no hearing and no access to a lawyer. [According to Peter Honigsberg, Professor of Law at the University of San Francisco, Wilner unsuccessfully presented two arguments to the Court to hear his case.; in his third argument he changed tactics by mentioning U.S. law and the Cuban iguana. Wilner argued that "anyone, including a federal official, violating the Endangered Species Act by harming an iguana at Guantanamo, can be fined and prosecuted". But, the government argues that U.S. law does not apply to protect human prisoners found there.". According to Honigsberg, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case because of this argument.

Unlike other Antillean islands where iguanids are found, iguana meat consumption was never widespread in Cuba. Some fishing communities may have practiced it at some point., but for the most part the animal was not consumed by Cubans. According to naturalist Thomas Barbour in 1946, this was based on superstitious beliefs suggesting that iguanas emit a dark fluid reminiscent of the black vomit of yellow fever victims when they are killed..

One of the main threats to iguanas throughout the Caribbean is cats.. In Guantánamo they consume an incalculable number of iguana pups every year.

In 1993, the San Diego Zoo experimentally tested the usefulness of ahead-starting» for newborn Cuban iguanas with funding from the National Science Foundation Conservation and Restoration Biology Program. «Head-starting» is a process by which iguana eggs are born in an incubator and animals are protected and fed during the first 20 months of his life. The purpose is to get animals to a size where they are better able to flee or fight predators.. This technique was originally used to protect newborn sea turtles, to Galapagos land iguanas and to the Ctenosaura bakeri on the island of Útila, but Alberts first used it in a kind of Cyclura with the Cuban iguana. The goal was not only to help the Cuban iguana population., but to test the overall effectiveness of headstarting as a conservation strategy for other critically endangered Cyclura species.

According to Alberts, the strategy was successful when the released iguanas reacted to predators, they sought food and behaved like their free-born congeners.. This strategy has been applied with great success with other species of Cyclura and Ctenosaura endangered in the West Indies and Central America, in particular the Jamaican iguana (Cyclura collei), the Blue iguana of Grand Cayman, the Ricord's ground iguana (Cyclura ricordi), the Allen Cays rock iguana (Cyclura cychlura inornata), the Acklins ground iguana (Cyclura rileyi nuchalis) and Anegada rock iguana (Cyclura pinguis).

Cuba exported 122 wild-caught specimens and the Cayman Islands 14. The last export took place in 2009. in the same period, export was recorded 109 captive bred animals around the world. From them, 56 came from the Czech Republic.

Males and females are extremely aggressive towards each other outside of mating season. So, good terrarium structure and escape possibilities are necessary. Animals must have a pool at their disposal. Temperature and humidity should vary throughout the day.

According to the opinion of reptile experts, a terrarium for a couple should have at least 5 times the length, 4 times the width and 3 times the height of the animals head-torso length. For each additional animal, a is added 15% to the basic surface.

It is a protected species, even so we have found copies on the internet, supposedly, of "Cuban iguana" At a price of 40 EUR. Dodax

1. Cuban iguana, Cuban rock iguana, Cuban ground iguana (English).
2. Iguane terrestre de Cuba (French).
3. Kubaleguan, Kubanische Felsenleguan, Kubanischer Grundleguan, Kubanischer Leguan (German).
4. Iguana-cubana (Portuguese).
5. "Iguana cubana" (español).

The Blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi), is endemic to the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman. Formerly they were widespread in the dry and coastal habitats of the entire island., but due to severe habitat loss and predation, now they are only found in the High Rock-Battle Hill area, east and south of the Queen's Highway.

The Blue iguana is one of the largest lizards in the Western Hemisphere, as it weighs more than 11 kg and measures more than 1,5 m from head to tail. Males are usually larger than females. The length of the snout can measure up to 51,5 cm in males and 41,5 cm in females, and the tail is of equal length.

The Blue iguana characterized by uniform, stiff dorsal spines and a spineless dewlap. His body is covered in scales, and some enlarged scales are present on the head region. Young iguanas have a gray base color with alternating dark gray and cream chevrons.. as they mature, the youthful pattern fades, and the base color of the hatchlings is replaced by a blue-gray base complexion. Some dark scutes are preserved in adulthood. This blue-gray color is typical of land iguanas when resting. But, these iguanas are best known for the stunning shades of turquoise blue they take on during mating season. For this reason, the Cyclura lewisi is also known as the Blue iguana.

