The male of the Newton's Parakeet(Psittacula exsul) It was probably green, with red patches on wings, also manifested in a variation bluish; only two skins of this species, both blue hue; the plumage It was generally greenish blue with gray shades; chest, abdomen and under cover tail slightly paler shades; head darker gray hue without; fine black line between cere and the eye; black bars cheek and narrow black strip on the neck, strip adjacent the blue-green; primaries blue-green; feathers on top of the tail blue-green, underside grey; mandible red top, mandible lower black; irises yellow; legs grey.
The female with narrow black stripe on the forehead; black bars cheek not extend to the side neck; crown washed with gray; upper jaw black.
Immature; No information
Habitat:
It was a kind forest who lived in areas of pine Pandanus and Palm trees.
The Newton's Parakeet It was endemic to the forests of Rodrigues, Mauritius (checks 1987).
It was said to be abundant by explorer Leguat in 1691 (Cowles 1987), but Pingre He noted that it was rare in 1761, and the last record was a bird captured in August of 1875 (Forshaw 2010).
It seems likely that the last birds were wiped out later that year, cuando la isla sufrió «la peor temporada ciclónica del siglo XIX» (checks 1987).
Two complete specimens survive, plus several bones subfossil (Cowles 1987).
Conservation:
Rationale for the Red List category
This species was endemic to the Rodrigues Island, Mauritius, but it has not been seen since 1875 and now it is extinct.
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Extinct.
• The last record was a bird collected in August of 1875
It is believed that hunting and habitat loss greatly contributed to its decline, and that the final blow could have been given by heavy storms 1876. curiously, survived for much longer than most of the island's endemic bird species.
Justification of the population
extinct.
"Newton's parakeet †" in captivity:
Leguat and his followers saw the birds – presumably Newton's Parakeet – feeding nuts, and they taught to speak to some of these parakeets, which certainly it is an indication of what these birds were tame. Apparently they became bilingual; They could speak both French and Flemish!! When Leguat and his small band of followers fled the island, a parakeet they took with them on their trip to Mauritius.
Alternative names:
– Newton’s Parakeet, Newton’s Parrot, Rodrigues Parakeet, Rodrigues Ring-necked Parakeet, Rodriguez Parakeet (English).
– Perruche de Newton (French).
– Rodriguessittich, Rodrigues-Sittich, Rodriguez-Edelsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-rodriguez (Portuguese).
– Cotorra de Newton, Cotorra de Rodrigues (español).
• Avibase
• Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
• Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
• Birdlife
Photos:
(1) – Psittacula exsul (Newton’s Parakeet), female holotype specimen – Wikipedia
(2) – Sternum and mandible of Psittacula exsul, extracted from the female holotype specimen – Wikipedia
▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians
Of 40 cm., length and a weight between 116 and 140 g..
The Rose-ringed Parakeet(Psittacula krameri) has the forecrown, fore crown, the cheeks and lores bright yellowish green; narrow dark line between cere and the eye ring; the back of the crown, the nape and the sides of the neck, pale lavender gray, broken on the sides of neck with narrow black stripes; contiguous black markings with wide black stripes on the bottom of the cheeks merging the chin a solid black.
Pink collar in the back of the neck, the mantle and back light green tinged with olive; rump and uppertail-coverts slightly brighter. Lesser and medium upperwing-coverts light green (darker than the body); large coverts dark green; primaries and secondaries dark green with darker (almost black) margin to the vane inner. bottom of the feathers flight gray; underwing-coverts brighter yellowish green. Underparts brighter yellowish green. Upper, the tail centrally blue with yellowish tips, green side; undertail, the tail centralmente negruzca, yellow-olive laterally.
Crimson in the upper jaw tipped in black, the lower jaw of color stream blackish; cere whitish: irises yellowish white; legs pink, with 4 fingers ending in nails strong in black, two of these fingers are directed forward and two backward so called zigodactilia, which it allows them to easily climb.
The female lacks the neck black, brands in the chin and the cheekbone, of the collar pink and blue suffusion of neck; It has shorter central feathers tail.
The They are similar to immature females but with the bill a little paler, irises greyish; the males acquire the characteristic Pink collar in the third year.
Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann, 1915) – Larger than the species nominal, with upper jaw all red and black marks on the lower jaw. Bluish suffusion in neck, behind ear-coverts; more than grayish bottoms species nominal.
Psittacula krameri krameri (Scopoli, 1769) – The species nominal
Psittacula krameri manillensis (Bechstein, 1800) – Larger than other subspecies, slightly paler and more yellow than the subspecies borealis. Different facial markings that species nominal. Under the mandible black.
Psittacula krameri parvirostris (Souance, 1856) – Of head and cheeks yellowish least the species nominal. Bill small upper jaw brighter red, less blackish towards the tip. The birds living in eastern Sudan They are intermediate between subspecies appearance parvirostris and species nominal.
Habitat:
The Rose-ringed Parakeet It is a very adaptable bird. It is located in a variety of forest types Forest, from secondary forests, wet, riparian forests, mangroves, open farmland with scattered trees, to parks and gardens in urban areas.
They can live at altitudes 1.600 metres in Asia and 2.000 metres in Africa.
gregarious, especially out of breeding season, coming to form large noisy flocks sometimes several thousand birds. Communal roosts, often with Crows, Mynas or other parrots.
Reproduction:
The Rose-ringed Parakeet It is not a territorial bird and, sometimes vaguely colonial while breeding.
It nests in natural tree cavities or holes extended, in cracks in rocks or walls built; in Africa, always nest atop a tree.
The breeding season, mainly, It covers the months from January to April, although offspring have been recorded in the month of July.
typical setting 3 to 4 eggs, although they have been registered you put six eggs.
23 days of incubation and 45 days of stay in the nest of the hatchlings.
