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Bearded dragons
- Pogona barbata

Origin: Australia

Gender: Drive

Life expectancy: 15 - 18 years

Length: 40 - 61 cm.

Content

At present they are known 8 species bearded dragons (Pogona), of which two species are commonly bred in captivity: The "Inland Bearded Dragon" (Pogona vitticeps) and the Rankin's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni). Although the two species differ considerably in size, breeding requirements are more or less comparable. Visually, The two species are distinguished by the shape of the head and the "spines". The spines on the head and flank of the Rankin's dragon they are underdeveloped, While the of the Bearded dragons are clearly visible.

All the bearded dragons that are offered in trade are offspring, and various breeding varieties are now regularly offered as well. Breeding methods questionable from the point of view of animal welfare should be avoided, such as "bearded dragons with reduced scales" (the so-called silk and leather).

Sex differences

Males usually have well-defined pores on the inside of the thighs and clearly visible hemipenis.

Behavior

Both species are diurnal and very active. They can be kept individually very well. Only in sufficiently large and well structured terrariums is it possible to keep them in small harems (a male with 2 – 3 females) or in groups of females only; However, animals should be approximately the same size. Males are usually incompatible with each other. If aggressions occur during socialization, animals must be separated immediately and, as experience has shown, permanently.

The Bearded dragons communicates with gestures; a striking head tilt indicates dominance, while a salute with the front limbs is a gesture of appeasement.

The terrarium

Central bearded dragon (Drive vitticeps) – Wikipedia

To keep a Bearded dragons, a terrarium of at least 150 x 80 x 80 cm. (length x widht x hight) and, for him Rankin's dragon, of at least 120 x 60 x 80 cm.. These terrarium sizes apply to keeping individual animals or small harems.. But, due to the size and activity of the animals, much larger terrariums recommended.

Like cold-blooded animals, the Bearded dragons you need a temperature gradient in the terrarium that allows you to reach your optimal body temperature. Ideally, imitate the natural conditions of the dry regions of Australia in the terrarium., with areas of bright sun and areas of cooler shade. As such, a powerful heat radiator with UV components is installed on one side of the terrarium (for example, a metal vapor lamp), that guarantees strong localized heating at 45 – 50 °C. All other areas should be kept at a temperature of 22 °C. The other zones should have a temperature of 22 to 26 °C. At night, the temperature in the terrarium can drop to 20 – 23 °C. The basic temperature can be generated through room temperature or with thermal mats. Heating mats should always be installed outside the terrarium and heat a maximum of one third of the floor surface; the desired temperature can be adjusted with the help of a thermocontroller.

The duration of the illumination should be 10 to 14 hours. At the same time, each animal must have access to resting areas of sufficient size at all times. Bearded dragons need a lot of UV light. Since lamps emit less and less UV radiation over time (Consult the manufacturer's instructions), must be replaced periodically. Lighting should be placed out of the reach of animals (attention: normal glass is impervious to UV-B rays) or animals must be protected from burns with a closed wire basket.

The humidity should be 30 to the 40 % and can increase up to 60 % At night. This can be achieved by spraying the terrarium with warm water or using a sprinkler system.. Important: In a small area of â€‹â€‹the terrarium, the substrate should always be slightly moist. Precise thermometers and hygrometers are needed to measure temperature and humidity.

Stable rock constructions (also imitations), roots and/or branches have proven suitable as furniture. The equipment must be well installed in the terrarium so that the animals cannot be harmed, for example, scrabbling under him. It also, various hiding places (cork tubes, caves) and a shallow bowl of water, in which animals can also bathe, are part of the basic equipment. A dust-free sand and clay mixture is suitable for the substrate, that must have 20 cm high in at least one part of the terrarium so that the animals can dig tunnels as they would in the wild.

Diet

The Bearded dragons feeds on plants and animals in nature. Recent veterinary findings recommend a high proportion of plant foods to prevent gout. So, young animals must be offered a lot of plant food - in addition to insects- and adults must be given at least one 80% vegetable food. The right foods are the grass of the meadows (for example, dandelion, chickweed, etc.), romaine lettuce and small amounts of zucchini, grated carrots or cucumbers. Fruit should not be offered. Live insects, like grasshoppers, cockroaches or crickets, are suitable as food for animals. Mealworms should be avoided, zophobas or wax moths for their high fat content. To prevent deficiency symptoms, minerals and vitamins should be administered regularly (for example, sepia, vitamin-mineral preparations). Fresh water must be available at all times.

Young animals grow very fast and, Therefore, need large amounts of food, as well as a good supply of calcium and UVB light.

Care

Food scraps, molts and droppings should be removed daily. The water bowls should also be cleaned daily and filled with fresh water.

Animal health must be monitored daily. The most common health problems in the Bearded dragons are skin mites, the lesions, the drop, fatty degeneration and softening of the bones. In case of anomalies, a reptile vet should be consulted. It is recommended to perform fecal examinations once a year to detect endoparasites..

The intestinal flora of a Bearded dragons often includes salmonella, that are harmless to animals but can cause disease in humans. Hygiene measures (wash your hands well, etc.) can prevent infection.

Acclimatization and handling

In the first days in his new home, animals need adequate rest to get used to their new environment. Reptiles are normally observation animals and should NOT be petted. But, bearded dragons can become very confident.

Animals should only be captured when necessary. The easiest way to do this with young animals is to use a container. Although handling older trusted animals is relatively easy, it is recommended to handle aggressive animals only with gloves (or a towel). Both the head and the hind legs must be well fixed with the tail. Basically, lizards should never be held or fixed by the tail.

Caution: the Bearded dragons can bite hard.

Breeding

When the brumation comes to an end, the Bearded dragons male goes out to find a partner. There is a courtship ritual in which the male begins to move his head, wave your arms and stomp in front of the female. The male chases the female and bites the nape of her neck and clings to her as he gets into position to copulate.

During the playback period, the females of Bearded dragons can store sperm in oviductal crypts, allowing the female bearded dragon to lay a clutch of 11-30 eggs twice in a single mating.

The Bearded dragons presents a sex determination by temperature. This means that while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to undergo a sex inversion and express a female phenotype. This produces a Bearded dragons that she is a female but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above 31 degrees Celsius can cause reversal of sex, and the probability of sex inversion has a positive correlation with temperature up to 36 Celsius degrees. Incubation temperatures below 31 degrees Celsius cannot cause sex reversal.

Surprisingly, the females of Bearded dragons with male genotype do not present many differences with genotypic females.

According to a study conducted on the bite force, the Bearded dragons male has superior bite force to genotypic females and sex-reversed females. But, there were no differences between genotypic females and sex-reversed females.

Special features

In the wild, the Bearded dragons goes into hibernation during which he is lethargic and does not usually eat. For selective hibernation, lighting duration can be gradually reduced in autumn until turned off (daylight is needed). After 1 or 2 months of actual hibernation, lighting is gradually expanded again.

The Bearded dragons has a high rate of reproduction; females can put up 40 eggs several times a year. So, care must be taken that females receive sufficient rest periods (eventually separation from males). There is currently an oversupply of Bearded dragons and there are hardly any buyers for the young animals. So, the eggs should only hatch if there are safe buyers for the hatchlings.

The price of a Bearded dragons. oscillates around 70 EUR

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Leopard gecko
- Eublepharis macularius

Origin: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal

Gender: Eublepharis

Life expectancy: 25 - 30 years in captivity

Length: 18 - 28 cm.

The Leopard gecko they are peaceful and friendly creatures. They can be kept individually, as a couple or in a group without any problem.

Content

Distribution and habitat

The Leopard gecko is originally from eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India. They inhabit rather dry steppe landscapes and grasslands. These crepuscular and nocturnal reptiles spend the day under stones or in burrows that they have dug themselves or have taken from other animals.. At dusk, they like to use the stones that are still hot from the day to warm themselves.

The Leopard gecko is considered a good climber because, Unlike many other species of geckos, does not have adhesive foils on the fingers, but claws. They reach a total length of about 30 centimeters and live up to 20 years.

Summers in the natural range of the Leopard gecko they are hot and humid, with daytime temperatures around 40ºC. Winters are dry and cool, below 20°C during the day. At night there are sometimes temperatures below zero, in the mountains even down to 20°C below zero.

during the cold season, animals hibernate for several months.

Description

The Leopard gecko also shows great variability in nature. The head is about half as long as the trunk.. The eyelids are striking. The snout usually shows an X- or Y-shaped light pattern. The scales are fine grained, with bulging elevations below. The body is usually yellow to grey-violet.. The spots are blackish brown. The segmented tail reaches about a third of the length of the head and torso and, often, still shows the bands of the youth brands. The ventral side is smoothly scaled and unmarked.. Fingers have claws but no sticky plates.

males are more powerful, with broader heads and have pronounced preanal pores. Can you find out the sex of a Leopard gecko observing the anal regions.