It is believed that the Blue iguana It is one of the longest living lizard species.. In the wild, they are believed to reach ages of at least 25 to 40 years. But, these iguanas can get much older when kept in captivity. The longest-living member of this species was a captive iguana known as "Godzilla" which survived for a few 69 years. But, it is doubtful that wild iguanas can survive to that age, since Godzilla needed extraordinary maintenance in the years before his death.

The Blue iguana lives on the ground and can occupy various habitats, like forests, grasslands and coastal regions, as well as human-modified habitats. They are found primarily in natural xerophytic thickets and along interfaces between farm clearings and dry canopy forest.. Farms provide a variety of resources such as vegetation, fallen fruit and soil to nest.

The Blue iguana spends its nights in shelters such as caves and crevices found within weathered rocks, usually heavily eroded limestone. Although iguanas preferentially select the natural rocky substrate to take refuge, they also use artificial shelters such as piles of construction material and spaces under buildings. While adults are mainly terrestrial, younger individuals tend to be more arboreal. Occasionally, the Blue iguana It can take refuge in the hollows of trees or exposed in the branches of the same..

The Blue iguana spend most of the day sunbathing. They are primarily inactive with low to moderate alertness between morning rising and evening retreat.. during activity, iguanas mainly forage, they travel and inspect the substrates, including withdrawals and feces. Iguanas are active for longer periods of time during the summer. Because they are ectothermic, increased sunlight and higher temperatures during the summer allow iguanas to maintain optimal body temperature for a longer period each day.

The Blue iguana it's lonely, except during mating season. Mating is generally polygamous, but some individuals can also be promiscuous or monogamous. During the breeding season, the home range of a dominant male frequently overlaps that of one or more females.

During the breeding season, the Blue iguana takes on a deep blue color. In the spring, hormones spike and males begin to assert their dominance. Males lose weight during this time, since they dedicate their energy to reproduction and to dominating other males. Males expand their territorial range, trying to grab as many female territories as possible. Males in overlapping territories challenge each other and, In most cases, smaller iguanas flee from larger individuals. Physical contact and fights are infrequent and usually limited to individuals of similar size. Fights can be fierce and bloody. the toes, the tips of the tail, crest spines and bits of skin can be torn off in combat.

In March, the abdomen of females Blue iguana It is swollen, since their eggs have formed inside. They do not become receptive to breeding until late April. Females generally avoid males until they begin mating in May., retreating to their holes in the rock when the males are near. Gravid females reduce food intake about two weeks before oviposition, as their digestive tract is compressed by the expanding egg mass. Activity levels also increase during this time.

Copulation is preceded by a mating ritual. The male nods his head and circles behind the female.. Grab the female's neck and try to hold her. The male passes his tail under the female's and positions himself for intromission.. Copulation rarely lasts more than 30 to 90 seconds, and a pair rarely mates more than once or twice a day. Pregnant mature females show a distended abdomen, and the outline of individual eggs can be seen.

At the end of the receiving period, the females of the Blue iguana becomes intolerant of males and drives them out of their territories. The females become so aggressive, in fact, that a female can successfully chase away males much larger than herself.

The Blue iguana lays its eggs in a nest chamber that is excavated about 30 cm below ground surface. while they are in the nest, the eggs absorb moisture from the earth. Little by little they are filled until they are tight and with a slight pressure. On average, the eggs of this iguana are among the largest of all lizards. The eggs hatch in 65 to 100 days, depending on the temperature. The hatching process can take more than 12 hours. Hatchlings slice through the leathery shell of the egg with a microscopic "egg tooth" at the tip of the jaw.

It takes the combined effort of many hatchlings to get out of the nest chambers.. Times, the Blue iguana does not emerge from next chamber until two weeks after hatching. During this time, the young survive with the rest of the egg yolk stored in their abdomen. They can live on the remains of the yolk for weeks before needing to feed or drink..

Young iguanas are independent after hatching. They are usually arboreal and spend most of their young lives in trees to avoid terrestrial predators..

The breeding season of the Blue iguana hard of 2 to 3 weeks, between the end of May and mid-June. Oviposition occurs approximately 40 days after fertilization, usually during the months of June and July. The females lay from 1 to 22 eggs every year. The size of the clutch varies with the age and size of the females. Older and larger females are able to produce more eggs. The eggs are incubated in the nest chamber that is dug to some 30 centimeters below the soil surface. The incubation period ranges from 65 and 90 days. The temperature inside the nest remains relatively constant between 30 and 33 degrees Celsius throughout this period. The Blue iguana it usually begins to reproduce around the 4 years of age in captivity. In the wild, reach sexual maturity among the 2 and 9 years of age.

