AB

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Red-lored Amazon
Amazona autumnalis

Origin: Belice, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Character: Loving and loyal
Life expectancy: 27 years
Height: 35,5 to 38,1 cm..

Red-lored Amazon


Anatomy-parrots

Content

Description:

35,5 to 38,1 cm.. height and between 314 and 485g. weight.

The Red-lored Amazon (Amazona autumnalis) is distinguished by its red front; Green with edge lilac it nape ; crown lilac; stain red in the wing , and tail blue margin.
The bill is grey with the upper jaw yellowish-horn. The irises his eye is orange. The legs are of color gray greenish.
They do not possess sexual dimorphism, that is to say, there is no physical difference between the male and the female.

Description 3 subspecies:

Amazona autumnalis lilacina Lesson, 1844

  • Amazona autumnalis autumnalis

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – Nominal.


  • Amazona autumnalis lilacina

    (Lesson, 1844) – It has a red band in the forecrown that it extends over them eyes; the cheeks Yellow.


  • Amazona autumnalis salvini

    (Salvadori, 1891) – It has cheeks and ear-coverts green; the basis of the tail by under Red.

Habitat:

Video – "Red-lored Amazon"

Amazonas autumnalis
Watch this video on YouTube.

This amazon frequents a wide range of habitats wooded and open with trees, including rainforest, tropical deciduous forest, pine forests, mangroves, forest swamps, gallery woods, areas cultivated with trees high and plantations; also forest dry in the South of Ecuador.

The Red-lored Amazon move from the rainforest (breeding season) to a habitat more open in winter in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The altitudes that inhabit range from sea level to the 320 metres in Oaxaca, 1.100 metres in Honduras, 800 metres in the Caribbean, 1.000 meters on the slopes of the peaceful of Costa Rica, and 1.000 metres in Colombia.
The birds tend to be in pairs or in flocks loose, being more gregarious When feed (occasionally macaws) and when resting. outside the breeding season, birds take refuge in tall trees in gallery forests or mangroves.

Reproduction:

They nest during the seasonal dry in hollow of trees (usually dead, for example, Tabebuia or Ceiba) or on the stump of a Palm tree. Birds in State reproductive in April, Oaxaca; February-March, Belice; March, Guatemala; January-February, Colombia. Reproduce between February-April, Panama; March-may, Belice and January-March, Ecuador. Clutch 3-4 eggs.

The incubation varies from 25 to 26 days. The chicks remain in the nest 70 days.

Food:

In the wild these birds feed on figs Ficus, orange, Mango, fruits of Palm (including the of Cordia lutea and Spondias purpurea), coffee beans (Coffea arabica), seeds of Ferrule, Casearia and Protium. Mainly are feeds in the tops of trees high.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 2.570.000 km2

The Red-lored Amazon It extends from the South of Mexico north of South America with a population disjunct in the amazon.
You can find in them lands low of the this of Mexico, in the South of Tamaulipas, in the East of San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche and Quintana Roo. Records from other parts of the country (for example, City of Mexico) probably you refer to leak.
You can see in Belice and in the lowlands of the Caribbean of Guatemala and Honduras (including Roatan and Guanaja in Bay islands and probably soon in Utila), until Nicaragua and Costa Rica, where they are present in humid areas of the tropics on both slopes (absent from the dry Northwest ), also in Panama and on the islands of Coiba and Escudo de Veraguas and in the Archipelago of pearls (absent from the driest areas of the Azuero Peninsula).

In the Northwest of Colombia appear on the Pacific slope of the Western Andes from the Panamanian border to the South up to the Serrania del Baudo and from the southwest of Cauca south to Ecuador in the Gulf of Guayaquil. Also it extends to the North of the Andes in Colombia to Magdalena Medio and to the East in the Northwest of Venezuela in Zulia (Sierra de Perija).

In the Northwestern basin of the brazilian amazon a disjunct population exists between Black river and Solimões River.

Usually resident with some local seasonal habitat preferences (for example, in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico). Is usually the most common parrot and more numerous in some parts of the range (for example, in parts of Central America) but now is a species very rare to the West of them Andes in Ecuador and Colombia with a population of the subspecies Amazona autumnalis lilacina estimated in 400-600 specimens.

Population decreased drastically in the island of Roatan (Honduras) where he captured it is massively for export, and maybe missing in Utila for the same reason.

Capture combined with the loss of habitat also has caused declines in some other parts of its area of distribution (for example, east of Mexico and Ecuador). common in captivity in some areas, and marketed internationally.

Distribution 3 subspecies:

  • Amazona autumnalis autumnalis

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – Nominal. Coast of the Caribbean from the East of Mexico South to North of Nicaragua.


  • Amazona autumnalis lilacina

    (Lesson, 1844) – West of Ecuador.


  • Amazona autumnalis salvini

    (Salvadori, 1891) – North of Nicaragua south to Colombia and Venezuela.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

This species has a very large range and, Therefore, is not approaching the thresholds of Vulnerability at the discretion of the distribution area size.

The population size is very large and, therefore, not approaching the thresholds for vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 mature individuals with an estimated> continuous decline 10% in ten years or three generations or with a specific population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.

Justification of trend

It is suspected that the population is in decline due to the continuous destruction of the habitat and to levels of exploitation unsustainable.

The Amazona lored in captivity:

Is of vital importance that the diet is complete and balanced in all directions, as this prevents, along with other factors, the appearance of bone problems or the known software that affects numerous parrots. To ensure the balance of this, prepared feed very well supply the nutritional needs of each animal, However, they should not miss plant, fruits and vegetables, as well as diversity of seeds that come in mixture.

As for accommodation, If they are not removed from cage constantly, it should be spacious enough to exercise the muscles of the wings and legs, and the plumage of the bird is preserved in perfect condition.

The Red-lored Amazon enjoy, like all parrots, tearing apart and finding out things, so they must have the occasional toy or we may end up having problems with the furniture. Them feet of parrot are very suitable if your stay is in the outside of the cage. Of course, they must not be exposed to draughts or sudden changes in temperature. The water must be clean at your fingertips, because the existence of fungi causes serious breathing problems.

In terms of coexistence to have it in the neighborhood area, in comparison with other species in Amazon, are relatively quiet, so in general do not cause many problems.

In captivity, can get to live up to 80 years.

BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION:

Its captive breeding started for the first time in United States, after their importation from the place of origin, South America in the 1950's.

Those individuals acquire their sexual maturity on the 4 years of age, and if you have a good breeding pair in the right conditions, they can perform two annual broods, Although the main thing if you want to raise, patience. Many pairs need several years until the first calf, so it is very important to be patient and wait for the right moment.

The female lays in the nest (No fill) of 2 to 6 eggs incubated without the help of the male usually. This is dedicated to feeding the female itself and that of the chicks after their birth at the 28 days until independence after twelve weeks.

Alternative names:

– Red-lored Parrot, Red-lored Amazon, Yellow-Cheeked Amazon (English).
– Amazone à lores rouges, Amazone diadème (French).
– Rotstirnamazone (German).
– Papagaio-diadema, Papagaio-diadema (Papagaio cavacué) (Portuguese).
– Amazona Frentirroja, Lora Frentirroja, Loro Frentirrojo (español).
– Lora cariamarilla (Honduras).
– loro cachete-amarillo (Mexico).


scientific classification:

Carl Linnaeus

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona autumnalis
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus autumnalis


Red-lored Amazon images:

Amazona-Frentirroja-(6)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(9)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(8)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(7)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(5)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(4)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(3)
Amazona-Frentirroja-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife
  • Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
  • Grupohypermarkup

Photos:

(1) – Wikimedia.org
(2) – Red-lored Amazon or Red-lored Parrot; two captive parrots By Brian Gratwicke (originally posted to Flickr as Red-lored Amazon) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Red-lored Amazon in Panama By Nelson de Witt from USA (Hello!) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – To pet Red-lored Amazon By Richard (originally posted to Flickr as Looming….) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis), OSA Peninsula, Costa Rica By Charlesjsharp (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Red-lored Amazon at Rock Farm, Belize. It has a feather problem By Rigrat [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – This is the image of a parrot originating of the jungle of Chiapas in Mexico By Joe Quick [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Red-lored Amazon perching on a branch with wings open near Belmopan, Belize By Rigrat (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A strange sight to me to see parrots flying in the wild. This Red-lored Amazon (Amazona autumnalis) was spotted with a group along the roadside in the Cayo distict of Belize By The Lilac Breasted Roller (originally posted to Flickr as Red Lored Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Lilacine Amazon, head from lateral by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: Walter Rivera

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Great Green Macaw
Ara ambiguus

Origin: Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Character: Shy
Life expectancy: 30 years.
Height: 77 to 85 cm..