Behavior

During the day, the Leopard gecko they shelter from the heat and sunlight in caves, well-heated crevices and burrows. They occasionally bask in the sun for a short period of time, but they only activate at dusk. They choose stones heated by the sun to obtain the heat of their activity, then they go hunting and take refuge in caves to protect themselves from the night cold.

in the terrarium, animals change residence several times. At bedtime (during the day) prefer heated caves and crevices, which must offer a maximum of 27°C. They switch between wet areas, dry, lighter or darker. Especially for egg laying and moulting, well-moistened areas should be offered. This is easily achieved by using a wet box, which can be made decoratively to match the design of the terrarium.

The Leopard gecko They need a place to relieve themselves.. Us, we determine which place in the terrarium is suitable. From then on, droppings are always deposited in the same place.

The Leopard gecko are in dire need of protection, are reluctant to move through open spaces. They prefer to cover themselves from at least 3 sides (soil, rear wall and from above).

In case of danger, The Leopard gecko they can release their tail fully or partially (so-called default breakpoints). This severed piece continues to squirm like a worm and distracts the attacker from their true prey.. Terrarium keepers should never grab an animal by the tail.

The Leopard gecko they are good to keep them in groups, but you should never socialize 2 males. A male can share a terrarium with 2-4 females, it just needs to be the right size.

Leopard Gecko in captivity

Life expectancy

The Leopard gecko they can become proverbially old if maintained in a manner appropriate to the species. In this case, 20 years are considered normal. In the news, almost been verified 30 years in literature.

Terrarium

For a group of 1,2 Geckos, the minimum dimensions of 100 long x 50 wide x 50 high have proven to be adequate. You should not choose the smallest, the largest is gladly accepted.
If the group consists of 4 animals, should aspire to 120 long x 60-80 wide x 60-80 High.
The substrate should consist of a mixture of sand and clay, that makes it suitable for excavation. Soft sand is avoided by animals. It is a mistake to think that the sand is eaten on principle, what causes a bowel obstruction. Healthy animals can also ingest sand, which is not necessarily harmful.

Building

The terrarium can be glass, wood, Styrodur, acrylic or similar materials.
Back walls can be Styropur, construction foam, adhesive for tiles or natural materials.
Crush holes in the rear walls look mandatory. But, taking into account their way of life, more attention should be paid to substrate design.
The substrate must be rich in cracks, caves and passageways. In this way, different microclimatic zones can be offered. Substrate may be tiled or otherwise protected from moisture, but a cana steppe must be designed above.

ventilation slots

They must always be at odds, that is to say, at the front under the glass panes and at the top of the rear wall or on the terrarium lid.

Decor

Stones taken from nature or trade, according to taste and color combination.
Roots taken from nature or from a specialized store.

Illumination

– Basic lighting should be fluorescent tubes (LSR) during 12-14 hours a day to simulate a day. In this case, simple light bars with a daylight spectrum are enough.

– late afternoon, for example between 16 and 20 hours, a foco BY 38 of 50 watts, or a little more, can heat a root, a rocky outcrop, a stone or similar structure.

– UV light is considered controversial, animals are active at dusk, so ultraviolet light is unnecessary.

– Heating stones or heating mats are also controversial, but they can be very useful to provide a warm surface at night, similar to rocks heated by the sun in nature.

– Heating stones or mats should never be buried in the substrate. Rather they should be integrated above the substrate, like the rocks in nature.

– El tiempo de funcionamiento de estas «piedras calientes» es razonable de 16 to 22 hours, after which it should be cooled in the terrarium.

– Night lighting should be refused for this species, because it goes against his nature.

Diet

There are crickets on the menu, various cockroaches, crickets, grasshopper, zophobas larvae and mealworms, centipede, worms, beetles, spiders, scorpions, as well as mammals and young birds that nest.
These Geckos they are hunters who are attuned to a certain range of movements of their prey, so they should also actively hunt whenever possible in the terrarium and not passively wait for them to feed.
A varied diet is recommended, more than a lot, to avoid overfeeding.
This variety is easier to come by if small foods are chosen rather than a single large one..
Insects from specialized stores can be used as food, their own brood and prairie plankton.
Adult animals only need to be fed a variety of small insects once a week in the terrarium.
Young animals should be given food every day for breeding, reduced according to development progress.
Care must be taken to ensure optimal supplementation.
– The insects, if not the plankton of the prairie, should also be well fed before feeding. This is called a good charge.
It also, the terrarium should not lack a supply of calcium. It is useful to distribute cuttlefish bone or ground shell gravel on the rock walls, since animals like to explore their territory by licking. A small bowl filled with calcium flour is also helpful.
Of course, there should always be a small bowl of water.
As animals tend to quickly lose their shyness towards humans, they will eat from the tweezers or even from the hand of the keeper. This should not tempt you to train them, so to speak, because active hunting at the right time keeps them healthier in the long run than begging for food.

Reproduction

Females usually lay 2 eggs each, sometimes only one. It is quite common for there to be 4-5 put per year, and have a few 4 weeks between two sets. We incubate the eggs between 26 y 28°C. The young hatch after a few 7-8 weeks.

It is interesting to note that young animals are extremely aggressive at first, but completely harmless. This protection mechanism disappears after a few weeks. The juvenile coloration in the form of horizontal stripes is maintained for about 4-6 months, then the animals slowly change color and after a few 10-12 months have the appearance of an adult animal. The completion of the color change is a clear signal of the beginning of sexual maturity.. The rearing of young animals does not present any problem.. They are raised separately from the adults. Price of a

price of a leopard gecko

The price of a Leopard gecko in the exotic animal market ranges from 50 – 60 EUR.

Alternative names:

1. Common leopard gecko (English).
2. Eublepharis macularius (French).
3. Pakistanische Fettschwanzgecko (German).
4. Osga-leopardo, Geco-leopardo (Portuguese).
5. Gecko Leopardo Asiático, (español).

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Ornate mastigure
- Uromastyx ornata

Origin: Middle East, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Gender: Uromastyx

Life expectancy: 20 years in captivity

Length: 32 - 37 cm.

The Ornate mastigure (Uromastyx ornata) is included in the Appendix 2 of the Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

Content

Distribution

Its natural range is the northeast of the Red Sea, from the Sinai Peninsula in the north to northern Yemen in the south.

This species does not occur in pure sandy deserts. They inhabit the cracks of rocks and caves of their biotopes or use burrows dug by themselves.

Characteristics

The Ornate mastigure reaches a maximum total length of 37 cm., although animals in captivity rarely exceed 32 cm..

Is a sexual dimorphism recognizable, males being much more colorful than females. But, are common to both sexes yellow dots or transverse bands that are visible from the neck on the back to the base of the tail. It also, females have a rather smooth cream coloration in the throat and belly.

Terrarium

The large enclosures are suitable for keeping this species of lizard, dry and spacious terrariums are suitable. I believe that 140 x 60 x 60 (long, width, alto) is the absolute minimum size for a single animal/pair. It's not always easy to find a harmonious partner, but most of the time the animals harmonize very well, and you can keep them as a couple throughout the year.

But, it should be possible to separate them at any time. If you don't want to breed, to the Uromastyx ornata can also be maintained individually, since they are actually solitary by nature. This avoids conflicts within the species.

The most colorful males are especially suitable for this, as they are usually more confident than females, but even a female does not feel alone, but it may happen that it forms unfertilized eggs without a male, which can lead to problems when putting them.

Construction of terrarium

The most suitable as substrate is a mixture of sand and mud suitable for excavation. Para crear un espacio adicional tiene sentido diseñar las paredes traseras y laterales del tanque con «paredes de roca» modeladas de poliestireno, adhesive for tiles and epoxy resin. Other suitable furniture elements are secure stone structures with quarry slabs, the roots, cork tubes and various climbing branches.

It is also important to create several hiding places, but they must be controllable at all times without having to completely disassemble the terrarium. To avoid molting problems, a part of the terrarium may also have a slight moisture of the substrate, but not too much. You also have to spray from time to time. A bowl of water completes the installation.

The Temperatures should be 28-35°C in summer, with 12-14 hours of illumination, and up to 60°C in the sunning place. At night, the temperature can drop to room temperature. In winter, lighting is gradually reduced to 8 hours, and slowly increases again after a few 8-12 weeks. In winter, the temperature should be 20-28°C during the day and 18-20°C at night. A sunny spot should reach about 40-45°C for about 4 hours in this time.

Food

The Ornate mastigure they have an omnivorous diet, that is to say, eat both plant and animal foods.