Food:
Diet Rose-ringed Parakeet It includes a variety of cereals, herbs, seeds, vegetables, fruits, flowers and nectar, wild and cultivated; feeding varies seasonally,for example, in the Indian state of Punyab, They feed on weed seeds from April to June and sorghum between the months of August and January.
Inflingen crop damage, especially citrus, sunflower and corn.
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 27800000 km2
The Rose-ringed Parakeet they are the parrots more widely distributed around the Old world. They are native to tropical africa, north of the humid forest zone, and much of Asia meridional.
In West Africa (Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau), the east, through Mali, South of Niger, North of Ivory Coast, North of Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin to the North of Nigeria and Cameroon, South of Chad, North of the Central African Republic, from southern Sudan to the North of Uganda and Ethiopia, Djibouti and Northwest of Somalia.
In Asia, from the West of Pakistan, South of Nepal through the India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to downtown Burma.
Many introduced populations are distributed by EE.UU., England, Germany, Netherlands, North of Egypt, Kenya, coastal area Ivory Coast (possibly wild relict), South Africa (Natal and Zululandia), Mauritius, Arabian Peninsula, Singapore, Macao and China, in the surroundings of Hong Kong.
Mainly sedentary, but apparently with some seasonal movements in most parts of the African range (for example, temporary visitors during the rainy season in southern areas Mauritania).
Common to abundant in Africa and part of Asia; quite common in Burma.
Residents and especially sedentary. Widely bred in captivity.
Subspecies distribution
Subspecies
Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann, 1915) – distributed by Pakistan, through North India, around of 20 ° norte, Nepal and Bangladesh until Burma. He also believed to belong to this subspecies distributed parts of birds Middle East, Mauritius, Macao and parts of Southeast China.
Psittacula krameri krameri (Scopoli, 1769) – The species nominal
Psittacula krameri manillensis (Bechstein, 1800) – Distributed by South India, about 20 ° north and Sri Lanka. Observed in wild populations England, elsewhere Europe, EE.UU. and Singapore, They seem to belong to this subspecies.
Psittacula krameri parvirostris (Souance, 1856) – Distributed by this Sudan through North Ethiopia until Djibouti and North of Somalia
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but the species, according to sources, It common to abundant throughout their natural range (pit et to the. 1997), while the population Japan it has been estimated between 100 and 10,000 introduced breeding pairs ( Brazil 2009).
Its population It increased in the twentieth century, in relation to the expansion of agriculture.
Nest protection and brood handling has helped the Rose-ringed Parakeet recover.
Invasiveness in Spain
Because of its colonizing potential and constitute a serious threat to native species, habitats or ecosystems, This species has been cataloged in the Spanish Catalog of Invasive Exotic Species, approved by Royal Decree 1628/2011, of 14 November, It is banned in Spain its introduction into the wild, possession, transport, trade and commerce.
"Rose-ringed Parakeet" in captivity:
The Rose-ringed Parakeet is a bird with character that raised since childhood can become a docile pet, although its tendency is to be a fearful and aggressive bird. Form unstable pairs, something that affects their behavior. It is unlikely that this species has an affectionate behavior with their caregiver, with few exceptions.
To enjoy it Patience is needed and above all to have knowledge about this species, not to be disappointed if things are not progressing as expected.
The Rose-ringed Parakeet It is a bird that must be handled daily and this, throughout his life, with the aim of being able to achieve an “optimal” dressage. In fact, Naturally that tends to become suspicious if the time is not paid regularly. We have to "fight" against this tendency to touch it, manipularla, caress, etc … He does not like human contact, other interaction need not destroy your confidence.
It is a bird that is in great need of occupation. She is active and loves to be stimulated. Learns tricks easily and is always ready to learn, which makes it a bird very interactive with his master, despite being reluctant to hugs.
The Rose-ringed Parakeet she is also a bird that will tend to trust only the person who takes care of her every day.
If we do not put enough games available in your area, it can be very destructive, He likes to chew and grind objects with their powerful beak, which would cause us a serious problem … it is also important to periodically renew the games to avoid boredom.
They have a powerful screech and are quite noisy.
Still not much of a conversationalist, You can learn to say a few words.
It could eventually transmit diseases such as psitacosis.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a Rose-ringed Parakeet lived during 34 years in captivity. In captivity, these birds are known to breed, approximately, to the 2 years of age.
Alternative names:
– Rose-ringed Parakeet, Green Long-tailed Parakeet, Long-tailed Parakeet, Ring-necked Parakeet, Rose Ringed Parakeet, Roseringed Parakeet, Senegal Long-tailed Parakeet (English).
– Perruche à collier, Perruche de Kramer, Perruche verte à collier (French).
– Halsbandsittich, Kleiner Alexandersittich (German).
– Periquito-de-colar, Periquito-rabijunco (Portuguese).
– Cotorra de Kramer, Cotorra Verde de Collar, Periquito de Collar, Periquito de Kramer, Alejandrino común, Cotorra de Collar, Cotorra de Collar Verde, Cotorra de la India, Periquito de Collar (español).
42 cm.. length and a weight between 167 and 193 g..
The Reunion Parakeet(Psittacula eques) has the Lords and cheeks grass-green, deepening the emerald green upper cheeks, the forecrown and crown; wide swaths shaped mustache on the bottom of the cheeks and chin, fading on the sides of neck; narrow black stripes on the neck lined up with bluish patches on ear-coverts and sides neck and below by pink lines extending to the back of the neck, without getting to form an collar full.
Upperparts, including upperwing-coverts, emerald green. Underparts paler and yellowish. Uppertail green; the undertail pale brown.
upper jaw red, lower negruzca; irises pale yellow to greenish yellow; legs blackish.
The female lacks black moustachial stripes, as well as black, pink and blue marks on the sides of neck; dark green tones cheeks with yellowish green at the collar of the back of the neck; dark (almost black) the upper jaw.