Guacamayo Ambiguo

Content

Description:

Ilustración Guacamayo Ambiguo

77 to 85 cm.. length and an average weight of 1300 g..
The Great Green Macaw (Ara ambiguus) has the forecrown and the former area of the lores dark red; crown bright green, bluish in the nape. The the mantle and back Green olive: scapulars of the same colour but some with blue tips; rump and uppertail-coverts bright pale blue, lesser and median coverts greenish oliva-marron; greater coverts bluish green. The primaries and secondaries blue, more dark in the margin of the vane inner. Wing feathers color olive; rest of underwing-coverts color oro-oliva.

Black feathers off at the top of the throat bordering the lower jaw; rest of the throat, the chest and the belly brighter yellowish green, feathers on the lower area of the abdomen with red bases hidden; undertail- coverts pale blue. Under, the tail, reddish orange in the Center with blue tips, increasingly blue outer feathers and more completely blue external; undertail, the tail, color oro-oliva.

upper jaw Blackish at the base, color Horn towards the tip and edges, lower jaw negruzca; bare skin of the lores posterior and cheeks of pink color crossed by narrow lines of dark red feathers in sabers and black in the cheeks; irises pale yellow, legs dark grey.

Both sexes similar.

The tail of the immature opaque yellow-tipped, the plumage duller than the adult Green (especially below), the irises brown.

The older adult birds sometimes show patches of Turquoise in the plumage, especially in rear of the neck and the chest.

NOTE:

    The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) is so similar to this species, in German are called minor military Macaw (Militaris) and greater (ambiguous).

    An Ecuadorean specimen intermediate between the Great Green Macaw (Ara ambiguus) and the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) suggests one hybridization, thus increasing the possibility that the two forms are the same species. Although separate from the ecological point of view.

    The Ambiguous macaws and Military could be in contact in the lower part of the Valle del Cauca in Colombia, and in the Northwest of Ecuador and West Colombia. The Great Green Macaw (mainly from moist lowland forests) use deciduous forests, While the Military Macaw (mainly of dry upland forest) are also recorded in humid lowland forests. Both make seasonal movements and in the case of the Military Macaw, they perform movements of long distance between their preferred habitats.

    The length of the tail and of the wings of the Mexican military Macaw and species nominal of the Great Green Macaw, They show a considerable overlap. Waiting to collect more details, the Great Green Macaw and the Military Macaw are here treated as separate species.

Subspecies description:

  • Ara ambiguus ambiguus

    (Bechstein, 1811) – The nominal species


  • Ara ambiguus guayaquilensis

    (Chapman, 1925) – The bill smaller, with a more greenish color under the flight feathers and under the tail.

Habitat:

The Great Green Macaw they are very shy birds and difficult to see, usually found at no lower altitudes of 35 meters in the treetops. They feed in silence and many times could be up to more than five hours in a same tree.

Mainly observed in moist lowland forests, but also in deciduous forests in the Chongon region to the southwest of Ecuador.

In Costa Rica in the primary forest of low and clear land with tall trees, from time to time in the lower montane forests. Crossing open between forest fragments fields and visit remnants of trees of the species Dipteryx on forest pastures.

Remote forests in Panama.

In Ecuador inhabits humid lowlands, deciduous forest and Montane forest low but also visit more open areas for feeding.

They come to the 600 metres in the Cordillera de Guanacaste, Costa Rica; between 1.000 and more rarely 1.500 m, in Darien, Panama.

Less sociable than other large macaws, Although usually seen in pairs, in groups of 3-4, and more rarely in groups of up to twelve birds.

Reproduction:

Form pairs of lifetime and are almost true to their nests, nesting from December to June. Most couples put the first egg at the end of January and by February the nests are already with hatchlings. The female incubates the eggs, While the male brings food to the nest. Both parents are responsible for feeding the pigeons, to do so approximately every two hours. They are birds that take care of their chicks until they can fend for themselves., They even take care of them until that hatch the chicks of the season.

The average clutch consists of 2 – 3 white eggs, they are incubated by the female for a few 26 days. The babies are blind, nude and completely dependent on the care of parents; they weigh around 23 g..

The chicks are fed by both parents and they leave the nest When you have about 12 – 13 weeks of age. At the time they leave the nest, usually weigh between 930-985 g..

A nest in Guayas, Ecuador, in the cavity of a tree of the species Cavanillesia platanifolia. Reported nestings between August-October in Ecuador. Breeding during the dry season (December-April) in Costa Rica.

Food:

The diet of the Great Green Macaw includes fruits of Lecythis costaricensis, Dipteryx panamensis, Sloanea, Dalium guianensis and Ficus, and flowers of Symphonia globulifera.

Feeds in the treetops.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 100,000 km2

Its distribution ranges from the East of Honduras to western Colombia and West of Ecuador.

Observed in the lowlands of the Caribbean from the east of Honduras through this of Nicaragua to the lowlands of Costa Rica especially on the slope of the Caribbean, including the Cordillera de Guanacaste.

In Panama especially on the slope of the Caribbean, but also locally in the peaceful. From East Panama to the tropical zone to the West of Colombia, on Western Cordillera of the Andes and South to the upper area of the Atrato River and Serrania del Baudo (possibly up to Buenaventura) and East towards the north end of the Andes in the West of the upper part of the Sinu river valley.

In West Ecuador observed mostly from the Colonche hills, Northwest of Guayaquil; also further north, in Esmeraldas, possibly in the extreme southwest of Colombia, although the forests here are, Perhaps, too wet (See geographic variation).

Numbers fluctuate locally due to seasonal foraging movements. Local appearances in Costa Rica they often coincide with the fruiting of trees of the species Dipteryx.

Local, being the most common of the great macaws in Panama. But, in general, Rare, with the decline in recent large scale of its population due to obvious deforestation in the range.

Extinguished much of Ecuador, where the population (only 100 birds) It is threatened by loss of habitat due to urbanization and agriculture.

The exploitation of trees of the species Dipteryx It poses a serious threat in Costa Rica.

They occur in several protected areas, including the The Darien biosphere reserve, Panama, Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras and Cotacachi-Cayapas ecological reserve, Ecuador, but seasonal pilgrimages suggest that these areas are insufficient on their own to preserve populations.

Less common than Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in captivity and bred rarely. CITES Appendix I. VULNERABLE (included as subspecies of the Military Macaw Necklace et to the. 1994).

Subspecies distribution:

  • Ara ambiguus ambiguus

    (Bechstein, 1811) – The nominal species


  • Ara ambiguus guayaquilensis

    (Chapman, 1925) – In critical hazard; they live in the wild in limited sectors of the western part of the Ecuador; its habitat is characteristic in humid tropical and dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Endangered Endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current Red List of UICN: Danger
• Population trend: Decreasing

Recent estimates suggest that the population has less than 2.500 mature individuals (or less than 3.700 in total if we include juveniles and immature); the largest subpopulation would be found in Darien, to the East of Panama, with less than 1.700 mature individuals (or less than 2.500 in total). Still you have to be careful, due to that in non-breeding times can form groups of 50 individuals or more, It can be qe will overestimate their populations. It also, Although it is most abundant in Darien, It is found in specific areas, finding numerous areas without copies.