Should not be fed animal feed too often, once or twice a week is enough. An exception must be made with pregnant females, which must be given a lot of animal protein. También puede alimentarles con golosinas más «insalubres», such as rose beetles or wax moth larvae.

It can be given fresh vegetable food to adult animals about 3-4 times a week. Grain mixture and dried herbs/flowers can always be available to animals. But, in the case of particularly voracious specimens, you also have to ration this food to prevent them from getting fat.

All common types of insects available in specialized stores are suitable as animal feed, as well as self-caught prairie plankton. Grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches are the most suitable.

All insects should be fed a high-quality diet 1-2 days before feeding, and dusted with a high-quality calcium vitamin mix about once a week. The fat larvae of the wax moth, zophobas and rose weevils should rarely serve as food as treats.

Young animals can be fed green food and insects daily. Subadults feed on green food on a daily basis, of insects on alternate days and a weekly fast.

The cereal mixture adapted to size is also always available for young animals and subadults.

Reproduction

Depending on geographical location and weather conditions, the mating season occurs in the spring months of March and April. Sexual maturity occurs among 3 and 5 years of age and probably a little earlier in females. During reproduction they are oviparous, the female usually buries some 15 – 20 eggs in the sand and after an incubation period of some 3 – 4 months the pups are born.

For sale Ornate mastigure

The price of a Ornate mastigure bred in captivity in the exotic animal market ranges from 350 – 400 EUR.

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Greek tortoise
- Testudo graeca

Origin: Asia, North Africa and Eastern Mediterranean

Gender: Testudo

Life expectancy: 80 years

Length: Until 30 cm.

The Greek tortoise You can live up 80 years. This should be taken into account when buying a young animal. So, it is advisable to think about inheritance when buying: who will take my animal?

Content

Origin

The Greek tortoise is a representative of the genus Testudo, small to medium size. Its distribution area extends from North Africa to the Balkans and Asia., passing through the eastern Mediterranean. There are also individual populations in southern Spain and the Balearic Islands.. According to the latest discoveries, can be distinguished even 10 subspecies.

Characteristics / Appearance

The largest adult specimens weigh more than 5 kilograms and have a carapace length of up to 35 centimeters.

The Greek tortoise adult has a dorsal shell tall and gently curved. The neck shield is narrow and elongated. Vertebral scutes are trapezoidal in shape and flare downwards. The tail shield is almost always indivisible. Due to its enormous distribution range and associated adaptation to different habitats, the coloration base of the dorsal carapace varies greatly. The spectrum ranges from light brown to olive and from sandy yellow to light gray. The scutes are black to dark brown.. With increasing age, coloration appears faded. The ventral shell it is usually dark in color and clearly thickened in the anterior region. At the end there is a slightly movable hinge.

The Paws of the Greek tortoise they have large horny scales and five claws. typical of the strong hind legs are the horny nipples found next to the tail. The hind legs they have four claws each. The tail short does not have horny nail. This is also the most important characteristic that distinguishes it from the Greek tortoise.. The differentiation of the sexes can be determined by the size of the animals and the different size of the tail.. The female turtles they are usually considerably larger than their male counterparts and have a shorter tail.

These reptiles have a life expectancy of 60 to 80 years in its natural environment. There are also animals that live longer than 100 years.

The subspecies

The categorization of the individual subspecies is as diverse as the inhabited habitat with different climatic influences.. Based on genetic studies, Today we describe some 10 subspecies, divided into oriental species and westerners according to habitat. All species differ in size and weight, in the coloration of the carapace and in the bulging of the rim scutes. The distribution area of the eastern species stretches from the Near East to southeastern Europe and the Arabian Peninsula. The western species They inhabit North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula..

Subspecies

For a long time it was considered that the Greek tortoise was a species with few subspecies, despite its huge distribution area on three continents with different landscapes and climatic zones. But, for some years new varieties have been discovered and described as additional subspecies (for example, Testudo graeca pallasi) or independent species (for example, Testudo graeca perses) or even genres (for example, Testudo graeca nabeulensis), but some of them are not generally recognized. Two recent studies based on genetic studies give the following 10 subspecies for the Greek tortoise.

Eastern subspecies

Armenian tortoise, Testudo graeca armeniaca, Chkhikvadze, Bakradze 1991
This subspecies is characterized by a low carapace shape reminiscent of Testudo horsfieldii and generally quite dark coloration with few contrasting markings.. The maximum size is 20-23 centimeters. After genetic studies, Testudo graeca pallasi, previously described as a separate subspecies, was synonymized with Testudo graeca armeniaca.

Distribution area: western coastal area of â€‹â€‹the Caspian Sea, eastern or parts of the central Caucasus in Armenia and Turkey.
buxton's tortoise, Testudo graeca buxtoni, Boulenger 1921
Testudo perses was included in this subspecies.

Distribution area: Northwestern and central Iran, east caucasus.
Asia Minor tortoise, Testudo graeca ibera, Pallas 1814
This is the largest subspecies. Individual animals reach body sizes of more than 30 centimeters. The shape of the shell is somewhat flatter than in other representatives of the species and from round to oval.. The basic coloration of the carapace when young is olive with light black markings.. With the age, animals tend to darken, especially in the soft parts. Testudo ibera racovitzai and Testudo graeca nikolskii, previously described separately, have also been included in this subspecies.

Biotope: Open scrub and grasslands, sparse forest edges, sandy coastal strips, steppe and semi-desert.

Distribution area: south east europe, western Asia Minor, Russian and Georgian Black Sea coast, central caucasus.

Name's origin: The name of the subspecies «ibera» goes back to an old name of the Kura Valley in Georgia (Iberia) and not to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain).
Mesopotamian tortoise, Testudo graeca terrestris Purse 1775
These animals stand out for their predominantly light coloration., sometimes surprisingly yellow ("golden greek"), shell and soft tissues. Dark pigment spots are rarely black, but rather brown and of reduced extension. The animals are very tall. The head shows a characteristic yellow marking. The maximum size is usually 16 centimeters. Included in this subspecies are Testudo ibera var. bicaudalis, Testudo floweri, Testudo graeca anamurensis and Testudo antakyensis.

Biotope: steppe with little vegetation, matorral, dry forests.

Distribution area: southern and eastern Asia Minor, Levantine region
Iranian tortoise, Testudo graeca zarudnyi, Nikolsky 1896
The elongated carapace with a serrated and enlarged posterior margin resembles the Marginated tortoise Testudo marginata. The coloration of the animals is olive to brown, the clear spotting pattern of the juvenile stage only fades later. It is a large subspecies, with carapace lengths greater than 20 centimeters.

Biotope: Rocky hills and plains up 2500 meters above the sea level.

Distribution area: east of iran

Name's origin: This subspecies was named after the Russian zoologist Nikolai Alexeyevich Sarudny..

western subspecies

Cyrenaican spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca cyrenaica, Pieh y Perälä 2002
The cyrenaica tortoise it has narrow forelimbs and only weak defense scales. The shell is notched, with a narrow anterior opening and upwardly puckered posterior margins. The supracaudal scale is comparatively strongly incurved in males..

Distribution area: Libya

Name's origin: the name refers to the Cyrenaica region in northeastern Libya.
moroccan tortoise, Testudo graeca marokkensis, Pieh y Perälä 2002.
It has a comparatively flatter dorsal shell than the Greek tortoise. The ocher to yellow background color of the dorsal carapace contrasts with a multitude of fine lines and specks, and the shields have a dark border, partially torn, and spots on the central areola. The ventral carapace is lighter than the back., but it also has black markings. The head is dark with several pale scales., limbs mainly dark with individual lighter scales. Genetic studies have shown that the Testudo graeca lamberti is very closely related to the Testudo graeca moroccoensis and should not be considered as a separate subspecies.

Biotope: arid landscape with steppe climate.

Distribution area: north of morocco, on both sides of the Rif

Name's origin: The name derives from the distribution area in Morocco.
Greek tortoise, Testudo graeca graeca, Linnaeus 1758.
The shell pattern consists of solid markings on a yellow background.. The vertebral scutes have a dark border and also dark spots on the areoles.. The local form described as Testudo graeca whitei genetically belongs to this subspecies.

Distribution area: Algeria, eastern morocco, Spain (probably introduced here).
Souss Valley tortoise, Testudo graeca soussensis, Pieh 2001
Basic ocher dorsal carapace coloration, low contrast, fine linear markings and almost complete absence of markings on the plastron. The soft parts are brown to sandy., sometimes yellow-orange, with lighter scales, but little contrast, in the head. Juveniles show few or no markings. It's the kind of Moroccan turtle largest, with a dorsal carapace length of up to 25 cm.. The thigh spurs that are usually present in graeca animals are usually absent in the Testudo graeca soussensis, especially in the animals of the Souss valley proper.