The immature they are like the females, but the fledging bill It is red in both sexes, turning darker in females later.
The Reunion Parakeet It is closely linked to the native vegetation. A part of the population is in an area of ​​upland forest containing some of the largest samples, for example, Canarium paniculatum, Syzygium contractum, Mimusops maxima and Labourdonnaisia left in the Mauritius. Scrub forests lower level are also important, especially for food.
They are generally solitary, but they can also be seen in pairs or small groups (especially after breeding), but the extreme shortage should limit the normal social behavior.
Reproduction:
The Reunion Parakeet nests in cavities of large native trees (often Mimusops but also Calophyllum or Canarium) generally between 6-10 meters above the ground. The inlet has a diameter between 10-15cm.
The peak in the egg laying It is late September to early October, although it may take place between August to November, is composed of 2 to 4 eggs. The female incubated eggs for three to four weeks, while teammate bring your food. Both parents then provide for the young until they leave the nest in about two months old.
Food:
The feeding of the Reunion Parakeet It is composed of a wide range of native plant parts, including outbreaks include, sprouts, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, remained, sap and bark. Introduced plants rarely eat. Plants which include feed Calophyllum, Canarium paniculatum, Tabernaemontana mauritiana, Diospyros, erythrospermum monticolum, Eugenia, Labourdonnaisia, Mimusops trials, M. petiolaris, Nuxia verticillata and Protium obtusifolium.
The main feeding areas vary with the season.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 60 km2
endemic to Mauritius, Indian Ocean, but also he lived before the Réunion. The rest of the birds confined to the last fragments of native forest vegetation.
Mainly sedentary, but with some slight seasonal changes depending on availability of food.
The main cause, apparently, the decline in the population of the Reunion Parakeet long-term, It is the loss of habitat (natural vegetation used for agriculture and forestry), nest predation by introduced species such as Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and black rat (Rattus rattus) , competition with Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) (introduced on 1886) and the effects of disease and storms.
The total area of ​​habitat available It is 50km2. Population between 7-11 birds in 1984, aumentando a 30 birds in the wild and 8 in captivity 1995, with between 40-50 wild birds 1996. An intensive conservation program that includes captive breeding in Mauritius (first successful reproduction 1993-1994), predator control with veterinary assistance for wild birds, ecological research and habitat protection, It is getting a considerable increase in the population of the Reunion Parakeet.
The National Park currently protect the last natural forests, but continuous invasion of exotic flora, It remains a long-term threat.
At the end of the breeding season between 2011/2012, the population was estimated at approximately 580 birds (V. Tatayah in some. 2012).
The population of the Reunion Parakeet It is estimated that it has experienced a very rapid increase in recent 23 years (three generations).
The previous decline in the distribution of this species is for the serious destruction and its native habitat degradation (Jones 1987 Greenwood 1996).
The population decreased probable total of several thousand individuals, as a result of the forest destruction and the replacement of their feeding habitat, upland dwarf forests, plantations (Jones et al., 1998).
In 1996, only the 5% the island was covered with native vegetation (Jones et al. 1998).
The areas of native forests remaining in the highlands still being highly degraded by cyclones, the influences of forestry practices of the past, the spread of introduced plants like Peruvian guava (Invasive cattleianum), privet (Ligustrum robustum) and Pomeroy (Syzygium jambos), as well as the effect of wild mammals introduced as boars (Sus scrofa) and the Timor deer (Cervuss) (Greenwood 1996, Thorsen y Jones 1998).
The production of native fruit, from which the parrot feeds, and regeneration is possible trees nest, because, poor (Greenwood 1996).
Recent research suggests that the food shortage due to deterioration of native forest is the main cause of nest failure; although exotic species can provide an abundant source of food, They are not available throughout the year, not even throughout the breeding season (Thorsen y Jones 1998).
The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and black rats (Rattus rattus) are among a number of introduced tree species representing a threat for the Reunion Parakeet, raiding nests and competing for native fruits (Greenwood 1996).
The European bee (Apis melífera), yellowjackets (Polistes hebraeus), termites, the common loptail (Phaethon lepturus), the introduced common mine (Acridotheres tristis) and Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), They are all competing for nesting sites and can move active breeding pairs (Thorsen y Jones 1998, C. Jones in little. 2000, V. Tatayah in some. 2012).
The decline in the number of old native trees, that perish damaged by storms and senescence, They have intensified competition for nesting cavities (Jones et al., 1998).
Infestations fly larvae in the nests can be severe in some years and, without intervention, would kill many young people (C. Jones in a bit., 2000).
Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD), It has been found in more than 20% of birds sampled, and at least 50% birds observed with PBFD It is believed to have died, However, a considerable number of specimens have been seen to recover from the disease (Richards 2010). Pesticides do not seem to have significantly affected the species (Greenwood 1996).
According to Mauritius Wildlife Foundation (MWF), trying to stop this worrying phenomenon, the origin of evil is attributed to the imported parrots, mostly the Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and Coconut Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus).
The species has been the subject of a conservation program from 1973 (Jones et al. 1998). The spectacular increase in the population of the species in recent years is undoubtedly due to an intensive program to manage the wild population., combined with a program captive breeding great success since the season 1993/4 Playback (Jones et al., 1998).
"Reunion Parakeet" in captivity:
The Reunion Parakeet is the only survivor of the species Psittacula They are inhabiting the islands in the South Indian Ocean, about Madagascar. It is one of the parrots World's rarest existing.
Some specimens bred in captivity (Hand rearing) for reintroduction into the wild; else not bred in captivity.