THREATS

LOSS OF HABITAT: In Central America, deforestation among other things to increase banana plantations and cattle ranching, as well as logging for other reasons, they have strongly affected. In fact, annual deforestation rates are very high throughout its range, and deforestation in Panama likely to be superior to the 30% its original range. In other countries like Costa Rica and Ecuador its range has also been reduced in recent 100 years. Urbanization and agriculture that have destroyed their habitat have resulted in great part with the subspecies of the Ecuador.

These may include, the Zona Norte (Costa Rica) has suffered the highest rate of deforestation in the country in the last two decades, both legal and illegal, leaving less than a 30% the forest on foot. But, It is important to mention that several scientific studies highlight the high level of biodiversity of the forests of the North Huetar region, among the most diverse of Central America.

As well, Although there are few protected areas for these birds as the Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve of Nicaragua, where they found an extensive habitat conducive to its development; However, Incursions by Costa Rican loggers to the other side of the San Juan River, so this reservation, one of the most important of Central America It is also not safe from chainsaws.

CAPTURE ILLEGAL: the illegal trade that exists with the Great Green Macaw for use as a pet is a factor that jeopardizes its existence.
They are also captured because their feathers are used to make paintings about them.

HUNTING: It also seems that sometimes fires them as a pest to crops.

CONSERVATION MEASURES

With regard to the threats, of course it is your hunt forbidden for the trade, power or to obtain their feathers, Although often living standards are not met.

Is located in the CITES both in Appendix I and II as.

RESERVATIONS: It is very important for these birds the Darien biosphere reserve, Panama, and the adjacent Los Katíos National Natural Park, Colombia. There are also other important reserves in all the countries covered, although they provide little protection for these birds..

In Costa Rica, Although it was a proposed moratorium on logging the almond trees, This finally was not carried out. On the other hand, a Government-backed conservation strategy is being implemented in Ecuador.

Proof that the investigation in these cases is important, is that in 2007, a rapid assessment study looking for last survivors in the Cordillera-Chongon Colonche, Ecuador, gave positive results.

On the other hand, There is a bi-national campaign in the lowlands of the San Juan River (Nicaragua and Costa Rica), which aims to increase knowledge of biology, threats and conservation, and strengthen the management of natural resources.

The Research and conservation of the Great Green Macaw project dedicated since 1994 to the study of the conservation biology of the Great Green Macaw on Zona Norte (Costa Rica) and it has an important biological database on this species, in fact the only information of this type that exists in Central America, according to the same source. This project was initiated to concerns that its population was restricted and that the forest was also be sacrificing at a very fast pace. The project is supported from 1997 by the Tropical Scientific Center, the same body that administers the The Monteverde Cloud forest biological reserve. The concern was justified when the first phase of the study determined that the area of distribution of the Great Green Macaw in Costa Rica had been reduced by 90% Since the beginning of the 20th century.

In Costa Rica have been reproduced in captivity at some sites, as the ZOOAVE Zoo.

PROPOSED CONSERVATION MEASURES:

• One of them is to make effective the protection in the reserves of Honduras and Nicaragua.

• Another is to designate the proposed Maquenque National Park, in Costa Rica.

• Trade should be restricted through law enforcement and educational campaigns.

• Finally, it would be very interesting to acquire private reserves in certain areas, to ensure the same protection.

"Great Green Macaw" in captivity:

Less common than Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in captivity and bred rarely.

The Great Green Macaw only recommended for experienced handlers and breeders. There are more silent than other macaws and can be kept with other large macaws outside of the breeding season.

Breeding pairs require long flights of at least 15 m. These parrots are not suitable for the interior of a House.

With regard to its longevity, according to sources, one specimen was still alive after 29 years in captivity.

Alternative names:

– Great Green Macaw, Buffon’s Macaw, Grand Military Macaw, Green Macaw (English).
– Ara de Buffon, Grand Ara vert (French).
– Bechsteinara, Bechstein-Ara, Grosser Soldatenara (German).
– Arara-militar-grande (Portuguese).
– Guacamaya Verdelimón, Guacamayo Ambiguo, Guacamayo de Cara Blanca, Guacamayo verde mayor, Guara verde, Lapa Verde (español).
– Guacamaya Verdelimón, Gucamaya verde limón (Colombia).
– Guacamayo verde mayor, Lapa Verde (Costa Rica).
– Guacamayo verde mayor (Ecuador).
– Bagarapabara (Emberá).


scientific classification:

Johann Matthew Bechstein
Johann Matthew Bechstein

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: ARA
– Scientific name: Ara ambiguus
– Citation: (Bechstein, 1811)
– Protonimo: Psittacus ambiguus


Images Great Green Macaw:

Guacamayo-Ambiguo-(5)
Guacamayo-Ambiguo-(4)
Guacamayo-Ambiguo-(3)
Guacamayo-Ambiguo-(2)

Videos "Great Green Macaw"

«Guacamayo Ambiguo» (Ara ambiguus)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Ara


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Great Green Macaw in the zoo in Hodonín, Czech Republic By Bohuna Mikulicová (Hodonín Zoo) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Ara ambigua from Zoo Schmiding By Alois Staudacher (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Great Green Macaw (also known as Buffon’s Macaw). A male in a cage By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as Male Buffon’s Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Ara ambiguus at the zoo at Paradise Village Resort, Nuevo Vallarta, Nayarit, Mexico By Riley Huntley (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Ara ambiguus, La Selva, Costa Rica By Don Faulkner (Great Green Macaw) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Onze vogels in huis en tuin By Keulemans, J. G. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Puerto Rican Parrot
Amazona vittata

Origin: Puerto Rico
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 30 to 40 years.
Height: 29 cm..

Puerto Rican Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

29 cm.. length and 320 g. of weight.

The Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) has the forecrown and lores, red; rest of the head and nape, feathery green grass bordered with black color, giving a strong intricate scaly appearance.

feathers of the the mantle grass-green; back and scapulars with less pronounced dark margins; rump and uppertail-coverts, paler, more green-yellow. The large external coverts they are blue; rest of the coverts color green grass. Primaries and outerweb of the outer secondaries, blue; the innerwebs of the external side and secondary internal, green. Under, the wings They are green and flight feather bluish green.

Underparts green stained yellowish; feathers throat and the chest with dark edges. Upper, the tail is green; below is more yellowish, with its end yellow; both with outerweb blue towards outer feathers. Bill color pale horn; brown the irises; legs pale grey.

Both sexes similar. Immature adult-like, but with the bill light yellow with gray on the basis of upper jaw.

  • Sound of the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Of smaller and with feet smaller and thinner than the species nominal.


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Puerto Rican Parrot"

parrot liberation 2013, in the forest of Rio Abajo
Watch this video on YouTube.

The Puerto Rican Parrot formerly he frequented the main types of natural vegetation (various forest habitats, from mangroves to montane forests) in Puerto Rico, with the possible exception of dry forests in the southern coastal regions.

Its Current small population remainder inhabits the mountain rainforest to 200-600 m. In the lower mountain slopes dominated by trees tabonuco of the species Dacryodes excelsa, in swampy forests at higher elevations characterized by the abundance of Cyrilla racemiflora and areas Sierra palm Prestoea montana.

Observed in pairs or (especially when they fed) in small flocks, having formed, formerly, flocks of several hundred.

Reproduction:

The Amazona Puerto Rican nidifican in large and deep cavities of trees; in the past they put their nests in the limestone hollows, in the west of the island. The amazon of Luquillo usually nest in species Cyrilla racemiflora. They defend their territory aggressively in the vicinity of the nest while playing. The egg laying, between February and April, possibly to coincide with the availability of fruit. Clutch 2-4 eggs (usually three).

Since 2001, all nesting known in the wild they have occurred in artificial cavities (White et al ., 2006).

Food:

The diet of the Puerto Rican Parrot It consists of a variety of fruit, seeds, flowers and leaves, among which include fruit of Prestoea montana and Dacryodes excelsa, flowers of Piptocarpha tetrantha and bracts of Marcgravia sintenisii.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 1.000 km2

The Puerto Rican Parrot It is endemic to Puerto Rico and the former neighboring islands Mona and Snake; there are reports of parrots Vieques and St Thomas, probably belonging to this species. Formerly found in all forested regions Puerto Rico (with the possible exception of dry coastal strip south), but from around 1960 their habitat was limited to the Luquillo forest, in the East.

drastic population decline and rank the mid-nineteenth century. The pre-European population was probably hundreds of thousands of birds. There was a dramatic decline, which it reduced its population to about 2.000 copies in 1937 and in 1950 they were only a 200: a search in 1968 only revealed the existence of 24 birds.