Biotope: Opportunistic colonization of cultivated areas, especially in thorny hedges, that offer protection and food.

Distribution area: South of Morocco

Name's origin: the name comes from the Souss valley, in the south of Morocco.
Nabeul tortoise, Testudo graeca nabeulensis, Highfield 1990.
This subspecies has highly contrasting black markings on a yellow background.. Soft tissue skin and limb defense scales are sandy to yellow, sometimes with black tips. The head has a characteristic pattern of bright yellow spots. The Nabeul tortoise is the subspecies graeca smaller. Females usually reach a dorsal carapace length of just over 13 cm and a weight of about 600 g. The males are still much lighter, with a carapace length of just under 12 cm and a mean weight of 375 g.

Distribution area: Tunisia, eastern algeria, Sardinia and Sicily (probably introduced).

Name's origin: the name refers to its place of origin.

Testudo graeca subspecies


Different types: Testudo graeca (left) other testudo species (right)	Different subspecies: Tg nabeulensis (left) Iberian Tg (right)	Testudo g. Ibera Heraclea, Turkey	T. g. nabeulensis variety „Sardinian", Sardinian

Habitat

The great expanse of Greek tortoise has made the species adapt to a wide variety of habitats and climatic conditions. Its habitats are dry semi-deserts in the north of the African continent., mild Mediterranean climates in Greece and Turkey, and hot, dry summers with cold winters in the steppes of Asia. The tortoise lives in sandy semi-deserts, scarce forests, grasslands and can be found on the edge of swampy wetlands.

Behavior

The Greek tortoise belongs to the class of reptiles and, like all representatives of this class, is cold-blooded. Body temperature is largely determined by ambient temperature and behavior adapts accordingly. when it's very hot, animals are forced to seek out shady places. If the temperature approaches 40 degrees, they burrow into the ground or seek cool cracks in rocks to prevent their bodies from overheating.

Turtles are diurnal. Thus, in the hot summer months, activities are limited to the early morning and late afternoon. In very hot steppe and desert areas, sometimes the activities stop completely and the tortoise falls into a summer sleep. For the metabolism to work, body temperatures of more than 30 degrees for a few hours a day, that are achieved by sunbathing a lot. If the ambient temperature drops below the 8 degrees, the tortoise can no longer maintain the metabolic cycle and falls into winter torpor. Thus, in the coldest regions, spends the winter buried without activity.

Food

The Greek tortoise it is herbivorous and its diet depends on the vegetation of the corresponding habitat. The herbs, flowering plants and clover are preferred when food is plentiful. Especially the fruits with seeds, buds and young shoots, just like the flowers, are the main foods. in dry habitats, the diet also consists of low-quality plant parts and, in exceptional cases, in insects and invertebrates when food is scarce.

Reproduction

After waking up from hibernation, the mating season begins between February and May. Fierce fights for the female's favor may occur between males. Once the rival has been expelled, mating ritual begins. Females are bitten on the extremities and rammed with the shell to stop them. Once this is done, the act of mating takes place. The male emits the typical screeches.

In spring, the eggs are laid. Up to three clutches of eggs are laid. Females spend a lot of time choosing the best place to lay their eggs.. On average, they stand between 5 and 8 eggs per clutch. As such, the female digs a pit of about 10 centimeters deep in which it lays the eggs. Next, the pit is carefully closed. No more brood care. The incubation period varies between 60 and 100 days. At the end of summer the first young are born, whose dorsal coloration of the carapace is clearly more contrasted than that of adults. Obviously, hatching temperature plays a decisive role in the formation of the sex of turtles. There are indications that an average temperature of more than 30 degrees during the hatching process produces predominantly female animals.

Conservation

State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

The Greek tortoise is in danger of extinction in its countries of origin. According to the Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora of 1976, animals cannot be officially imported into the EU without documentation. In many countries, especially in North Africa, the turtles, or their shells, are put up for sale in the markets. Anyone who tries to import these animals illegally can be prosecuted.. Within the EU, there are certain restrictions on trade in turtles. There is an obligation to demonstrate to the authorities that the animals were acquired legally. There is also an obligation to notify the sale, donation, exchange, breeding or death of a turtle.

The natural enemies of Greek tortoise in their habitat they are mainly small predators such as foxes, martens or stray dogs. But birds of prey and corvids are also a threat to reptiles. As in all species of turtles, nests are the most threatened. It is not uncommon for nests to be raided by rats, Snakes, birds and boars.

The "Greek tortoise" in captivity

Reproduction

Ideally, keep the Greek tortoise in pairs or in a group. During the mating season, you have to be careful that there are many more females than males in the group, since they can develop quite aggressive behavior towards their congeners during this time. After mating, the females will look for a warm and sunny place to lay their eggs after a few weeks. The pit is dug and they are placed between 5 and 8 eggs. The process is repeated at intervals of 2-3 weeks, give place to 3-4 sunsets. Females react very sensitively to temperature fluctuations during egg laying.. So, in our latitudes, they must be compensated with aids such as a heat lamp. after sunset, eggs can be carefully removed and placed in the incubator. As far as possible, you should not change your position. Approximately between 65 and 90 days after laying, the first pups are born. Feeding is done with the same foods as for adult animals.

Maintenance

The Greek tortoise should be kept in an outdoor enclosure in summer. It must be located in a sunny place, because animals need the warm rays of the sun for digestion to work, among other things. Of course, there should be a place to water and hiding places such as roots or bushes should be provided. Pine soil or peat mixed with sand are suitable as a substrate. Small patches of meadow with some grasses are also a source of food for the turtles.. In their natural habitats, the tortoise hibernates in hibernation. Possibilities must be created in the enclosure so that, even in the coldest local weather, the tortoise can make a burrow and thus survive the winter. Soil must be frost free.

all wild herbs, as well as clover, Dandelion, the hibiscus and all the flowering plants, from pansies to lilies, serve as food. In no case should it be fed with animal products, noodles or pasta. These damage the digestive system of animals and can be deadly. Fruit should be an absolute exception on the menu. If there is a sufficient supply of natural foods, you can do without the addition of vitamins.

Keeping this species of tortoise in a species-appropriate manner requires sufficient space. The outer enclosure must be surrounded by a border of 40 height cm. Young animals must also be protected from smaller predators, like martens or foxes, and the largest birds. The easiest way to do this is with a metal mesh cover over the enclosure. Representatives of the eastern subspecies are especially suitable for conservation. The needs of African species are much greater in terms of warmth and susceptibility to stress and disease. The Greek tortoise It is one of the most common species of turtles..

Buy one "Greek tortoise"

how much does one cost "Greek tortoise"?

The price of a "Greek tortoise" at the exotic animal market, bred in captivity, ranges between 100 – 160 EUR, depending on its size.

Videos "Greek tortoise"

Watch this video on YouTube.	Tortuga Tortudo Greek Iberian Paradis Pets 2021 Watch this video on YouTube.

Alternative names:

1. Spur-thighed tortoise (English).
2. Tortue grecque (French).
3. Testudo graeca (German).
4. Testudo graeca (Portuguese).
5. Tortuga griega (español).

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Common musk turtle
- Sternotherus odoratus

Origin: United States and Canada

Gender: Sternotherus

Life expectancy: 30 - 50 years

Length: 10 cm.

The Common musk turtle owes its name musk (colloquially stinky) to their musk glands, with whose help it can secrete a strongly scented secretion to scare away predators.

Content

Origin / Distribution

The Common musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), It has a fairly wide distribution area., extending north into the eastern half of the US. (Illinois, Wisconsin, hasta Maine) and south into southern Canada (Quebec, Ontario) to Florida and west to central Texas.

Characteristics / Appearance

The carapace of adults is dark brown., dark gray to black and has no markings. It is evenly curved, narrow and elongated. In juveniles a pattern of dark spots is visible. Juveniles also have three characteristic keels, that disappear with age.

The plastron is small and cross-shaped. (bikini shell), and the color can range from light beige to full black. In this species, connective tissue sutures are especially prominent.

The head, legs and other soft tissue are light gray to black, although coloration changes with age. On the sides of the head there are two yellow stripes that vary depending on the specimen., one above and one below the eye from the tip of the nose to the neck (sometimes with a connection behind the eye). These stripes can fade or disappear completely with age.. There is a pair of barbels on the chin, sometimes there may be a second pair.

The Common musk turtle can reach a size of 13,7 cm., but in most cases it only measures between 7,5 and 10 cm., and both sexes are about the same size.

Habitat

Inhabits all types of fresh water, like lakes, ponds, rivers, swamps and canals, and prefers slow-moving waters with sandy bottoms. The species prefers shallow water areas. Despite its undemanding character, does not tolerate brackish water.