In the news, the aviary captive population is 18 birds, with successful reproduction of a couple. The place of the old aviary, where the extraordinary work has been achieved in very primitive conditions, now it is being replaced with a new space, once completed this spring, It will house up 12 breeding pairs of the Reunion Parakeet, a large flight cage 60 meters for immature.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Echo parakeet (Psittacula eques echo), the rarest Parrokeet in the world, saved from extinction by captive breeding programme at the Durrell trust Blackwater Gorge By colin houston [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – By Wildlife Preservation Canada – link
(3) – Echo Parakeet, Mauritius by Tara – Miles to the wild
(4) – Echo Parakeet, Mauritius by Tara – Miles to the wild
(5) – Female Echo Parakeet (Psittacula eques) by Johannes Fischer – Mauritius January – July 2013, Petrin, Camp Field Station and Brise Fer
(6) – Psittacula type illustration of a knight on horseback (Martinet in Buffon, 1779) By François-Nicolas Martinet [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Origin: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Thailand
Character: active.
Life expectancy: 30 years.
Height: Of 50 to 62 cm..
Content
Description:
From between 50-62cm. in length and weighing between 198–258 grams.
The Alexandrine Parakeet(Psittacula eupatria) has the forecrown, lores and crown bright green, merging to lavender-blue on cheeks, ear-coverts and back of the crown; faint dark line from back of cere to eye ring; narrow black band from the base of bill, laterally across the base of the cheeks, that binds with a wide collar pink around the back of the neck.
Nape, the mantle, scapulars, rump and uppertail-coverts greenish-grey. Upperwing-coverts smaller brown; rest of upperwing-coverts green (brighter and emerald body feathers). The primaries and secondaries greyish green with dark tips to the vane previous interns, Blackish below.
Underwing-coverts gray-green. The underparts brighter yellowish green, chest with grayish tint. Upper, the tail light green with yellow tip; undertail, golden yellow.
Bill red with paler tip: cere whitish; irises pale yellow; legs rose gray.
The female no black and pink markings neck and it is generally duller.
The immature It resembles the female (The males are sometimes distinguished by larger size).
(Kloss, 1917) – Similar to the subspecies Psittacula eupatria magnirostris but with the neck more yellow, the bill smaller and close blue neckband, reduced or absent. Yellower below the subspecies Psittacula eupatria nipalensis.
(Ball, 1872) – It differs from the subspecies Psittacula eupatria nipalensis by blue coloration above band pink, which it is more limited and sometimes non-existent and the pink band nape that is wider; swe other subspecies differs by having the bill Larger.
Psittacula eupatria nipalensis
(Hodgson, 1836) – Larger and grayer than the species nominal, less lavender in head and wider black stripe mustache.
Psittacula eupatria siamensis
(Kloss, 1917) – Cara and neck yellow, nape bluish. Slightly smaller than the subspecies Psittacula eupatria Avensis.
Habitat:
Video – "Alexandrine Parakeet" (Psittacula eupatria)
The Alexandrine Parakeet It is distributed in a great variety of humid and dry forests and wooded lands., but also they are seen in cultivated areas, mangroves (for example, of Rhizophora mueronata on the islands of the bay of bengal) and coconut plantations, mainly in the lowlands up 900 meters above sea level; on Punjab province (Pakistan) extend areas of subtropical pines (Pinus roxburghii) and penetrates irrigated plantations in desert areas; ascend to the foothills of Himalaya in areas of trees (will Shorea) and riparian forests, rarely above the 1.600 m.
In the Bandhavgarh National Park, the Alexandrine Parakeet prefers forests more dense than the Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) and Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri).
Usually they found in small groups, but sometimes they form large flocks where food is plentiful and communal roosts, where birds can come together in one big tree.
Reproduction:
The nest of the Alexandrine Parakeet They found in tree cavities (for example, of Dalbergia, Shorea or Salmalia), palms or, very rarely, buildings, but generally far from human settlements.
The nest It comprises a chamber filled with wood shavings produced by barbets or woodpeckers during excavation or extension of the cavity; entry generally clean round.
The breeding season usually from November to December and from March to April, depending on the location (for example, February to March in the Punjab and andaman islands and from December to February in the center Burma).
The average size clutch is of 2-4 eggs measuring 34,0 x 26,9 mm. The incubation period average is 28 days usually after the placement of the second egg. The chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age. They are bred for about three weeks and usually are weaned between the 12 to 16 weeks of age.
Food:
Diet Alexandrine Parakeet It includes a variety of cultivated and wild seeds, flowers, nectar, grains, fruits and vegetables.
Considered serious pest in some places: the 70% their diet Pakistan comes from cultivated areas.
It feeds mainly early in the morning and afternoon.
The situation in Afghanistan of the Alexandrine Parakeet is uncertain, possibly some group in the extreme northeast, about Jalalabad.
In Pakistan, isolated colonies Are and Peshawar, most widespread and frequent in the irrigated lowlands of Punjab; They are distributed from Punjab (India), foothills Himalaya and South of Nepal, throughout the India and Sri Lanka, as well as the east through Bangladesh.
In Bhutan and Assam in Burma Central and Southern (not found in northern), extending from northern Thailand, Central and North Cambodia and Laos and north to central and southern Viet Nam.
Seasonal movements in some areas and in other locally nomadic.
generally common, but much rarer in the east and sporadically distributed by South India.
Decreasing in Sri Lanka, where it is now rare, especially in the north.
Sharp declines in Thailand and probably in other parts of Indochina.
Its appearance around some urban areas could be due to leaks.
Introduced in parts of Europe (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Middle East (Turkey, Bahrein, United Arab Emirates, Iran) and Japan.
Subspecies distribution
Subspecies
Psittacula eupatria Avensis
(Kloss, 1917) – South of Assam (Northeast of India) and Myanmar, but the area of ​​contact with the subspecies Psittacula eupatria nipalensis and Psittacula eupatria siamensis, It is unknown.