The conservation program, initiated in 1968, It includes captive breeding, the provision of nests, detailed investigation ecology and reproductive biology and the control predators and competitors.

In 1992 the wild population was 39-40 birds 58 in captivity (all in Puerto Rico). Its population has declined, to near extinction, mainly by habitat loss (in 1912 only 1% the virgin forests of the island they remained), the hunting and capture as pets. The continuing threats to the tiny remaining population include impact of hurricanes (wild population halved to 21-23 after the passage of birds hurricane Hugo in 1989), competition with introduced bees Apis mellifera by tree cavities, the loss of broods due to parasitic flies Philornis pici, losses caused by predators and competition for nesting cavities with Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). The Puerto Rican Parrot, inhabitants of the Culebra island (dubiously separated as subspecies Amazona vittata gracilipes), extinguished early twentieth century, probably because of persecution due to damage of crops and the impacts of hurricanes. existing population protected inside of the El Yunque National Forest.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Culebra Island (Puerto Rico).


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

critical hazard critically endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.

• Population trend: Increasing.

• Population size: 33-47.

Rationale for the Red List category

Once you have done a count of birds, are only 13 Puerto Rican Parrot in the nature, leaving the species on the verge of extinction. The conservation action the population has increased from 1975, but remains critically endangered because the number of mature individuals is still minuscule. If the released birds breed successfully in nature and the figures remain stable or increase, the species can justify a change of state in the future.

Justification of the population

From 2011, the population was between 50-70 individuals divided into two areas, approximately equivalent to 33-47 mature individuals. In 2013, its population had only increased to 80-100 individuals in the nature (64-84 in Down river and 15-20 in The anvil). But, since the released birds are not counted as mature individuals until they have successfully bred in nature (UICN 2011), and the entire population of Down river It is derived from released birds. The total number of mature individuals is uncertain but may well be less than 50, therefore, estimating 2011 of mature is maintained in this figure.

Justification of trend

It is estimated that increase 1-19% has occurred in the last ten years, based on regular accounts of the total wild population.

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix I.

• And Recovery Program the species has involved a partnership between the Fish and Wildlife of the United States, the Forest service of the United States and the World Wide Fund for Nature together with Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico (White et al. 2012).

• In 1968 an important intervention was initiated to preserve the species, the provision of artificial nests highly successful, the predator control nest and its competitors, and captive breeding and reintroduction.

• The success of the Newborns parrots It monitored using radio telemetry (Meyers 1996).

• All the rest of the habitat is protected in the El Yunque National Forest (above the Caribbean National Forest) (Snyder et to the., 2000) and in the Rio Abajo State Forest (T. White in a little.

• The population is monitored to help inform management decisions.

• The predator control exotic mammals (Entrapment and toxic bait) It has proven to be a highly profitable way to preserve the species (Engeman et al. 2003, 2006, R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

• Catch data have shown that the Luquillo Forest It has between densities black rat studied highest in the world and optimal strategies have been devised rat bait for application during the nesting.

• Los economic analysis based on empirical costs of production of parrots raised in captivity showed very high cost-benefit ratios for predator management, estimating that preventing a loss of parrot each 4-12 years more than makes up all forms of predator management (for all species) intervention time (Engeman et al., 2003).

• Hay two captive breeding centers, one The anvil which it was established for the first time 1973 with a new facility built in 2007 and one in Down river built in 1989 with the first birds transferred The anvil to Down river in 1993 (White et al 2012).

• About 280 birds are currently in captivity in Down river and The anvil (T. White one bit., 2012).

• Captive birds are being managed to preserve the greater genetic diversity possible.

• A release technique known as precision release was tested with six birds in 2008. This involves the release of a small number of captive-reared subadult parrots into each active nest immediately after chick rearing., and it aims to promote the immediate and close interaction between wild parrots and birds released (T. White in a bit., 2005, 2008).

• Nearly 100 birds have been released the aviary Down river in an attempt to establish a second population, which may be helped by a lower annual precipitation in the site, lower levels of predation and a change in management techniques (T. White in a little. ).

• Although the after release mortality remains high, there has been a successful breeding and the size and range of the flock is increasing (Breining 2009, Valentin 2009, T. White in a little.)

• The newly established population in Down river It is located around the site Aviary of Down river and it is believed that the presence of captive birds encouraged released birds to establish their population close (White et al., 2012).

• Forty specimens were released in The anvil between 2000 and 2004, eight 2008 and six birds in 2010 (Velez-Valentin 2011). In 2013 plans were made to establish a third population on the island in the Maricao State Forest (West of Puerto Rico) (Anonymous 2014).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Continue to monitor population trends.

• Follow the fate of released birds.

• Maintain the integrated conservation management program.

• Improve synchronization of breeding of wild and captive birds to increase the number of captive-bred chicks that can be fostered by wild parents. (Thompson 2004).

• Integrate control of exotic mammal predators (black rat, small Indian mongoose, wild cats) in the management program and monitor existing conservation predator populations to study the effectiveness of these measures (R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

The Puerto Rican Parrot in captivity:

According to sources, A copy of Puerto Rican Parrot lived 10,1 years in captivity. But, considering the longevity of similar species, likely maximum longevity is underestimated in this species. In fact, it has been reported that They can live up to 27,2 years in captivity, what it is plausible but has not been confirmed. Taking into account that the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala), closely related, You can live up 50 years (Wilson, et to the., 1995), an age close to the latter figure may be possible for the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Puerto Rican Amazon, Puerto Rican Parrot, Red-fronted Amazon, Red-fronted Parrot (English).
– Amazone à queue courte, Amazone de Porto Rico (French).
– Puertoricoamazone, Puerto-Rico-Amazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-porto-rico‎ (Portuguese).
– Amazona Portorriqueña, Amazona Puertorriqueña, Cotorra de Puerto Rico, Cotorra Puertorriqueña (español).


scientific classification:

Pieter Boddaert
Pieter Boddaert

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona vittata
– Citation: (Boddaert, 1783)
– Protonimo: Psittacus vittatus


Images Puerto Rican Parrot:

Amazona-vittata-(9)
Amazona-vittata-(8)
Amazona-vittata-(7)
Amazona-vittata-(6)
Amazona-vittata-(5)
Amazona-vittata-(4)
Amazona-vittata-(3)
Amazona-vittata-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Amazona vittata – Photo via Good Free Photos
(2) – A Puerto Rican Amazon By Pablo Torres of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (PRParrot_cototrapuertorriqueña byPablo Torres) [Public domain or CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie ofU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A pair of Puerto Rican Amazons See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican Parrot by Tom Mackenzie) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Amazona vittata – Author: Mike Morel, USFWS – pixnio
(8) – Flying Parrot, blue feathers visible By Tom MacKenzie [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 1) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Eric DeFonso, XC173411. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/173411

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St. Vincent Parrot
Amazona guildingii

Origin: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Character: Social
Life expectancy: ---
Height: 40 cm..

St. Vincent Parrot

Content

Description:

40 cm.. length and 580 – 700 weight g.

The plumage of the St. Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii) It is very variable, virtually no two similar birds.

Its forecrown, lores, supercilii area and upper cheeks are blanquecinas; crown yellow; Feathers back neck and its sides, pale blue dark blue tips; fusion green feathers on the neck show black points. Upperparts dark brown with dark black tips to some feathers. Scapulars gold; coverts outer primaries with pale blue in outerweb.

St. Vincent Parrot

Wing coverts brown with a green band subterminal and dark extremes some feathers; carpal edge yellow-orange with scattered green feathers. Primaries blue with bases yellow-orange; the Outer secondaries They are equal with green subterminal bands, the inner secondary green with blue tips; tertiary interior dark green tinted golden brown on outerweb, Outside tertiary green at the base becoming dark blue at the tips.