(Blair, 1991; Burton, 2009; Blue Iguana Recovery Program, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, British Indies», 2011)

The Blue iguana is mainly herbivorous, consuming mainly vegetable matter of at least 45 plant species of 24 different families. The leaves and stems are the most consumed, while the fruits, nuts and flowers are consumed in less quantity. Carnivory makes up a small percentage of the diet. This includes predation on invertebrates such as insects, slugs and moth larvae. Specimens of iguanas have also been observed ingesting small rocks, tierra, feces, pieces of molt and mushrooms.

State of conservation ⓘ
in danger ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

The Blue iguana it is one of the fastest disappearing and endangered species on Earth. The decline of these iguanas on Grand Cayman probably began in pre-Columbian times., when they were hunted for food by the native Indians of the Arawak and Lucayan tribes. The most serious decline began with the European colonization of the Cayman Islands. As the human population increased, habitat was cleared for agriculture and the construction of homes and businesses. In the news, Habitat loss is the main factor threatening the extinction of the Blue iguana. Vehicle road construction has led to further habitat destruction and has brought fast-moving traffic to remnant habitats. This occasionally results in his death from vehicles.

(Blair, 1991; Burton, 2004to; «ARKive Images of Life on Earth», 2011)

Another great threat associated with European colonization was the introduction of invasive species on the island., like cattle, the goats, the pigs, the rats, cats and dogs. The Blue iguana faces predation or competition from these introduced animals. Less often, iguanas can be illegally trapped or shot by farmers who perceive the iguanas as a threat to their crops.

(Blair, 1991; Burton, 2004to; Burton, 2009; «ARKive Images of Life on Earth», 2011)

The National Trust for the Cayman Islands established the Recovery Program Blue iguana in 1990. This conservation program incorporates research, habitat protection, captive breeding, reintroduction and conservation education. Despite the protection of 2000 acres of dry mangrove forests and wetlands within the Cayman Islands, protected lands suitable for Blue iguana they are very scarce.

(«Blue Iguana Recovery Program, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, British Indies», 2011; Burton, 2004to)

The Recovery Program Blue iguana has successfully bred this species in captivity since 1990. Members of this species breed to 2 years old and are released at the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park in Grand Cayman. These young iguanas help complement existing wild populations and also establish new wild populations in protected areas..

(«Blue Iguana Recovery Program, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, British Indies», 2011; Burton, 2004to)

The Blue iguana is fully protected by local law and is considered critically endangered by the IUCN. It is illegal to kill, capture or keep members of this species in captivity. It also, international trade in this species is prohibited, as it is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

(Burton, 2004to; «ARKive Images of Life on Earth», 2011)

This species of intense blue color came to have only between 10 and 25 specimens in the wild.
Currently, after years of intensive work, have already been released near 500 captive-bred specimens.

The Blue iguana served in his day as food to the natives of the island. In the news, this species is a great attraction for ecotourists. Times, the Blue iguana is captured illegally, sold and kept as a pet.

If we make inquiries on the Internet related to where or how to buy a Blue iguana, we will find that the search engine shows us some results.

Devoting a few minutes to reviewing these results we can see that they are mostly other species, put up for sale as blue iguanas.

In some cases it may be due to the seller's own ignorance, who does not know how to differentiate between the different species of iguanas. In others, it can be directly a malicious deception.

Even if they were actual specimens of Blue iguana and regardless of the price they ask for them, we must not forget that it is a species in serious danger of extinction.

1. Blue iguana, Grand Cayman ground iguana, Grand Cayman blue iguana, Cayman Island rock iguana (English).
2. Iguane bleu (French).
3. Blauer Leguan, Grand-Cayman-Leguan (German).
4. Iguana-azul, Iguana-da-grande-caimão (Portuguese).
5. "Iguana azul" (español).

The Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) It is endemic to La Española with the offshore islands Isla Beata, Petite Gonave Island, Tortoise Island, Big Island Cayemite, Island of the Petite Cayemite, Isla Saona, Kid Island (Dominican Republic and Haiti).