(Hodgson, 1836) – Pakistan through Punjab (India) until Assam, Bangladesh, Nagaland and Manipur, including skirts Himalaya and Nepal, to the South , approximately I8° north; the contact area with the subspecies Psittacula eupatria Avensis, unknown.
Psittacula eupatria siamensis
(Kloss, 1917) – West and north of Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam.
This species has been upgraded from Least concern based on new information on population trends. Is listed as Near-threatened, Since, although it remains common in some areas and its status is clouded by feral populations, It is suspected to be subjected to population decline moderately fast due to the continuing loss of habitat, to unsustainable levels of exploitation, the pursuit and capture.
The Alexandrine Parakeet It is widely captured and sold as bird cage.
In Cambodia, nests theft and capture adults, They represent the main threats, It is one of the most sought after birds (F. Goes in some. 2013).
Despite the virtual disappearance of the species Thailand, chicks still appear in the illegal trade in bird markets Bangkok, although, possibly, its origin is Cambodia (P. Ronda in a little. 2013).
The illegal trade, as well as the destruction of nesting places, threat to species Pakistan (S. Khan in a little. 2013). in addition, It reported that the species is threatened by extensive poaching at the hands of local tribes Gujarat (V. Vyas in some. 2013).
Habitat loss and degradation are also grave threats. In Cambodia, use changes in the lowlands it has been rapid (R. Timmins in some. 2013) and rates of degradation and loss of lowland forests is expected to impact more on the species (F. Goes in some. 2013). Conversion rates of habitat Laos They are described as severe (JW Duckworth in litt. 2013).
Conservation Actions Proposed:
– Conduct periodic surveys to monitor the population trend of the species.
– Conduct surveys and assess the situation in Pakistan (S. Khan in a little. 2013).
– Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation through the distribution of the species.
– Quantify the impact of harvesting for trade.
– Enforcing trade restrictions.
– Carry out awareness raising activities to discourage the capture and trade.
– Increase the amount of suitable habitat that receives protection.
"Alexandrine Parakeet" in captivity:
The Alexandrine Parakeet is a popular bird among poultry. It is ideal for outdoor aviaries and cannot tolerate temperatures below 5°C.. They reproduce well in aviaries. This Psittacula It is one of the oldest species of captive parrots Eurasian continent. Named after the legendary Emperor Alexander the Great, he had numerous specimens exported by his legionnaires back to various Mediterranean countries. Since then, This parrot has been popular with the nobles of all the countries of Anatolia, European and Mediterranean Empire.
This is a kind active, He likes water and readily accepts different or new foods. It has a vigorous beak and therefore it is important to keep the perch free of toxicity and without chemicals such as disinfectants., fungicides, insecticides or pesticides. The Alexandrine Parakeet, like other parrots, They are among the best imitators.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, one specimen was still alive after 30 years in captivity. In captivity, these parrots have been known that they can raise from the 4 years of age.
These birds Smart They make good pets for those willing to provide ongoing obedience training. If neglected, or appropriate training is given, the Alexandrine Parakeet it becomes prone to tear the feathers and other behavioral problems. The large and powerful beak of the parrot has a strong bite and therefore not recommended as a pet for children. a large cage is required to accommodate their beautiful, long narrow tail.
It is not a difficult species to breed, in fact usually successful.
Alternative names:
– Alexandrine Parakeet, Alexandrine Parrot, Andaman Parakeet, Large Indian Parakeet, Large Parakeet, Rose-breasted Parakeet (English).
– Perruche alexandre (French).
– Grosser Alexandersittich, Alexandersittich (German).
– Periquito-grande-alexandre (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Alejandrina, Cotorra de Alexander (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Alexandrine Parakeet at Kowloon Park, Hong Kong By Charles Lam from Hong Kong, China (YummyUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Alexandrine Parakeet Alexandrine Parrot gold. A 17 year old pet parakeet at home in Mumbai By Rudolph.A.furtado (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Alexandrine Parakeet (also known as the Alexandrine Parrot) at Rainbow Jungle (The Australian Parrot Breeding Centre), Kalbarri, Western Australia By Sheila Bradford [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – An male Alexandrine Parakeet (also known as Alexandrian Parrot) in a tree By Sammy Sam [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria). A pair By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Two_species_of_Psittacula_on_perch.jpg: Thomas Guignard [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Alexandrine Parakeet flapping her wings By Iamoarampage at English Wikipedia [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Alexandrine Parakeet at Kowloon Park, Hong Kong By Charles Lam from Hong Kong, China (RestingUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Alexandrine Parakeet at Kowloon Park, Hong Kong By Charles Lam from Hong Kong, China (YummyUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Melghat Tiger Reserve Maharashtra By Dr. Raju Kasambe (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – A painting of an Alexandrine Parakeet, also known at Alexandrian Parrot, (originally captioned «Palæornis hooded. Hooded Parakeet.») by Edward Lear 1812-1888 [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Malabar Parakeet(Psittacula columboides) has the lores and upper cheeks of green grass, blue tinge on the edges and in the dark pearl gray crown, the lower cheeks, the sides and rear of the neck; with wide black bands at the mustache that attenuate to form a collar black, then bordered with a band of bright blue-green, which extends around the throat.
Mantle dove-grey fading to greyish-green on back and scapulars; rump and uppertail-coverts pale bluish green, sides rump yellowish.
Lesser coverts dark green, subterminally tipped dark grey edged buffish; inner median coverts green with pale buffish margins; alula and greater coverts blue. The primaries and secondaries blue, darker in the vane inner. Underwing-coverts bluish green. Throat bright blue green; yellowish blue discoloration in the rest of the underparts; dove-grey in the chest; blue tinge on the thighs. Uppertail centrally bright blue, tipped yellow, lateral feathers greenish-blue on vane outer, in bright yellow inner; undertail-coverts bright golden-yellow centrally, otherwise brown with yellow tip.
upper jaw bright red with yellow tip, the lower brown, turning orange in the chin; irises light yellow; legs greenish-grey.