Behavior

The Common musk turtle belongs to the genus Sternotherus and it looks a lot like Striped mud turtle of the gender Kinosternon at first sight. unlike the turtles Kinosternon, that they can close their abdominal shell with the help of two hinges, the Common musk turtle has a retracted abdominal shell and is not hinged. This makes them more mobile and they compensate for the lack of protection by being more aggressive.. when they are threatened, give off a strong, unpleasant odor, what gives them their name.

The Common musk turtle is active in the morning and at night. Land rides are popular at night. Other species of Sternotherus are more active during the day.

Threats to the species

State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

Although the Common musk turtle does not have federal conservation status in the US. and is fairly common throughout most of its range, has decreased markedly in some areas, and appears to be more sensitive than some native species to human degradation of wetlands. It is listed as a threatened species in the state of Iowa.. It is listed as an endangered species in Canada., and is protected by the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). It is also protected under the Ontario Endangered Species Act.. In this part of its range, only wetlands with minimal human impact have robust populations. The mortality of reproductive females on roads can be one of the problems associated with human development.

The "Common musk turtle" in captivity

Aquaterrarium

Depending on the size or age of the Common musk turtle, the aquarium should measure between 80 x 40 cm. and 100 x 50 cm., more space never hurts. The water level should initially be about 5 cm for small pups, the Common musk turtle adult prefers some 30 cm.. Animals like to run through the sandy substrate, but also climb to the surface of the water in the indoor furniture or swim freely in the water. Consequently, exuberant planting and good structuring with root wood or non-slip stones up to the surface must be carried out. Occasionally, turtles use furniture that protrudes from the water to sunbathe, although much less frequently than, for example, the ornamental turtles. Furniture also creates important hiding and resting places..

Females should be offered a sandy, partially planted area of land for egg laying.

Lighting and temperature of the aquaterrarium

A lamp, for example HQI, should hang above to heat the area to 35-40°C. The species also likes to use the area to rest. This species also likes to use the area for nocturnal terrestrial excursions..

During the period of activity, The water needs to reach a temperature of 22 a 26°C, which is why, depending on ambient temperature, a heating rod must be used. A rest phase in winter of about 3 months at about 10°C is suitable for the species and is necessary to keep it healthy in the long term. This value is only indicative due to the large distribution area. Animals from the north of the distribution area have to enter torpor at a water temperature of 4°C – 5°C, animals in southernmost areas hibernate mostly at 10°C – 15°C.

A sufficiently sized filter ensures clear water and serves the health of the turtles..

In the middle of summer, the Common musk turtle can also be kept in secure outdoor enclosures if provided with gently sloping edges and plenty of greenery. But, in these conditions, animals cannot be observed regularly and, Therefore, are difficult to control.

Maintenance of the "Common musk turtle"

The Common musk turtle is a solitary animal, so adult males should generally be kept solitary. It is also recommended to keep females individually.. If two or more females are kept together, aggression and stress among lower animals are very likely, Therefore, close observation is necessary. Then, it may be necessary to separate the animals and set up another tank.

To keep the Common musk turtle as appropriate as possible to the species, we recommend the following conditions.

air temperature: 25° a 26°C
Minimum size of the terrarium: 200 litres

Outside maintenance

The Common musk turtle can be kept in a garden pond from May to October. The pond should have a shallow shore and be sunny, as this particular species likes to bask in shallow water. It also, Don't rule out a large, powerful aquarium heater in the event of bad weather and the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius for a long period of time. The enclosure must be relatively high, Since the Common musk turtle it is a very good climber; concrete blocks and palisades can be used for this. It is essential that crystals or the like are not used, since of the turtles they will try to cross the transparent barrier constantly.

Food

The Common musk turtle feeds mainly on animal feed, consisting of dry food for turtles, worms, meat and fish strips. But, fruit and salad should also be offered occasionally.

Reproduction

The breeding season is mainly from April to May and from September to October.. Like this, can be put from 2 to 4 clutches of eggs by season. The stalls are usually 1 to 5 eggs, Although they can reach 10 eggs. under natural conditions, The incubation period lasts between 65 and 86 days, but can also reach 107 days in unfavorable cases.

Buy one "Common musk turtle"

The Common musk turtle, by breeding in large numbers on US breeding farms., is frequently and cheaply available commercially. This encourages ill-considered impulse purchases, which means that the number of unwanted animals that are given away is very high.

The price of the "Common musk turtle" in the exotic animal trade ranges from 40 – 70 EUR.

Videos "Common musk turtle"

First Pasto Sternotherus odoratus CB2016 Watch this video on YouTube.	Watch this video on YouTube.

Alternative names:

1. Common musk turtle, Eastern musk turtle (English).
2. Tortue musquée, tortue musquée commune (French).
3. Gewöhnliche Moschusschildkröte, Moschusschildkröte (German).
4. Tartaruga Almiscarada Comum, Tartaruga do musgo (Portuguese).
5. "Tortuga almizclada", Tortuga almizclera común (español).

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Panther chameleon
- Furcifer pardalis

Origin: Madagascar

Gender: Furcifer

Life expectancy: 5 - 7 years

Length: 30 - 51 cm. (Male), 20 - 36 cm. (Female)

The most fascinating feature that has the Panther chameleon is its extraordinarily vibrant coloration.

Content

Origin / Distribution

The Furcifer pardalis, also known as Panther chameleon, are native to the island of Madagascar. They are distributed throughout the island, but they are locally abundant on the coasts of the center-east, northeast, north and northwest. The Furcifer pardalis they have also been introduced in areas such as Reunion and Mauritius.

Characteristics / Appearance

The most fascinating feature that has the Panther chameleon is its extraordinarily vibrant coloration. Adult chameleons are sexually dimorphic and males are recognized by their larger size, the swollen base of the tail indicating the presence of hemipenes, and have a wide range of coloration and patterns. Females are identified by being more uniformly pale green or pink in color, smaller, with a thinner tail base and sometimes with eggs detectable through the walls of the body. Adults can reach a length of 23 cm.. It is much more difficult to distinguish the sex of juvenile chameleons of less than 6 months of age due to their smaller size, its dull coloration and lack of hemipenial protrusion in males.

The coloration and pattern of the Panther chameleon varies significantly depending on its origin or location. Normally, the Panther chameleon of the Malagasy island Nosy Be are bluish green, emerald green or have a turquoise body. Northwest coast males are usually bright pink, with a yellowish-white stripe along the sides; this is commonly referred to as "the pink panthers". Males may also be orange, red and dark green, with a large variation of spots, streaks and/or bands around the head and eyes.

The Panther chameleon lack a vomeronasal organ, an auxiliary olfactory sensory organ found in many animals. They also have no outer or middle ear, suggesting chameleons might be deaf. Chameleons have specialized tongue-like feet called zygodactyls.. On each foot, all five fingers are merged into a two-digit group and a three-digit group. On the front feet, the group of three toes is on the inside of the foot, and the group of two fingers is on the outside. This is reversed in the back foot, which gives them a secure and strong grip and allows them to maneuver horizontally or vertically in a wide variety of vegetation or structures. These specialized feet allow chameleons to hold on tightly to narrow branches.. The sharp claws on each finger help them climb and grip surfaces they can't hold on to tightly., like tree trunks.

Habitat

The Panther chameleon it inhabits mainly dry deciduous lowland forests, near belts of thin trees that line rivers and roads. This particular species seems to prefer open habitats that are not excessively shaded.. Scientists believe this is due to the need to colonize open spaces where they can sunbathe and males can use visual cues aimed at females. (during courtship) or for males to establish territories. Male panther chameleons also have a greater elevation range than females, most likely for territorial reasons.

Behavior

In general, the social structure of the Panther chameleon It is little known. It is known that the Furcifer pardalis, like most chameleons, is solitary and territorial, regardless of age or gender. Males tend to have larger distribution areas than females. Males often do not tolerate other males invading their shrub or tree of residence and will defend their territory by participating in an exhibition., chasing and possibly seriously injuring an intruding male. Hostility increases during the breeding season. It is not known whether females of Panther chameleon are intolerant of other females in general or only at nesting sites.

Chameleon eyes do not contain the melanin rods and pigments needed for night vision, which is why Furcifer pardalis is diurnal.

Reproduction

The females of Panther chameleon gestate fertilized eggs during 2 or 3 weeks. The young usually take between 6 months and a year to come out of the eggs. From that moment on, the offspring take others 6 months until they are sexually mature and have developed the coloration and size of an adult.