Under the wings, with lesser coverts brown with green tips, greater coverts Yellow; flight feathers blackish with yellow at the base. Throat orange with blue tips or blue-green; upper chest golden brown with dark brown tips giving a barred effect; belly yellower than gold chest green blackish subterminal band and pointed to some feathers; undertail-coverts green-yellow. Tail Orange at the base with blue broadband and wide ends central bright yellow. Bill pale gray-horn; irises orange; legs grey.


Anatomy-parrots

Both sexes are similar. The immature They have softer colors.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION

Parrots eastern side of San Vicente They are possibly genetically isolated from the western side: the small bird population East (perhaps only about 80 in 1982) show a high proportion of green and have their high-pitched voices.

  • Sound of the St. Vincent Parrot.

Habitat:

Video "St. Vincent Parrot"

The St. Vincent Parrot They mainly inhabit mature moist forests in altitudes of 125 some 1000 m, although they prefer lowland forests, where they spend most time. Occasionally they leave the forest to visit cultivated areas and even gardens. gregarious and usually in groups 20-30 individuals or in pairs. They forage in flocks and roost use Community. They defend the area around the nest while breeding, although they also stay in groups while feeding and sleeping..

Reproduction:

Nests in hollow mature forest trees such as Dacryodes or Sloanea large. The pairs begin the breeding activity around February with the eggs laid between April-May.. In dry years, eggs can be deposited as soon as in January-February or as late as in July. If conditions are especially wet, birds can not be played at all. Clutch two eggs, rarely three. low productivity with 50% Natural suffering nest failure and successful nests with only two young people in the best years.

Food:

Its diet includes plants of Cordia sulcata, Clusia, Sloanea, Dacryodes excelsa, Ficus, Cecropia peltata, Mangifera indica, Melisoma virescens, Euterpe, Ixora ferrea, Micropholis chrysophylloides, Acrocomia aculeata, Simarouba amara, iron Krugiodendron, Dussia Martinicensis, Andira inermis, No Ingoides, Byrsonima coriacea, Talauma dodecapetala, see venosa, Psidium guajava and Aiphanes erosa. The Pouteria multiflora It is your favorite.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 100 km2

endemic to the San Vicente Island in the Lesser Antilles. The distribution is closely related to the presence of native humid forests that for most of the 20th century have been confined to the eastern and western sides of the central foothills of the island..

Currently the largest flocks of St. Vincent Parrot inhabit the headwaters of Buccament, Cumberland, Colonaire, Congo-Jennings-Perseverance and Richmond Valley’s, where much of the remaining native forest concentrated; elsewhere in smaller numbers.

Some estimates of its population between 1870 and 1920 They are contradictory, but the species evidently decreased substantially 1950. Estimates of the population in the early seventies suggested that between several hundred to 1.000 then birds inhabited the island. Survey 1982 amounted to a total of 421 ± 52 birds while estimating 1988 He suggested 440-500. Perhaps they increased to 800 birds in 1994. The declining population and shrinking range, is linked to the loss of moist forest cover that once (at least in the western side) almost reached sea level. Deforestation seems to have stopped in at least some valleys, but habitat remains at risk due to forestry, expansion of banana, charcoal production and loss of nests for collectors looking young birds for trade. Survey 1984 suggested that they only survived on 16 km2 of primary forest. His capture for pets and international trade It remains a threat, but this and hunting, that was probably the main threat from late 1950 to 1970, They have declined in importance following an education campaign. The remaining population is also at risk because of hurricanes that can cause loss of plants that consume and nesting sites, as well as direct mortality. In 1902 much of the favorite habitat of this species was destroyed by the eruption of Monte Soufriere and these parrots are clearly vulnerable to future volcanic eruptions. Parts of the remaining forest habitat are now protected areas and the species is protected under domestic law. CITES Appendix I.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Vulnerable Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: In increased.

• Population size: 250-999

Rationale for the Red List category

Habitat conservation, Law enforcement and public awareness campaigns have slowed this species' slide toward extinction and even reversed some of the earlier declines.. But, still qualifies as Vulnerable because it has a very small population and range on one island.

Justification of the population

The species has a wild population of about 730 birds (Loro Parque Foundation 2008), which is equivalent to 487 mature individuals, placed here in the band of 250-999 individuals.

Justification of trend

The number of this species continues to steadily increase. (Culzac-Wilson 2005).

Threats

It hunting for food, capture for trade in birds in cages and habitat loss were the main causes of the decline of this species. Deforestation has been a result of forestry activities, expansion of banana, production of charcoal, loss of nesting trees felled by hunters looking young birds for trade, as well as natural disasters such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions (Snyder et to the., 2000).

The nine-banded armadillo o negro tattoo (Salmo salar), introduced on the island, undermines large trees causing them to fall, reducing the number of suitable nests for the St. Vincent Parrot (Culzac-Wilson 2005). a highway is planned through the island, funded by the Taiwanese government, that would destroy large areas of suitable habitat and increase deforestation rates (Culzac-Wilson et al., 2003). Genetic isolation of separate subpopulations may be of greater concern.

Conservation Actions Underway

Appendices I and II CITES. national legislation protecting the species applies. The Reserve Pargo de San Vicente It was established to protect the entire habitat occupied (Juniper and Parr 1998). Successful public education campaigns have apparently improved public perception of the species and, combined with the above measures, They have reversed some of the earlier reductions. There captive populations San Vicente and Barbados (Woolcock 2000, Sweeney 2001). In 2005 a large species conservation plan published (Culzac-Wilson 2005) .

Conservation Actions Proposed

Continue to monitor the population. Continue and enhance existing security measures, including the development of the captive breeding program. Study the reproductive success, movement patterns and habitat requirements of this species (Snyder et to the., 2000) . Oppose plans for cross-country road and propose a better option. Implement species conservation plan.

St. Vincent Parrot in captivity:

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Guilding’s Amazon, Guilding’s Parrot, St Vincent Amazon, St Vincent Parrot, St. Vincent Amazon, St. Vincent Parrot, St.Vincent amazon (English).
– Amazone de Guilding, Amazone de Saint-Vincent (French).
– Königsamazon, Königsamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-são-vicente (Portuguese).
– Amazona de San Vicente, Amazona de St. Vicente (español).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona guildingii
– Citation: (Vigors, 1837)
– Protonimo: Psittacus Guildingii

St. Vincent Parrot images:

Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(5)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(4)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(3)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – A St Vincent Amazon in the rehabilitation and breeding centre in the Botanical Gardens, Kingstown, on the island of Saint VincenBy Amazona_guildingii_-Botanical_Gardens_-Kingstown_-Saint_Vincent-8a.jpg: Chennettederivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A St. Vincent Amazon at World Parrot Refuge, Coombs, British Columbia, Canada By Herb Neufeld (World Parrot Refuge – Coombs, BC) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – St. Vincent Amazon (Amazona guildingii) also known as St. Vincent Parrot By Beralpo at ru.wikipedia [CC BY 2.5], from Wikimedia Commons
(4) – St. Vincent Parrot – Source: own work – Location: Bronx Zoo, New York – Author: self, User:Stavenn By No machine-readable author provided. Stavenn assumed (based on copyright claims). [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – St. Vincent Amazon at Houston Zoo, USA By Kent Wang (originally posted to Flickr as Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – St Vincent Parrot (1) by Mark Morgan – Flickr

Sounds: Jesse Fagan, XC48891. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/48891

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Blue cheeked Parrot
Amazona dufresniana

Origin: Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil
Character: Placid, quiet
Life expectancy: --
Height: 34 to 37 cm..

Blue cheeked Parrot

Content

Physical characteristics


Anatomy-parrots

34 to 37 cm.. height and between 480 and 600g. weight.

The Blue cheeked Parrot (Amazona dufresniana) It is easily identifiable by the orange yellow wing patch, much more noticeable in flight.

Head with orangeade narrow stripe on the forehead; Yellow Crown, cheeks, base of the beak, sides of the neck to almost light blue Crown.