The female smaller, with little or no green in face and with both brown jaws. Underparts greyish-yellow. Less grey in the the mantle and tail shorter.
The immature shows grayish green in place of grey-plumage of adults. Collar black and green absent band neck.
To a large degree, the Malabar Parakeet It is confined in forests (primary and secondary) evergreen upland, although according to sources, also observed in other formations, including deciduous forest adjacent to bamboo and especially in plantations coffee and rubber abandoned, and often close to small areas of crops.
Partly inhabit between 450-1.000 m, but exceptionally above 1.600 m, and up to about 60 m.
Usually, observed in family groups or small flocks.
At lower altitudes it is associated with Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala), completely replacing it at higher altitudes and in humid forests.
Reproduction:
Escavan their nests on branches or trunks, at a height between 6 and 30 m, sometimes they take advantage of the holes made by woodpeckers or Barbs, expanding the cavity. Los Ceylon ironwood (Mesua iron) are his favorite trees.
Usual clutch 4 eggs.
The breeding season It is between the months of January to March
Food:
Diet Malabar Parakeet It includes seeds and fruits, especially wild figs; regularly eat sprouts, flowers and nectar Erythrina and Grevillea.
They can be very destructive in crops of sorghum and fruit.
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but the species, according to information, It common throughout the core of its range (pit et to the. 1997).
The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.
The bird trade and loss of habitat have caused, apparently, a decrease in its population, However, It is not sufficient to place this species at risk.
"Malabar Parakeet" in captivity:
The Malabar Parakeet it is rare in the pet trade.
This species was the subject of extensive trade, but now it is illegal in India. He was known in the pet trade as "Loro nonsense» and acquired a misleading reputation as a superior talker.
It is a parrot medium-noisy, occasionally noisy; initially shy; It becomes slowly confianda; newly imported birds are very likely; Care must be acclimatised; only it becomes active in a wide aviary; a common aviary with other species of Psittacula only possible outside the breeding season; little bathing but enjoys flying light rain outside; He likes to chop fresh branches; times aggressive during courtship; sensitive to cold and wet conditions.
Pet food variety, including aerosols millet, fruit, vegetables, Sunflower seed mixtures, oats and millet.
Rarely achieved the captive breeding; clutch 3 to 4 eggs; 23 incubation days; incipient period 6 weeks; young independent after 21 days; the calf sometimes aggressive with its mother.
In terms of their longevity, It is known that a Malabar Parakeet lived during 11,2 years in captivity.Given the longevity of similar species, This longevity is probably underestimated for these birds.
29 cm., including its tail up 13 cm.. and 100 g. of weight.
The adult male of the (Psittacula calthrapae)Layard's Parakeet has the head and back bluish grey, separated by a neck green. There is a wide swath in the chin of black color and tail It is blue with a yellow tip. Upper bill the male is red, and the bill bottom is brown.
The female es similar, but has the bill top in black, and dark green stripe on the cheek. Lack the band pink in nape and the neck is greenish yellow. They have the blue tint in the rear of the head if you can see in males. Feathers middle of the tail You are washed with blue.
The immature they are like the females, but with feathers tail shorter, with a plumage mainly green and bill dark red.
Their preferred habitats are forested areas 1.600 meters above sea level, although registered at altitudes 2.000 m, taking advantage of a wide variety of vegetation types including natural and semi-natural moist forests, tea plantation and botanical gardens; often at the edge of the woods, generally in small groups or couples.
Sedentary, especially in mountain areas, but extending over the lowlands, especially in humid forests near sea level.
after feeding, the Layard's Parakeet congregate in trees chattering loud and persistent. Before break, roam issuing strong calls.
Reproduction:
The time of reproduction It is around January to May, with a high season from July to September.
The eggs They are deposited in a natural cavity or disused nest Woody Woodpecker or a bearded, usually at the top of a tree. Competition for nest sites is often intense, especially with Plum-headed Parakeet. The cavity is lined with rotting wood and dust. Two to four white eggs make commissioning. Both sexes share duties incubation and feed on young.
Food:
Diet Layard's Parakeet It is believed to be similar to the Rose-ringed Parakeet and Plum-headed Parakeet, although their arboreal habits make them more frugivores and less destructive to crops.
According to sources, abundant in the 19th century and apparently still numerous in some areas, but declining due to habitat loss arising, for example, conversion of natural and semi-natural forests and plantations capture for trade.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Layard’s Parakeet eating fruit in Sri Lanka. Its beak is not fully black, so it is probably a sub-adult female By Hafiz Issadeen (originally posted to Flickr as Layard’s Parakeet) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – [BirdPhotoIndia] Layard’s parakeet, Sri Lanka – Indian Birds Photography
(3) – Photo by Steve G near Sinharaja, Sri Lanka, July 28, 2009 – Bird Forum
(4) – An adult of Layard’s Parakeet – World-Birds
(5) – Layard’s Parakeet Psittacula calthropae – Starron Bird and Wildlife
(6) – John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Among 33–37 cm. in length and weighing between 56–85 grams.
The Plum-headed Parakeet or Plum headed Parakeet(Psittacula cyanocephala) has the forecrown, lores, cheeks and ear-coverts bright red malva, fading to blue on lower cheeks, the crown and back neck, with the black stripe of the “mustache” forming a collar black narrow, then bordered by a wide swath of pale green.
Mantle, back and scapulars dark green; rump and uppertail-coverts bright blue green. Upperwing-coverts smaller and medium bright green with brown patch in the minors; greater coverts and alula darker and duller.
The primaries and secondaries dark green. Underwing-coverts bluish green, underparts brighter yellowish green. Upper, the tail bright color in the center, with white tips, slightly spatulate, outer feathers brighter yellowish green.