Courtship usually begins with displays by males. This usually includes the display of bright colors and a series of head movements that shake as they move towards the female.. Some males move slowly, with a choppy or spasmodic step, but others move very quickly and can be aggressive with females. Females that are not receptive or are gravid may run away or face the male chasing them with their mouths open while theirs., they stand on the hind legs and swing to discourage the male's advances. If the female seems interested, the male will mount it by grabbing its flanks and it will be placed to the right or left of its body.. Copulation takes place when the male everteja the closest of his two hemipens and introduces it into the cloaca of the female. Some species copulate for a few minutes and others for several hours, after which they usually follow different paths.

There is little information on the mating systems of the Panther chameleon, but some researchers have observed mating behavior consistent with serial polygyny. Studies in captivity of the Furcifer pardalis have shown that males have wider ranges than females. Females usually stay in a small area and are visited by males during the breeding season. This species has a slight pair bond, which consists of the males deciding to remain in the territory of the female for a period after breeding and probably defend this female from other males. Females that have already mated have shown aggressive behaviors towards successive males that walk through the territory. The successful male stays with the female for a brief period after mating and then continues to roam, probably looking for another partner.

Polygynous mating system

In most places, reproduction occurs between January and May, but this may vary geographically. Females in some areas can breed several times a year. After mating, the period of hard gestation of 3 to 6 weeks. Females dig burrows by digging with their front legs and then backing up on them to deposit 10 to 46 eggs. When they finish, bury eggs, fill in the tunnel and trample the earth to hide the location of the nest. Some females drag leaves and twigs over the place. This is the last act of motherhood of a chameleon, and their offspring shall be independent at birth. The young come out by opening a star-shaped opening at the end of the eggshell with the egg tooth., a sharp, calcified bump at the tip of the upper jaw that then comes off. The young weigh between 0,25 and 0,75 g at birth. Juveniles reach reproductive maturity at 6 months of age.

Females and males of the Furcifer pardalis show no more parental investment than creating and depositing eggs. The mother will try to protect the buried eggs from predators by hiding the location of the nest with twigs and leaves., but that is their last participation and the offspring will be independent immediately after hatching.

The females of Panther chameleon invest a lot of time and energy in making sure their young develop fully. The success of chameleon pups depends largely on the adequate amount of vitamin D from the mother during gestation. Ultraviolet light is known to (UV) the sun produces vitamin D in the skin of many vertebrates, like panther chameleons. UV-induced vitamin D serves as a signal in the body to help adjust the calcium-phosphorus balance in the body. Its main function is to stimulate calcium uptake from the intestine and reduce calcium reabsorption from bone. Eggs do not hatch if the mother does not have an adequate amount of vitamin D, either by exposure to UV rays or by food intake, because you can't supply enough vitamin D to your eggs to make it easier for developing embryos to form their skeleton. An important discovery made in recent years was that females seem to be able to perceive their internal vitamin D status., recognize an external source of UV rays and voluntarily expose themselves to that source when they have a vitamin D deficiency. On the other hand, choose to avoid elevated UV sources when they have enough vitamin D.

Food

The Furcifer pardalis they are considered opportunistic hunters because they wait for prey to pass within reach of their long tongues. They feed mainly on terrestrial invertebrates and, very rarely, of plant material. They have the ability to turn and focus their eyes separately to observe two different objects simultaneously.. This allows them to have an arc of vision 360 degrees around their body while remaining completely still and camouflaged. When the prey is in sight, both eyes can focus in the same direction, providing acute stereoscopic vision and depth perception.

Chameleons have very unique languages specialized in capturing their prey.. An extensive study carried out in the year 2000 revealed the complexities of chameleon language functioning. Prey capture was often attributed only to adherence to the lingual pad., but now scientists believe that the speed and shape of the tongue also create a suction device.. The hyoid bone is a piece of cartilage that extends into the mouth from the throat bones. (called hyaline apparatus) and is attached to the long tongue of the chameleon. This is where the tongue rests when not in use. The tongue is thrown from the hyoid bone with the use of ringed muscles on the tongue. This complex structure is made up of cartilage, muscles, nerves, glands and tissues that work together to create an incredibly fast and effective tongue to grab your food.

Life expectancy

Although males can exceed five years of age in captivity, most Panther chameleon wilderness only survives one or two years after maturity. Females have a shorter half-life in the wild and in captivity due to the stress of reproduction and oviposition..

Threats to the species

The Panther chameleon is one of the most sought-after chameleon species in the international pet trade due to its beautiful coloration and the success of its captive breeding..

Tighter trade quotas have been applied and recent export levels are within a sustainable range. There is currently little risk to this chameleon species, apart from the threat of continued habitat loss and modification.

The local population uses relatively little of the Furcifer pardalis within its range. Chameleons are not used very often in the local kitchen. But, Furcifer pardalis is caught and sold in the international trade of live animals. United States, Europe and Asia are the main participants in this traffic.

The "Panther chameleon" in captivity

The terrarium

The Panther chameleon is kept in a tall terrarium, but does not require as much ventilation as other chameleon species. These animals must be kept individually. The terrarium must have at least 100 x 60 x 150cm. Higher would be better.

Food

The diet of the Panther chameleon consists mainly of insects such as crickets, crickets, grasshopper, flies, fruit flies, cockroaches, rarely wax moth caterpillars… but be careful when feeding him!! These animals gain weight easily and can develop gout. It also, feeds with leaves, colorful flowers, or possibly some fruit.

no lettuce, iceberg lettuce or similar, since its calcium-phosphorus content is unfavorable. And cabbage or spinach should rarely be fed oxalic acid….

Additional vitamin and mineral supplements are recommended.

Lighting and temperature

The temperature in the terrarium of the Panther chameleon should be 22-28°C (locally 35-40°C) during the day and between 16-22°C at night. The humidity should be 60-80% and around the 100% At night.

In the terrarium of a Panther chameleon there must be numerous possibilities to climb, preferably a tree (Ficus benjamina), remained, other plants, cork tubes and bark, which also offer hiding places.

Good lighting and ultraviolet light (30% of UVA rays and 5-10% UVB) are necessary for your well-being, as well as a place to sunbathe. UV radiation is very important and necessary. In the case of females, it is necessary to provide a suitable place for laying eggs or several possibilities.

A spray system can be installed in the terrarium, that sprays water repeatedly (about three to four times a day), or a nebulizer can be installed in the terrarium. For fluid intake, a dropper must be installed that is always cleaned.

Hibernation

The Panther chameleon it is usually more inactive in winter and here you can simulate a kind of hibernation by lighting. Reduce daily lighting time by two to three hours over a period of about two months. Hibernation is very important for animals to regulate body functions and stay healthy. But here you have to observe the animals well to see if they are prepared for rest.. This can be noticed in the behavior when the animal calms down on its own in autumn..

Reproduction

The Panther chameleon puts up to 46 eggs. They are quite aggressive animals, so you have to be careful when mating. Raising young animals individually in small terrariums.

It is essential to provide enough calcium and vitamins in breeding.

Housing conditions

To keep the Furcifer pardalis (Panther chameleon) we recommend creating the following conditions. Especially regarding the minimum size, we ask you to keep in mind that optimal conditions can only be achieved in much larger terrariums.

temperatures during the day: 22° to 28 °C (locally 35-40°C)
Night temperatures: 16-22°C
Humidity: 60-80% during the day and approx. 100% At night)
Minimum size of the terrarium: from 120x60x150cm for an animal (better higher)

Buy one "Panther chameleon"

The price of a "Panther chameleon" at the exotic animal market, ranges between 300 – 500 EUR.

Images "Panther chameleon"


Furcifer pardalis, photographed at Reunion Island	Female panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis), Le Tampon, Reunion Island - B.navez, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons	Furcifer pardalis - Panther chameleon - Struggle - Eric Mathieu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons	Panther chameleon - Photographer, Alain Fossé - Wikipedia	Panther chameleon at Zurich Zoo, Switzerland - Marc Staub, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons	Furcifer pardalis (male) (photo from Reunion Island) - See page for author, Copyrighted free use, via Wikimedia Commons	Berkenhof Tropical Zoo - Donar Reiskoffer, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons	Ambilobe panther chameleon, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago - Daniel Schwen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Videos "Panther chameleon"

Furcifer pardalis ambilobe Watch this video on YouTube.	Chamaeleon vivarium for Furcifer pardalis Watch this video on YouTube.

Alternative names:

1. Panther chameleon (English).
2. Caméléon panthère, Endormi (French).
3. Pantherchamäleon (German).
4. Camaleão-pantera (Portuguese).
5. "Camaleón pantera", Endormi de La Reunión, Lendormi, Zendormi (español).