End of the wing dark, tail with yellow border, rest of green body.

Young birds with orange-yellow feathers on the front of the head and a violet color in the bottom of the cheeks.

The binomial name of this species is in honor to the French zoologist Louis Dufresne.

Video "Blue cheeked Parrot"

Blue cheeked Parrot habitat:

It lives in humid forest, of gallery and sheets, up to 1700m.

It can also be seen sporadically in coastal areas, possibly in response to food availability.

Reproduction Blue cheeked Parrot:

They walk in pairs or small groups of no more of 4 to 8 individuals.

Reproduction and feeding, there is little information.

In the wild, the breeding season occurs in March in Guyana. In captivity, the female lays 3 eggs that we do not know exactly the incubation period.

Food Blue cheeked Parrot:

We don't know the details of your menu, but it is assumed that they eat almost exclusively seeds, and berries.

Distribution Blue cheeked Parrot:

Amazon-fronted Parrotlet location

The Amazona dufresniana It is located in southeast Venezuela (Bolívar, with a record isolated on Amazon), Northern Guyana (north of 5°N), Northeast Suriname and French Guiana northeast (Y way Collar 1991).

There are reports of Para and Amapa, Brazil, where its occurrence seems likely, but there is no conclusive records (Y way Collar 1991, Collar 1995). The scarcity of records from frequently surveyed areas suggests that it is a low-density and rare species., at the least in parts of its range (Y way Collar 1991).

a Guyana, Healthy populations are known in the area in northwestern Aruka Guyana, between the Aruka and Amakuru rivers, the Kaieteur National Park and the Kuribong River, and the Iwokrama Forest Reserve (A. Narine a slightly. 2010)

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Near-threatened Near Threatened ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

It is in the category of near threatened. (NT), due to habitat loss and illegal trade.

Classified as near-threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red list (1) listed in Appendix II of the CITES (4).

Conservation in March CITES Appendix II actions. Banded from Canaima National Park (Venezuela), Iwokrama forest reserve (Guyana) and the Brownsberg nature park (Suriname).

Blue cheeked Parrot in captivity:

Rare in captivity.
Placid temperament, seems less active than many Amazon.

Alternative names:

– Blue cheeked Parrot, Blue-checked Parrot, Blue-cheeked Amazon, Blue-cheeked Parrot, Dufresne’s Amazon, Dufresne’s Parrot (English).
– Amazone de Dufresne (French).
– Goldmaskenamazone, Granada Amazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-bochecha-azul (Portuguese).
– Loro de cachetes azules, Amazona Cariazul, Amazona de Cara Azul, Loro cariazul (español).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Scientific name: Amazona dufresniana
– Citation: (Shaw, 1812)
– Protonimo: Psittacus dufresnianus

Blue cheeked Parrot images:

amazona-cariazul-1
amazona-cariazul-2
amazona-cariazul-3
amazona-cariazul-4

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical

Photo:

1 – papageien.org
2- by Matthieu Sontag[GFDL or CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
3 – By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
4 – papageien.org
5 – by ©Michel Clement – gepog.org

Sound: Olivier Claessens

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Red-fronted Macaw
Ara rubrogenys

Origin: Bolivia
Character: Intelligent and curious.
Life expectancy: 24 years
Height: 55 to 60 cm..


Guacamayo de Cochabamba

Content

Description:

Ilustración Guacamayo de Cochabamba

Approximately from 55 cm.. length and 525 g. weight.

The Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) they are the smallest of the large macaws.

They have forecrown, former Lords, crown and some ear-coverts bright orange red. back of the crown, nape and the mantle olive green color orange color in some feather-tipped; scapulars color marron-oliva; rump and uppertail-coverts olive green, pale that the of the the mantle. Lesser coverts, bend of wing and carpal edge orange-red; median olive green, some pale orange tips, the outermost impregnated blue; greater coverts mostly blue, back more olive at the body; vane outer primary blue, olive green internal.
Underwing-coverts juvenile red-orange, remaining the rest of green olive beige.

The underparts olive green with the the thighs red. Upper, the the tail feathers color olive green suffusion blue tip blue and; undertail, olive green yellowish.

The bill dark grey; the bare area of the subsequent Lords and upper cheeks, white crossed with narrow lines of dark brown feathers; Orange the irises; perioftalmico ring white; legs dark grey.

Both sexes similar.

Immature more opaque, with less extensive orange-red color in the head and in the ear-coverts and without the orange-red in the wing .

Habitat:

The Red-fronted Macaw It is very selective in searching for its preferred habitat.. It prefers subtropical scrubland areas Xeric or semi-desert with many Cactus (including Cereus, Neocardenasia, Cleistocactus, Echinopsis, Opuntia, Quiabentia and the endemic Lobivia caineana) and areas with scattered trees and shrubs (especially legumes including species Prosopis kuntzei, Acacia aroma, Cnidoscolus and Schinus molle).

Another fundamental characteristic of the habitat of the Red-fronted Macaw they are the steep slopes and coastal cliffs unchanged to that used for nesting and roosting sites.

Often share space with communities of farmers who used the land of valleys with climates mesothermic to plant peanuts, corn and other cereals, the same people who are part of the diet of the Red-fronted Macaw.

They are birds social and rarely stands alone. Are often seen flying in small groups of 3 to 5 individuals. For most activities such as feeding or roosting they congregate in large groups of 20 to 30 individuals. They rest frequently during the middle of the day in the hottest hours. Activity level largely depends on age and number of macaws in the group.

Reproduction:

Observed nests loose or in colonies in ravine holes on the banks of rivers. In rainy season the egg laying It has been reported in the months November-April. They are of 1 to 3 eggs per season, usually two, and incubation lasts around 26 days. Most pairs fledge one young per year..

They form bonds of monogamous they maintain throughout the year. Even in the off-season of breeding, the copula and preening appear exclusively between the consolidated couple, presumably to maintain their bond.

Generally speaking they are not territorial, but during the breeding season You can defend the area surrounding the cavity of the nest.

Food:

The diet of the Red-fronted Macaw It includes various seeds and fruits which include the genera of plants Cenchrus, Tribulus, Cnidoscolus, legumes Prosopis kuntzei, P. juliflora, Prosopis chilensis, trees and shrubs of the genus Aspidosperma, Schinus molle, Ziziphus mistol and Jatropha ricinifolia.

But, natural food is often scarce and birds feed on, to a large extent, of crop plants, especially the peanuts Arachis hypogaea and corn unripened.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 27.100 km2

The Red-fronted Macaw being endemic to a small area in the East of the Andes, in the Center-South of Bolivia, from the South of Cochabamba and West Santa Cruz, passing by Chuquisaca, to the East of potosi, mainly in the valleys of Rio Grande, Mizque and Pilcomayo.

The full range estimate is of 20,000 km², with 18,000 km² in Grand / system of Mizque and 2.000 km² in the valley of the Pilcomayo, between 1.100 and 2.500 m (local after breeding at 3,000m).

They perform many Local movements in response to the availability of food.

Locally common, but declining and endangered at the global level.

Conservation:

• Current Red List of UICN: Danger

• Population trend: Decreasing

The population of the Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) is estimated between 1.000-4.000 individuals, more or less equivalent to a strip between 670-2,700 mature individuals.

This species has a very small population and decreasing. Conservative estimates suggest that all subpopulations are extremely small. So, qualified as endangered.

Conservation status:

Is located in the Appendix I to the International Convention on the trafficking of endangered species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Its capture, transport and export is prohibited by Bolivian law. However is captured by live bird catchers for the illegal trade and is pursued in an intensive way for the farmers that the consider a plague for their corn and peanut crops.

Its natural habitat It is being impaired activities human unsustainable as indiscriminate logging and grazing goats envelope. Approximately the 40% of the natural vegetation of the valleys inhabited by these macaws have been converted into agricultural land since 1991. As native vegetation is losing the exhibition of the Macaw of Cochabamba in the growing areas to search for food is greater. The continuous illegal capture, most of the illegal trade is domestic but some species are marketed in Peru.