The Upper mandible orange-yellow, and the lower beak blackish, but pale flesh at chin; irises yellowish white; legs greenish-grey.
Head of the female grey-blue, in the beige throat and the sides of the neck, without black markings or maroon on wing-coverts; bill paler, tail somewhat shorter.
The greenish head of the immature sometimes tinged with gray; central feathers tail shorter.
The females reach adult plumage to 15 months; young male reach full adult plumage to 30 months.
Preferred habitat Plum-headed Parakeet They are the mosaic of forests and farmland in the plains and hills, including humid forests deciduous, sal forest (Shorea) and subtropical Pine (Pinus roxburghii), usually below the 500 meters in the north of the range, but locally 1.500 m.
Move small flocks, although larger congregations are formed in places where food is abundant, particularly during ripening crop, and also, loudly, in communal roosts with bamboo thickets or other dense vegetation.
The Plum-headed Parakeet nests in holes in the trunk or hamstring, sometimes in an old nest extended "woodpecker" or "bearded". In Pakistan, Tall Pines (Pinus roxburgii), dead or dying, They are favorite nesting.
The nest chamber no liner except wood shavings produced during construction. Often reproduced in loose colonies. The male defends the nest site from other species (as the Rose-ringed Parakeet) for a few weeks before breeding. The female incubates alone. The breeding season It, mainly, in the months of December / January April; occasionally also in July-August Sri Lanka.
Possibly frugivores than their counterparts, preferring smaller seeds.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident) 2,780,000 km2
The Plum-headed Parakeet They live in low-lying hills Himalaya, from the North-East of Pakistan through Nepal, Bhutan and West Bengal and through substantially the entire India and Sri Irinka, besides the Islas Rameswaram.
Usually frequents though, apparently, reducing its population Sri Lanka due to loss of habitat, making birds now, to a large extent, they are absent in the lowlands. It has also reduced its population in the kathmandu valley, Nepal.
Resident, but locally nomadic outside of breeding season, in response to the food supply; more predictable seasonal movements in some areas.
The Intermediate Parakeet (Psittacula intermedia) (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) is now considered a hybrid between the Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) and Slaty-headed Parakeet (Psittacula himalayana) (Rasmussen and Collar (1999))
The size of the world population Plum-headed Parakeet It has not been quantified, but the species, according to information, it is enough common in nepal and in general, common in india(pit et to the. 1997).
Its population is suspected to be in decline due to ongoing habitat destruction.
"Plum-headed Parakeet" in captivity:
Large captive population. Although this species is not exploited as much as sympatric (in the same geographic region) Alexandrine Parakeet, trade takes its toll on local populations across the range.
They are birds Smart and many can learn to speak, but not as easily as other larger parrots.
Most of the Plum-headed Parakeet enjoy being close to your caregiver, However, They do not like caresses.
They tend to be Shy at the beginning; But, with the time, patience and daily interaction, They do become docile bird quite easily.
These tend to be parrots assets in an aviary environment and can become apathetic in an environment of cage. Their preferred environment should be an aviary, or an environment that allows them to travel and move freely in a safe environment.
In a communal aviary, usually they get along with other birds – However, You can be assertive with larger birds.
Unlike the rest of psittaculas, They are not very vocal and vocalizations, especially male, usually quite melodious.
It's not a difficult kind of create. Unlike many parrots, the-headed Parrot your partner do not bind for life.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived for 18,8 years in captivity. The maximum longevity could be underestimated in this species.. In captivity, estos animales pueden criar, approximately, to the 2 years of age.
Alternative names:
– Plum-headed Parakeet, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Plum headed Parakeet (English).
– Perruche à tête prune, Perruche à tête de prune (French).
– Pflaumenkopfsittich, Plaumenkopfsittich (German).
– Periquito-cabeça-de-ameixa (Portuguese).
– Cotorra cabeciazul, Cotorra Ciruela, Cotorra de Cabeza Azul (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) at Bogazici Zoo, By Nevit Dilmen Turkey (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) at the mini zoo, Kapparis. Standing on a nesting box in a cage By Glen Bowman (originally posted to Flickr as Cyprus-162) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) male in flight Location: Thattekad, Kerala, India By Lip Kee Yap [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – An adult female Plum-headed Parakeet at Flying High Bird Sanctuary, Apple Tree Creek, Queensland, Australia By paulgear (Picasa Web Ablums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – plum-headed parakeet – Psittacula cyanocephala by Dhruvaraj S – Flickr
Origin: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Thailand, Viet Nam
Character: Quiet
Life expectancy: 15 to 20 years.
Height: 30 to 36 cm..
Content
Description:
Of 30 to 36 cm.. length between 85 and 90 g. of weight.
The Blossom-headed Parakeet(Psittacula roseata) has the forecrown, lores, cheeks and ear-coverts mauve-pink, fading to pale blue in the lower cheeks, the sides of neck, the crown and back neck, with broad black "mustache" stripes to form a narrow collar between black blue head and green body;nape bright green fading to a duller green on upperparts.
Upperwing-coverts, mostly green with a brown patch coverts smaller and medium; greater coverts outer and alula darker green. The primaries dark green (darker in vane inner) with a margin yellowish narrow in them vane outer.
Underwing-coverts green. The underparts pale green. Uppertail, centrally bright blue, with creamy white tip; outer feathers green on vane outer, yellowish-green on inner, tipped yellow; undertail-coverts dull yellowish.
upper jaw orange-yellow, the lower black: cere whitish; irises yellowish white; legs gray-green.
The female has the head pale blue-gray, no black "mustache" and collar ring replaced by yellow opaque olive extending from the nape, around the sides of neck; tail slightly shorter. The upper jaw yellow, the lower dark grey.