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Western spiny-tailed iguana
- Ctenosaura pectinata

Origin: Mexico

Gender: Ctenosaura

Life expectancy: 10 years in captivity

Length: 1,3 m (Including the queue)

The Western spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) It is one of the largest members of the Spinytail iguanas (Ctenosaura) and can reach a body length of about 140,0 centimeters

Content

Origin / Distribution

The Western spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) is originally from western Mexico. Its distribution area extends from Sinaloa to Oaxaca.. It was introduced in Brownsville (Texas) and in South Florida. There are several feral populations. On the southeast coast of Floria, the western Mexican black iguana is found on Key Biscayne, Hialeah and in Broward County. It has also been sighted off the southwestern coast of Florida., on the island of Gasparilla. It is estimated that there are currently 12.000 iguanas on this island. Over the years 70, some animals from homes were released into the wild. These iguanas are considered a nuisance on Gasparilla Island because they eat ornamental flowers and shrubs., as well as the nesting birds and turtle eggs.

Other synonyms

Cyclura pectinata – Wiegmann, 1834
Cyclura pectinata – Duméril & Bibron, 1837
Ctenosaura pectinata – Gray, 1845
Ctenosaura brevirostris – Cope, 1886
Ctenosaura teres brachylopha – Cope, 1886
Ctenosaura brachylopha – Bailey, 1928
Ctenosaura parkeri – Bailex, 1928
Ctenosaura pectinata – Smith & Taylor, 1950
Ctenosaura pectinata – Conant & Collins, 1991
Ctenosaura pectinata – Liner, 1994
Ctenosaura (Ctenosaura) pectinata – Köhler et to the., 2000
Ctenosaura (Ctenosaura) pectinata – Köhler, 2003

Characteristics / Appearance

The Western spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) It is one of the largest members of the Spinytail iguanas (Ctenosaura) and can reach a body length of about 140,0 centimeters, the female being smaller than the male, reaching a body length of about 100,0 centimeters. The head has an elongated and flat shape. The eyes are in a fairly large socket and are covered by an upper and lower lid with small granular scales.. From the upper edge of the eye, a series of larger scutes extend to the snout, forming a border that abruptly separates the lateral surface of the head from the superior. The nostril lies above the anterior end of this crest. The supraorbital scutes are separated from this border by smaller ones and are also surrounded above by a row of smaller scutes.. Between the supraorbital scutes extends a row of large arched scutes on each side. Both rows touch between the eyes, but they diverge anteriorly and posteriorly so that they are separated in front and behind the eyes by several smaller scutes. The scutes of these rows have a longitudinal keel. the front shields, that cover the snout, they are usually adorned with three keels each, that usually always take the longitudinal direction of the animal in the upper part. The nape shields are smooth and surround a large central nuchal shield.. Most of the nine superior labial shields have a longitudinal groove and, therefore, they seem to be double keeled. The lower labial shields have a similar groove.

These are followed, down, four rows of smaller, elongated scutes on each side, and the space between them, below, it is covered by even smaller and equally smooth scutes. The scales on the back are made up of very small, flat scales.. The scales of the abdomen are rhombic., much larger than those on back and each with a longitudinal keel. A sharp skin fold runs down the back of the thigh. The scales on the underside of the lower leg are keeled and larger than the rounded, keeled scales on the upper leg.. Tail scales are about the size of the upper and lower ventral scales, hexagonal and keeled. The male has a dorsal crest that continues to the tail.. A powerful double chin is also clearly seen in the head area, although it can not be inflated. Seems like it's just for show. Juveniles are predominantly gray-green in color. This coloration serves as camouflage and makes them not so easy for natural enemies to find.. Coloration of adults varies from brown, grey-brown and grey-black. The back usually has dark bands. But, black drawings may also appear on a gray-brown background coloration.

Habitat

It is a species of diurnal habits that lives in humid environments of the Pacific coasts, in the middle deciduous forest, low deciduous and in thorny scrub. The Western spiny-tailed iguana usually found in ravines near streams, their favorite places are rocky places on dry land; also climbs trees and many individuals live in branches and hollow trunks. It is also mentioned that it lives in rocky places in the low jungle and on the coast., although it also usually lives in tropical oak forests and pastures.

The registered localities where this species is distributed are close to tourist places, so federal roads and highways have been built, as well as roads for access to forest support; this has contributed to habitat fragmentation through deforestation, In addition, there is a high population explosion, livestock and forestry development, inappropriate use of resources and degradation of natural habitats due to urbanization.

Takes refuge between rocks when someone approaches, in the treetops, between hollow logs, and tree hollows .

It is a species that lives in the humid environments of the Pacific coast, in an average deciduous forest that presents an open canopy, where most of the trees lose their leaves and the maximum height they reach is less than 20m. in low deciduous jungle, What is a plant community? 4 at 15m height where more than 75% of the species lose their leaves during the dry season; and in thorny scrub where they present a physiognomy composed of ramifications (very broken and elongated) covered with spines, the dominant species are: ocotillo, huizache and mesquite.

Behavior

The Western spiny-tailed iguana is generally considered aggressive and belligerent. This is especially manifested in the colonies, where the males fiercely defend their small territories. In doing so, they swipe with their tails or even bite. Although they live mainly on land, they are also excellent climbers. It prefers a rocky habitat with many crevices where it can hide.. It also, the Western Mexican Black Iguana is diurnal and can move quite quickly, thus escaping from their natural enemies.

If you feel cornered, can also defend. If one male gets too close to another and his territory, it often comes to a fierce fight. aggressiveness is expressed, in particular, with vigorous head bobbing and tail slapping. The reason for territorial defense is clear. The more exposed the location of the territory, the greater the chances of mating with a female. The best places are claimed by the adult males.

Diet

The Western spiny-tailed iguana it is basically omnivorous. Especially when he's young, eat mostly animal-based foods, besides the vegetables. This includes insects, crustaceans, birds, their young and eggs, amphibians and small rodents. Plant foods especially include legumes, ripe fruits and various vegetables. Cannibalism is not unknown to the Western spiny-tailed iguana. Adult animals do not even stop at smaller conspecifics. But, the Western spiny-tailed iguana adults feed mainly on plants.

Reproduction

The Western spiny-tailed iguana reaches sexual maturity at three to four years of age. Mating takes place in spring. during mating, the hemipenis of the male becomes visible, that hides protectively in a skin fold of the cloaca outside of mating season. During mating itself, the hemipenis is pushed out of the skinfold by muscle contraction and fills with blood until it swells. Now the sperm are released into the female's cloaca through the hemipenis. After successful fertilization, the female looks for a protected place shortly before the end of gestation and begins to dig a hole. puts up 50 eggs in this pit. After laying the eggs, the pit is carefully closed. The female stays near the clutch for some time., protecting her from natural enemies and other females. After between 90 and 120 days, young lizards hatch from their eggs. The young in a clutch are usually all born in one week.. They are alone from the start, since the females do not take care of their young. If they survive the early years, can reach a considerable age. Due to the numerous natural enemies, only a part of the born animals get it.

Threats to the species

State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

This species is classified as «Least concern» by the IUCN Red List , but the species is included in the Mexican Red List NOM-059-2001 as threatened and is currently illegal to hunt in Mexico.

The main threats to Western spiny-tailed iguana are habitat destruction, hunting for meat and skin, domestic and international illegal pet market, hybridism by introduction of similar species, removal by invasive species (for ex. cats), elimination by confusion as a poisonous species and drastic habitat changes in small-range species.

The dry forests where small species live consistently suffer changes in land use due to livestock, that eliminates tree species that represent the only habitat available to them.

The "Western spiny-tailed iguana" in captivity

Every effort should be made to acquire captive-bred animals, since they are usually more resistant and less skittish, and your purchase helps reduce pressure on wild populations.

There are introduced populations of the Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) and of the Western spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) in Florida, and many of these two species are sold in the pet trade.

The terrarium

The requirements of the terrarium for the Western spiny-tailed iguana vary depending on the size of the iguana you have. Below are recommended minimum enclosure sizes for a single Western spiny-tailed iguana or a couple:

Western spiny-tailed iguana smaller that measures less than 45 full length cm: 90 cm long, 60 cm wide and 60 centimeters tall.
larger species, 180 cm long by 60 cm wide and 80 centimeters tall.

Lighting and temperature

The Western spiny-tailed iguana he is a sun-loving saurian. Outdoor enclosures are ideal for them. Indoor enclosures must have full-spectrum lamps along two-thirds or the entire length of the enclosure, plus a sun light bulb (the two, depending on cage size) at one end. To get the most benefit from full spectrum lights, sun shelves or other places should be located no more than 25 cm from the(s) lightbulb(s).
The ambient temperature in the enclosure should be between 25 °C y 30 °C and the sunny areas must reach between 35 °C y 40 °C.