Conservation measures:

The presence of small populations inside national parks Amboro and Torotoro, they constitute an effective conservation measure.

The Harmony Association It has a long range project in the Mizque River through which it works with peasant families to protect nesting cliffs.

in addition, in 2006, a was opened ecotourism stay that promotes conservation of this bird in time of generating profits for the local community; It also plans to establish a protected area in that site. Additionally, in 1992, 5000 posters of protection of this species and its habitat were apparently well received in the region, as a secondary measure to preserve it.

"Red-fronted Macaw" in captivity:

Uncommon in captivity.

It is an extremely intelligent and curious bird that has the ability to imitate the human voice, a pesar que los indígenas de Bolivia se refieren a ellos como «Pájaros burro», due to their inability to speak. All skills require a training; holders of these birds breeders give proof of how easy it is to talk.

With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a pair of these macaws still breed after 23 years in captivity. It has been reported that these animals can live up to 36,2 years in captivity, something possible, but that has not been verified; the same study reported that these animals can reproduce at the age of 3 years in captivity.

Due to the few specimens that are released and their situation in danger of extinction, The Red-fronted Macaw only recommended for experienced handlers and breeders.

Alternative names:

– Red-fronted Macaw, Lafresnaye’s Macaw, Red fronted Macaw, Red-cheeked Macaw (English).
– Ara de Lafresnaye, Ara rubrogenys (French).
– Rotohrara (German).
– Arara-de-fronte-vermelha (Portuguese).
– Guacamayo de Cochabamba, Guacamayo Dorado, Guacamaya frente roja (español).
– Paraba frente roja (Bolivia).
– Qaqa Loro (Quechua).

Frédéric de Lafresnaye
Frédéric de Lafresnaye

scientific classification:


– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: ARA
– Scientific name: Ara rubrogenys
– Citation: Lafresnaye, 1847
– Protonimo: Ara Rubro-woodpecker


Images Red-fronted Macaw:

Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(9)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(8)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(7)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(6)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(5)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(4)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(3)
Guacamayo-de-Cochabamba-(2)

Videos "Red-fronted Macaw"

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«Guacamayo de Cochabamba» (Ara rubrogenys)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Ara


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Red-fronted Macaw at Berlin Zoological Garden, Germany. Some of the tail feathers are not clean By Konstantinos K [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Two Red-fronted Macaws at Tulsa Zoo, Oklahoma, USA By originally posted to Flickr at Tulsa Zoo – Parrots and uploaded to Commons at Ara_rubrogenys_-Tulsa_Zoo,_Oklahoma,_USA-8a.jpg: Doug Wertman from Rogers, AR, USAderivative work: Snowmanradio (Ara_rubrogenys_-Tulsa_Zoo,_Oklahoma,_USA-8a.jpg) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Red-fronted Macaw at Wilhelma Zoo, Stuttgart, Germany By Kathrin Gaißer (PapageiUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Red-fronted Macaw flying at Doué la Fontaine zoo, France By frank wouters (originally posted to Flickr as papegaai) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) head By Benjamin Graves (originally posted to Flickr as Red Fronted Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) on a branch in the foreground By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Red-fronted_Macaw_(Ara_rubrogenys)_-on_branch.jpg: Balaji Dutt M V [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Red-fronted Macaw in the Walsrode Bird Park, Germany By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A Red-fronted Macaw at Jurong Bird Park By Peter Tan (Red-fronted MacawUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Red-fronted Macaw – Jurong BirdPark, Singapore By Doug Janson (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Illustration Ara rubrogenys (Red-fronted Macaw) by Marc Athanase Parfait Oeillet Des Murs [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Hispaniolan Parrot
Amazona ventralis

Origin: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 50 years.
Height: 28-31 cm..

Hispaniolan Parrot

Content

Description:

28-31 cm.. length and 250 g. of weight.

The Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis) has the forecrown Lords color and white (variable extension); the crown and upper cheeks with blue feathers and black colored ends; ear-coverts and lower cheeks, charcoal colored (variable measure); feathers nape and the sides of the neck, emerald green with visible black tips.
Hispaniolan Parrot
Mantle and back green grass with black tips, which become progressively less visible to the bottom; rump green, slightly yellowish; uppertail-coverts brighter yellowish green. greater coverts blue; remaining coberteras grass-green. Primaries and secondaries, blue, darker towards the tips, on the innerwebs. Under the wings, green; flight feather bluish green.

The underparts usually green, slightly yellowish, with most feathers showing fairly conspicuous black margins (especially in the upper region) but sometimes with some red feathers chin; patch resizable brown in the center of belly; undertail-coverts pale yellow-green. Upper, the tail is green (perhaps a little darker than the rest of the upperparts) with visible yellowish tip and outerweb external feathers with blue margins; undertail, the tail It is yellowish with the bases of the outer feathers red. Bill Pink; cere brownish white; skin bare periophthalmic white; brown the irises; legs pale grey.


Anatomy-parrots

There is no sexual dimorphism. Immature as an adult but less blue in the crown and the patch abdominal is paler brown.

NOTE

Some authors consider that the Hispaniolan Parrot It conspecific (belonging to the same species) with the Cuban Parrot. Although closely related, It is believed to be quite different due to differences in hue pronounced plumage.

  • Sound of the Hispaniolan Parrot.

Habitat:

Video "Hispaniolan Parrot"

The Hispaniolan Parrot They are distributed in a variety of forested habitats, from lowland sandy palm savannahs to montane pine forests and moist montane forests. Currently most commonly observed in montane forests on the island Hispaniola, due to continued deforestation, although birds also feed at lower altitudes. Observed above 1,500 m (Hispaniola).

Views in pairs during breeding; outside the breeding season, observed in small flocks, usually up to a dozen birds; much larger meetings, until 500 reported in the nineteenth century birds. Couples and couples with young often identifiable in flocks.

Reproduction:

Nests generally constructed in tree cavities, but also in rock crevices, cactus voids and cavities in coconut. Territorial and very aggressive while playing. The breeding season It covers the months of February to May. Clutch 2-3 eggs.

Food:

They feed on, among others, of seeds or fruits of Caesalpinia, Psidium and Ficus, seeds of oranges wild Citrus, corn and bananas.

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 99.000 km2

The Hispaniolan Parrot are distributed by the islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Gonave Island (Haiti), Isla Saona (Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico and probably Snake (Puerto Rico) in the West Indies. It is found in moderate numbers in parts of the Sierra de Bahoruco, Sierra Neiba and Cordillera Central in Dominican Republic. More restricted and less numerous in Haiti, with the remaining population apparently largely in the south of the country.

introduced in Puerto Rico, where the wild population derived from captive birds escaped and at least one consignment of illegally traded birds were released after discovering an attempt to import Puerto Rico. Also wild populations in US Virgin Islands.

Formerly very common in Hispaniola, although there have been during the twentieth century a strong decline in its population, mainly due to the habitat destruction (arising from agriculture and charcoal production). As well persecuted due to crop damage, hunted for food and trapped for sale as pets at local and international level.

In the Decade of 1930 It was limited to the interior mountain forests of the island of largely Hispaniola.

Although it remains locally common, it is enough rare and rare in the wild.

The population in Puerto Rico It is at least several hundred birds and apparently increasing.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size : 6000-15000

Rationale for the Red List category

This species is considered Vulnerable because anecdotal evidence suggests there has been a rapid reduction of the population. The size of the population and the exact extent of the decline are unclear, clarification and may lead to the species be reclassified as near threatened.

Justification of the population

The population size It is preliminarily estimated to fall in the band between 10.000 and 19.999 individuals. This is equivalent to 6,667-13,333 mature individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.

Justification of trend

No new data on population trends, but it is suspected that the species is declining quickly, as a result of the hunting, the loss of habitat and capture.

Threats

The agricultural conversion and charcoal production have destroyed the most suitable habitat. It is also persecuted as a crop pest, hunted as food and trapped for Local trade and above for international trade cage birds. (Juniper and Parr 1998).