The immature has the head greenish, the gray tint chin and the bill yellowish to the 15 months, when both sexes develop similar to plumage adult female; the males acquires adult plumage at about 30 months.
Once considered the same species Psittacula cyanocephala, where he was often wrongly classified as Psittacula cyanocephala rosa.
Psittacula roseata juneae
(Biswas, 1951) – Like species nominal, but the overall color body It is yellower; more extensive stain or red patch shoulder; central feathers tail paler color, side feathers tail yellower.
The Blossom-headed Parakeet inhabit open forests, including Savannah, secondary forests, forest edge, clear and cultivated land. Partially deforested areas persists and seems to prefer forest edges adjacent farm.
Mainly observed in the lowlands to about 1.500 meters above sea level. Usually, in small flocks, form larger congregations where food is plentiful. He joins mixed flocks with Rose-ringed Parakeet, the Plum-headed Parakeet and Red-breasted Parakeet and form communal roosts in dense vegetation.
Reproduction:
The nests This species is found in tree cavities, usually at a moderate height; they can dig the hole themselves or modify old nests of other species (for example, woodpeckers or barbets).
Nest usually in colonies of several couples. The laying is of 4-5 (rarely six); eggs are more spherical than those of other congeners. The breeding season It is from January to April (May sometimes).
Food:
Foods are reported: wild flowers and Granada, nectar, including grain sorghum and corn, fruits such as figs and apricots, red peppers and chard seeds. Their diet is very similar to the Plum-headed Parakeet.
Distribution:
Distributed by the foothills of Himalaya Oriental until Indochina. Of Sikkim (India) and South of Bhutan through Assam until Bengal and Bangladesh and east along the north and center Burma, South of China (Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong province), Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea and Viet Nam.
Mainly sedentary with seasonal movements in southwest Burma, where Blossom-headed Parakeet They are common in the months of March and April, but otherwise few months, generally common despite apparent decline in some areas (for example, Thailand and Burma), mainly due to large-scale deforestation, and persecution. Few in Viet Nam.
Resident but with some local movements in relation to the food supply.
Held captive and apparently the subject of strong catch in some parts.
Subspecies distribution
Psittacula roseata juneae
(Biswas, 1951) – From East Bangladesh to the North of Burma and east through southern China, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea and Viet Nam.
This species has been upgraded from Least concern due to new information on population trends. It is listed as Near-threatened on the grounds that it is experiencing rapid moderate decline due to habitat loss, unsustainable levels of exploitation and hunting pressure.
This species has suffered greatly loss of habitat (Forshaw 2006), What, in combination with capture for trade bird cage and general persecution as a pest, have caused the Blossom-headed Parakeet it becomes rare or rare in Thailand (pit et to the. 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998) and Myanmar (Juniper and Parr 1998).
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but the species according to sources, has a population variable through its range
International trade records showed that 836 birds were exported between 1981 and 1985, but this increased to 6.873 birds between 1986-1990, mainly Viet Nam and Thailand (pit et to the. 1997).
In Laos, habitat encroachment has been so severe in the lowlands, few remaining areas large enough so that the nests Blossom-headed Parakeet they can escape from theft, and there is little active effort to reduce this pressure (JW Duckworth in litt. 2013).
In Cambodia, changes in land use in the lowlands have been too quickly (RJ Timmins in litt. 2013), and it is expected that the intended conversion bosque deciduous Dry for agribusiness plantations may cause a decrease of 30% or more in the national population of this species in the next 20 years (F. Goes in some. 2013).
Actions ongoing:
The species is known to occur in some protected areas, as the Kirirom National Park, Cambodia (F. Goes in some. 2013).
Conservation actions proposed:
– Conduct periodic surveys to track broad population trends.
– Monitor the rates of loss and degradation of habitat.
– Quantify the impact of harvesting for trade.
– List CITES listed species.
– Increase the area of ​​suitable habitat that are protected.
– Carry out awareness raising activities to discourage theft of nests and capture.
"Blossom-headed Parakeet" in captivity:
The Blossom-headed Parakeet It is a rare bird and very expensive, requiring experienced breeders. Immature of this species are nearly identical to those of the Slaty-headed Parakeet and Plum-headed Parakeet, so when buying an immature Blossom-headed Parakeet, be sure to do so only from a reputable breeder.
To ensure breeding success, each partner should have their own aviary. No house them with Plum-headed Parakeet wave Slaty-headed Parakeet, in order to avoid hybridisation.
The Blossom-headed Parakeet, generally, they are not aggressive with other smaller birds, usually calm and they are not very destructive to wood. The female is, usually, the dominant bird; reach breeding age at about the age of 3 years. New pairs should be introduced several months before the start of the breeding season so that the birds have enough time to establish a strong bond with each other.. A good pair bond will usually translate into better breeding results.. However, are very difficult birds to breed in captivity.
Since Blossom-headed Parakeet It is so rare, we should consider well managed breeding programs, before acquiring one of these copies for your particular pet enjoy. This Parrot You need constant training and behavioral counseling from an early age to ensure its potential owners the enjoyment of a free bird destructive habits and annoying.
Alternative names:
– Blossom-headed Parakeet, Blossom headed Parakeet, Eastern Blossom-headed Parakeet (English).
– Perruche à tête rose (French).
– Rosenkopfsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-cabeça-rosa (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Carirrosa, Cotorra de Cara Rosada (español).
_-blue_mutation2.jpg){kind=link}
_at_nest_in_Narshapur%2C_AP_W_IMG_0737.jpg){kind=link}
-_During_Foreplay_at_Hodal_I_Picture_0034.jpg){kind=link}
_-at_Durrell_Trust.jpg){kind=link}
_pair_-2pc.jpg){kind=link}
_-Kerala_-India-6.jpg){kind=link}
_on_nesting_box.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