Substrate and accessories

You can use the cypress substrate. Rabbit pellets can also be used, but you don't have to nebulize them. Provide plenty of branches and/or cork boards for your Western spiny-tailed iguana can climb. There should also be several hiding places, as cork bark holes of suitable size. It is good to include live edible plants, like hibiscus, whose flowers and leaves are edible. Buy the plants at least 30 days before you are going to use them, since many systemic pesticides and fertilizers can remain active in plants and soil for at least 30 days.

Food

Food at Western spiny-tailed iguana adult with a wide range of foods, like mixed greens, grated carrots, mulberry and hibiscus leaves, and edible wild plants such as purslane, the Clover, the dandelions, vegetables and flowers. Seasonal fruits and vegetables may also be offered. Give the hatchlings and juveniles of Western spiny-tailed iguana the same diet as adults, except that you can also provide them with some insects, mostly crickets half the size of the young lizards' heads. They can also be offered to Zoophobas, tomato hornworms and silkworms. Calcium and vitamin supplements should be given two or three times a week (pregnant females should receive calcium supplements daily). There are also dry commercial diets for iguanas.

The preferred method of irrigation is water misting, especially for the pups Western spiny-tailed iguana, since they will drink the drops of the plants. You can also have a water dish inside the enclosure; make sure it's heavy enough so it doesn't tip over. Misting in the water dish can help draw your Iguana's attention to it. Do not vaporize if you use rabbit pellets as a substrate.

Management of the "Western spiny-tailed iguana"

A good way to build trust and calm the new Western spiny-tailed iguana is to feed it by hand. Once they are comfortable with your presence and take the food from your fingers, you can start taking them. when picking up one Western spiny-tailed iguana, it is best to approach slowly and place your hand palm up in front of the lizard. Try putting your other hand behind the iguana and gently bring it closer to your hand. Never hold the animal by the tail, because it can break. Each Western spiny-tailed iguana is different. Some are so tame and curious that they seem to enjoy human interaction.. Others are a bit elusive and require a little more patience when interacting.. Any Western spiny-tailed iguana one that doesn't like being handled will still make a good show animal.

Buy one "Western spiny-tailed iguana"

It is very difficult to find one "Western spiny-tailed iguana" bred in captivity. if you find it, they can ask up to 3000 euros for an individual of this species. Make sure you have all the papers in order and that you have passed all the health checks.

Videos "Western spiny-tailed iguana"

SEE AND BUY - Black spiny-tailed iguana Ctenosaura pectinata piebald Watch this video on YouTube.	black iguana (Ctenosaura pectinata) 🦎 Watch this video on YouTube.

Alternative names:

1. Western spiny-tailed iguana, Mexican spinytailed iguana, Spiny-tailed iguana, Black spiny-tailed iguana, Guerreran spiny-tailed Iguana, Broad-ringed spiny-tailed iguana (English).
2. Iguane à queue épineuse du Mexique (French).
3. Westmexikanische Schwarzleguan, Mexikanischer Leguan (German).
4. Iguana-de-Cauda-Espinhosa-Mexicana (Portuguese).
5. "Iguana negra" (español).

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Golden tree snake
- Chrysopelea ornata

Origin: indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Philippines.

Gender: Chrysopelea

Life expectancy: 20 years

Length: 130 cm.

The Golden tree snake is accustomed by nature to tree life (on the floor) in tropical jungles.

Golden Snake (Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima) – Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Content

Origin / Distribution

The Golden tree snake (Chrysopelea ornata) It is the one with the largest area of distribution.. It is located in the Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Bangladesh and the Indian states of Gujarat, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.

Subspecies

The following are recognized as valid:

Chrysopelea ornata ornata (Shaw, 1802)
Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima Werner, 1925
Chrysopelea ornata sinhaleya Deraniyalaga, 1945

Characteristics / Appearance

There are three subspecies of the Golden tree snake. The Chrysopelea ornata has two main forms of color, determined largely by geographic location. In Sri Lanka and in the south of its range in India, the snake is mainly greenish-yellow or pale green. The second color variety, what happens in southeast asia, lacks reddish vertebral spots and has less prominent black crossbars. The head of this snake is quite flat, with a thin neck and an atypical blunt nose, and big eyes that are sometimes red depending on the angle. They can measure up to 140 cm.. The snake has rear fangs, which means that once the snake has grabbed its prey it will not let go and it will not be able to escape.

Habitat

The Golden tree snake is accustomed by nature to tree life (on the floor) in tropical jungles, dry deciduous forests, plantations, agricultural areas and rural gardens. Like her relative Chrysopelea paradisi, this snake is able to glide through the air. The snake can climb to considerable heights in trees or even on the walls of buildings.. They are very often seen climbing coconut trees or vertical rock walls in curves, using their scales to cling to surfaces.

Behavior

This Golden tree snake it is diurnal and, despite being slightly poisonous (not harmful to human unless allergic), it has been observed to kill some of its prey by crushing it and breaking its neck. The snake is said to be shy and quick. Usually, the snake is impossible to catch when humans come into contact with it in apartments and houses. The snake is very common and it is solitary, but can live close to its own kind without being attacked. like carnivore, the Golden tree snake feeds on small geckos, lizards, Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), rodents, bird eggs, insects, other snakes occasionally and bats.

The Golden tree snake it is one of the few “flying snakes”. These snakes can't really fly, but they slide to some extent flattening their body, forming a wide cavity with its belly, and spinning in the air as they jump from high branches. It is believed that this behavior helps them to move through the forest, catch prey and as a defense mechanism against predators. They can go up to 100 m in a single jump if they start from a tall enough tree.

Reproduction

Little is known about the breeding habits of the Golden tree snake because no one seems to get him to mate while he's in captivity. Mating season is in June and the snake chooses holes and crevices in tall trees to perch and lay eggs.. Being oviparous, places of 6 to 12 elongated eggs in May-June, that hatch in June. The pups measure between 11 and 15 cm long.

Type of poison and consequences of the bite

It is mainly a less strong poison, which however can cause unpleasant consequences, but it is not fatal to humans.

Local pain may occur, swelling and edema at the site of the bite. It also, nausea may appear, vomiting and a general feeling of being unwell.
But, a healthy adult person is not likely to experience major or long-term side effects.
But, there may be a risk of death in allergic people; such a state of shock would have to be treated immediately.

As the venomous teeth of this species are situated far back in the mouth, you would have to go deep into the animal's mouth (for example, with one finger) to be bitten.
In some cases, "massages" the venom into the body of its prey as a digestive aid.

Threats to the species

The Golden tree snake Is a predator, so their presence helps regulate the number of lower level species, which will prevent populations from growing exponentially.

in asian countries, the Golden tree snake is captured, it is cooked and sold as food, and is also captured and sold in the pet trade. But the main impact on this species is deforestation and urbanization, where tree removal impacts their ability to hunt and capture prey.

The "Golden tree snake" in captivity

The terrarium

The species must be able to retreat and, according to some owners, it is almost always hidden. But, the terrarium should not be too large for control reasons. It can be a plastic terrarium 80 x 60 x 80 cm..

Important: elevated hiding places, many plants and fine climbing branches, high and slightly moist substrate, for example, coconut fiber or other loose and absorbent substrate, elevated water bowl, daylight, possibly even spotlights for a few hours. During the day 26-29 °C, At night 22-24 °C, humidity 70-80 %, spray at least every other day.

Food

Lizards, rodents, young birds. Females can relatively easily get used to mice, mice with too much hair can cause digestive failure. The males tend to reject them., and mouse pup weathering trials are still pending.

Breeding and reproduction

Can be kept in pairs or groups. It is useful the rainy season in summer, at least two broods a year with 6-20 possible eggs, that hatch after 70-90 days to 25-30 °C. The young probably feed on gecko tails., insect trials are pending. Attempts to force-feed the pups, they usually fail. It is best to raise your own feeding geckos, for example with juvenile geckos (Lepidodactylus lugubris).

Buy one "Golden tree snake"

The price of a "Golden tree snake" at the exotic animal market, ranges between 200 – 400 EUR.

Videos "Golden tree snake"

Golden tree snake, Chrysopelea ornata, feeding on a gecko in Thailand Watch this video on YouTube.	Golden Flying Snake, Green Indra Snake, Chrysopelea ornata Watch this video on YouTube.

Alternative names:

1. Golden tree snake, Ornate flying snake, Golden flying snake (English).
2. Couleuvre volante, Serpent volant (French).
3. Goldschlange, Grüne Schmuckbaumnatter, Gelbgrüne Schmuckbaumnatter, Gewöhnliche Schmuckbaumnatter (German).
4. Cobra voadora (Portuguese).
5. "Serpiente voladora dorada", Serpiente arborícola asiática, Serpiente voladora dorada, Serpiente arbórea ornamental común (español).

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