Trapping adults and stealing hatchlings from nests to supply the Local pet trade It is a particular concern because in some areas most families own a parrot, and they only live a few years before they have to be replaced (G. Woolmer in some. T. White one bit., 2012). It also, activities theft nests often they cause destruction of the nest cavity or nest tree, further aggravating the loss of nesting habitat other causes (T. White in a little .

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix II.

• You have started a education strategy with community participation to protect species (Vasquez et to the., 1995).

• In 1997-1998, 49 birds bred in captivity were released and you radiographed in East National Park, Dominican Republic (Vilella et al., 1999).

• The Biological Reserve Loma Charco Azul, created in 2009, It has populations of the species. in addition, They have carried out recent activities public education and outreach, including some actions of law enforcement, in several communities surrounding the Jaragua National Park, near the border with Haiti.

• In January of 2012 there was also a Liberation of 10 parrots raised in captivity they had been confiscated as young chicks from poachers nests. These chicks were raised and rehabilitated in National Zoological Park, and released successfully in the grounds of the zoo (T. White in a little ).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Assess current population size.

• Establish a program of comprehensive monitoring.

• Determine at extension remaining habitat.

• Determine the impact of various threats.

• Apply laws and regulations that protect this species and its habitat (Snyder et to the., 2000).

• Promote better bird-keeping practices to reducing demand for wild birds and develop a captive breeding program.

• Educate the public about the negative impact of pet trade in native Dominican Republic (T. White in a bit., 2012).

The Hispaniolan Parrot in captivity:

It is easily reproduced in captivity and used as substitute mother to raise the young Puerto Rican Parrot as part of the recovery program for the species (highly threatened).

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, with the objective of ensure their survival long-term.

Alternative names:

– Hispaniolan Amazon, Hispaniolan Parrot, Salle’s Amazon, Salle’s Parrot, San Domingo Amazon, San Domingo Parrot (English).
– Amazone à ventre pourpre, Amazone de Sallé, Amazone d’Hispaniola (French).
– Blaukronenamazone, Haitiamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-hispaniola (Portuguese).
– Amazona de la Española, Amazona Dominicana, Cotorra, Cotorra de la Española (español).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona ventralis
– Citation: (Statius Müller, 1776)
– Protonimo: Psittacus ventralis

Images Hispaniolan Parrot:

Amazona-ventralis-(5)
Amazona-ventralis-(4)
Amazona-ventralis-(3)
Amazona-ventralis-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – The parrot Cuca – Cuca The Parrot by Jose Uribe Alney – Flickr
(2) – Hispaniolan Amazon. Two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as DSCN0712) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Couple of parrots Amazona ventralis in the Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic By Yolanda M. Leon (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Hispaniolan Amazon in a cage By Patrick Hawks (originally posted to Flickr as Hispaniolan Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blaukronenamazone (Amazona ventralis) Bávaro, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic By Martingloor (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – BARRABAND, Jacques (1767/8-1809) [male red-faced parrot (Hispaniolan Amazon [Amazona ventralis])] From Natural History of Parrots (by Francois Levaillant, 1801-1805) – Wikimedia

Sounds: Ante Strand, XC15749. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/15749

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Glaucous macaw †
Anodorhynchus glaucus

Origin: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
Character: --
Life expectancy: --
Height: 72 cm..

Glaucous Macaw

Content

Description:

72 cm.. length.

Glaucous Macaw

The plumage general of the Glaucous Macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus) It is light blue, almost turquoise top, with strong grayish hue in head and underparts.

Uppertail greenish blue; undertail gray.

The bill It is dark blackish gray, the naked flames in the base lower jaw they are yellow, but paler than the periophthalmic skin; the irises is dark brown, the periophthalmic skin Nude yellow; the legs They are dark.

Habitat:

probably he occupied subtropical gallery forests with cliffs, but also used lightly wooded savannas and rich in palm trees. The few contemporary records suggest it was naturalists gregarious.

Reproduction:

It has been reported that anidaba on steep slopes or cliffs, or less generally in the cavities of trees and the average size of laying It was probably two eggs

Food:

Its diet It was probably basic nuts palm Butia horizontal (nearest equivalent in rank to size nuts Syagrus used by the Indigo Macaw, It is having the same dimensions peak).

Distribution:

Extending its range (breeding/resident): 1 km2

the Glaucous Macaw They were distributed at the time by the south-eastern South America, where apparently they were recorded in average growth of the main rivers, including Parana River, the Uruguay River and the Paraguay River, with most of the evidence of a prior distribution in the province of Currents, to the North of Argentina; cases were also recorded in western Uruguay and Southeast of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná), and evidently in the south and east of Paraguay. The records of Bolivia They seem wrong. Almost certainly extinct after a precipitous decline in the early 19th century. Only two records in the twentieth century.

Conservation:

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Critically Endangered.

• Population trend: Unknown.

• Population size : 1-49 individuals.

Rationale for the Red List category

This species was last recorded in the 1990s. 1960 and it is likely that its population has declined dramatically as a result of hunt, Besides the degradation and habitat destruction. But, you may still exist, since not all its wide range of data, above wide, It has been adequately studied, and there have been persistent and convincing local reports. Any remaining population is likely to be small., and for these reasons it is treated as in Critically Endangered.

Justification of the population

It is assumed that any remaining population is small (counting less than 50 individuals) due to lack of confirmed records since the early 1960.

Threats

The settlement of the major river basins within its range was allegedly accompanied by the widespread loss of palms, whether by direct cleaning for agriculture or suppression of regeneration by livestock settlers. The palma de Horizontal, of the species probably fed, It was chosen to be cleared by early settlers because it was an indicator of good soil quality (Necklace et to the. 2014). The widespread loss of gallery forests could also have had an impact on the species. (Necklace et to the. 2014). The size and appearance of the bird probably made him a prime target for hunters, and even capture hatchlings as pets could have been important. There is some evidence that were sold, but few to support various claims that there has been recent trade in live specimens.

Any current trade in eggs, skins or live specimens would obviously be extremely damaging.

Conservation actions underway

    – Appendix I of CITES and protected by Brazilian law.

    – There have been several attempts (so far unsuccessful) to rediscover the species.

    – There are proposals for funding under way to try to fund a work program to confirm the presence of this species in the wild.

Conservation Actions Proposed

    – Conducting interviews with the local population, especially with parrots and ancient hunters assets, to assess the likelihood of any population remains.

    – Getting ready to follow up any positive data from these interviews.

"Glaucous macaw †" in captivity:

There is some evidence that were sold, but few to support various claims that there has been recent trade in live specimens.

Alternative names:

– Glaucous Macaw (inglés).
– Ara glauque (francés).
– Türkisara (alemán).
– arara-azul-pequena, arara-celeste, guacamaio (portugués).
– Guacamayo Azul, Guacamayo Glauco, Guacamayo Violáceo, Papagayo violáceo (español).
– Guacamayo azul (Argentina).
– Papagayo violáceo (Paraguay).
– Guacamayo Azul (Uruguay).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Anodorhynchus
– Scientific name: Anodorhynchus glaucus
– Citation: (Vieillot, 1816)
– Protonimo: Macrocercus glaucus

Images Glaucous Macaw:

Guacamayo Glauco (5)
Guacamayo Glauco (4)
Guacamayo Glauco (3)
Guacamayo Glauco (2)


Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Anodorhynchus

«Guacamayo Glauco» (Anodorhynchus glaucus)


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – digital recreation of glaucous macaw. The background with Butia yatay is courtesy of http://floradeluruguay.blogspot.com/2010/05/butia-yatay.html , Andrés González. By Rod6807 (Martin Rodríguez Pontes) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Anodorhynchus glaucus by Huub Veldhuijzen van Zanten / Naturalis Biodiversity Center [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Anodorhynchus glaucus by Huub Veldhuijzen van Zanten / Naturalis Biodiversity Center [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Anodorhynchus glaucus By Vieillot, 1816 [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Anodorhynchus glaucus by Huub Veldhuijzen van Zanten / Naturalis Biodiversity Center [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Early illustration of the Glaucous Macaw illustration from Bourjot Saint-Hilaire, 1837-1838 By Bourjot Saint-Hilaire [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

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