The subspecies:

The Rhinoceros iguana it is distinguished from the Green Iguana by its dentition and the absence of the dewlap, but more conspicuously for its heavily armored tail, the upper part of which is distinguished by the fact that between three or four rows of ordinary scales there is a ring of scales which, although they are not particularly long, have turned into sharp vertical spines. The dorsal crest may be interrupted in the region of the shoulder and sacrum.

The teeth are not incisors, sino bialobulados o trilobulados, palatal teeth are small but numerous. Femoral pores are present . The males of the Rhinoceros iguana they are conspicuous by their widened back of the head with large crests. They can reach a head-torso length of about 60-70 cm and a total length of about 130 cm.. Body weights of more than 10 kg. The females are still 10 smaller cm. There is a 3-5 enlarged horn-shaped scales on snout, only indicated in females.

The Rhinoceros iguana prefers rocky areas, dry and semi-arid sparsely populated, from sea level to the 400 m, with an annual rainfall of 470-1.000 mm and an average annual temperature of 25ºC. It is diurnal and spends the night in self-excavated or natural caves., cracks in the rocks, hollow tree trunks, etc., which he also uses during the day to rest or hide.

It has been displaced from much of its original range in La Española by habitat destruction and the introduction of predators.

Easily excitable like all iguanas, goes into a violent rage when threatened, swells, bristle the loin, open the mouth, shows its sharp teeth, frowns at the adversary and prepares to attack. If you are provoked now, turns around quickly, strikes with a very fast lateral movement of the tail, and then you flip to the other side and repeat the same thing the same way.

Food consists of plant material such as leaves, flowers or fruits. Males are territorial and seek out territories with high, sunny spots and suitable retreats for females.. The mating season falls on the first rainy season of the year. Females probably reach sexual maturity at 2-3 years of age. They put an average of 17 (2-34) eggs, that they bury in the ground, and guard the spawn for a few days. The young are born after a few 85 days.

The populations of the Rhinoceros iguana are fragmented and in decline. Thus, in 1996 the species was classified as endangered, and in 2019 a new review placed it in the category of critical danger [Red list: IN DANGER.

International trade is restricted by CITES Appendix I.

This species is also threatened by illegal poaching for food and medicinal use.. non-native species, like wild cats, dogs, mongooses and pigs, pose a risk of predation, while the herbivores, like cows and goats, compete for food sources. Habitat is often destroyed due to charcoal production, as well as development for tourism, land conversion for agriculture and bauxite mining.

In the Dominican Republic, international wildlife trade is controlled by CITES, but it is not the case of Haiti. In the Dominican Republic, iguanas are traded as pets and for tourist exhibits, known as iguana.

A local non-governmental organization, the Jaragua Group, manage conservation efforts Rhinoceros iguana in the Dominican Republic. These include monitoring and habitat restoration, outreach and education, and land acquisition. Recommended conservation measures are better law enforcement and the development of an island-wide conservation management plan..

The Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) It is one of the most requested pets by iguana keepers., but due to its size and temperature requirements it is not easy to care for.

Not all terrarium keepers have the possibility to offer a terrarium large enough to take care of the Rhinoceros iguana adult. An adult animal needs at least 4 m2, but you have to refrain from keeping them individually so that the iguanas can show their natural social behavior. Only in a well structured terrarium with enough places to hide and sunbathe is it possible to keep several rhinoceros iguana (also several males).
Visual barriers should serve to interrupt visual contact between individuals so that lower-ranking animals can eat and sunbathe in peace..

The enclosure must be equipped with heat and UV lamps, as well as underfloor heating. The temperature should be 30-35ºC during the day, locally higher, and drop to about 25-28ºC at night.

According to the opinion of reptile experts, a terrarium for a couple should have at least 5 times the length, 4 times the width and 3 times the head-torso height of animals. For each additional animal, a is added 15% to the basic surface.

There is a legal trade Rhinoceros iguana bred in captivity. Potential buyers should always insist on full documentation to ensure they are not receiving illegally harvested wildlife. Illegal collection endangers the species and is detrimental to the pet trade, as wild animals often carry parasites and diseases that have been eliminated from captive-bred populations.

Its price ranges from 500 – 600 EUR.

1. Rhinoceros iguana (English).
2. Iguane rhinocéros (French).
3. Nashornleguan (German).
4. Iguana rinoceronte, iguana Cyclura cornuta (Portuguese).
5. "Iguana rinoceronte", Iguana cornuda (español).