23 cm.. length and an approximate weight of 95 g..
In the distance, the Yellow-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus auriceps) appears as a fully green Parrot, light and bright above that below.
It has a yellow spot in the forecrown, above a red stripe that goes from the bill both eyes. It can be confused with the Red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) who lives in the same circles.
The upperparts they are green with a red patch on each side of the rump. Alula, primary covertss and vane outside of the primaries are blue-violet color.
feathers of the wings Green with blue at the edges of the previous; a wing bar at present times.
The underparts more yellowish green, sometimes with yellow marks.
Tail of color green for over, dark grey below.
The bill blue grey at the base, Blackish at tip; irises orange-red; legs greyish brown.
The females they are slightly smaller than males.
The young birdss have the peaks paler, queues shorter and the irises light brown.
Both females as the juveniles They show a drawing in the form of bar under the wings.
On the Mainland, the Yellow-crowned parakeet, they are mainly distributed among the lush native forests, mainly in the provided ecosystems of Nothofagus and Podocarpus, at an altitude of about 600 m. Although these birds are at much lower altitudes, the species tends to move at altitudes which are the Red-crowned parakeet, especially when their habitats overlap.
The Yellow-crowned parakeet they are more common in closed areas of scrub, less common in open spaces by which moves the Red-crowned parakeet.
It is more common on offshore islands, where predation by introduced mammals is reduced.
Birds are found more often in pairs or small groups, feeding in the middle or upper floor of forest or large shrubs. Although it is, generally, more arboreal than the Red-crowned parakeet, they tend to feed on land in the islands of the coast.
Reproduction:
The breeding habits they are similar to the of the Red-crowned parakeet, but these birds seem to be more territorial around the nest.
The Yellow-crowned parakeet They nest in tree holes.
The implementation is performed between the months of October to December but have been observed nesting in almost every month, presumably in response to food availability. Of five to nine eggs whites make up the implementation, with one incubation between 18 and 20 days. The calf is fed by the female who in turn receives food from the male., the young remain in the nest from five to six weeks.
Food:
The diet consists of plant material including outbreaks, berries, flowers and seeds, as well as invertebrates such as larvae, for example, Heliostibes vibratrix and mealybugs Ultracoelostoma assmile. The insects They seem to be more important in the diet of the Yellow-crowned parakeet that in the of the Red-crowned parakeet.
The species is also found in the chatham islands, where the Chatham Parakeet It has suffered from habitat loss, as well as competition and hybridization with the Red-crowned parakeet: both hybrids together with the Red-crowned parakeet, they survive better in open areas, helped by the improvement of the habitat and hybridisation control, so getting a slow recovery.
In the past the population of the Yellow-crowned parakeet has declined in number and the species is now rare throughout its range. As a result, is suspected to have one moderately low population. The world's population believed that it is inferior to the 5.000 specimens.
It is believed that this species has been adversely affected by the logging of forests, introduced predators, (cats, stoats and rats) and hybridization. Consequently, that you have been moderate declines in population to this day.
In the islands of the coast, the Red-crowned parakeet is usually much more common (Heather and Robertson 1997) and can be replaced by full to the Yellow-crowned parakeet in Solander Island. In Auckland Islands, There is an abnormally high rate of hybridization between the two species.
For its upbringing it is enough to have previous experience in the breeding of any of the smaller Australian parrots..
Reasonably hardy to cold, It has a thick plumage on their underparts which gives them a good insulation against the harsh winters; they withstand a cooler climate than most Australian species.
The sound of their voices is not strong or offensive and consists of pleasant chattering.
In terms of their longevity, according to sources, one specimen was still alive after 9.3 years in captivity
22 cm.. length and a weight between 105 and 132 g..
The Rüppell's parrot(Poicephalus rueppellii) has the head, generally, dark brown, clearer in the sides of the face with ear-coverts Silver. Nape, the mantle and scapulars brown in color with slightly paler silver tips and rather diffused on most feathers (especially in the nape); rump brown with blue wash, occasionally feathers Bright blue. Upper, the under wing-coverts brown. Leading Edge wing
, Since the carpal joints at the base of the primaries bright yellow. The primaries and secondaries brown above, paler below. Wing feathers bright yellow.
The underparts, above all, uniformly brown, clearly lighter than the upperparts; the thighs bright yellow; undertail- coverts and posterior flanks with blue wash, sometimes a few feathers with bright blue tips. Tail darker brown than the rest of the plumage.
Bill greyish black; cere black; irises orange-red; perioftalmico ring black ; legs black.
The females They have lower back, rump, uppertail-coverts, lower abdomen, undertail- coverts and the back of the flanks bright blue..
The immature They are similar to females but duller blue and less extensive, lighter brown in the body, the thighs brown. Wing feathers and set carpiano yellowish brown brown; clear margins in the wing-coverts.
They live in forests along water courses dry, dry forests (including forests Euphorbia), dry steppe thorny veld, showing a preference for areas with Adansonia or other tall trees; also in formations Acacia / Commiphora in Escarpment Namibia. Not registered above 1.250 metres in Angola.
Usually they found near water, in small flocks (until 20 birds); sometimes in greater numbers when food is plentiful.
Reproduction:
The nest usually it located in the old hole of a carpenter, at a height of up to 5 meters above the ground. It is believed that usually they breed from the months of February to May, but juvenile birds have been observed in September: the breeding It may be more closely linked to precipitation of the season. Of 3 to 5 egg white, rounded form the usual commissioning.
Some local nomadic movements in relation to the food supply, otherwise residents. Usually they reported as locally common but fluctuations can occur with nomadic movements.
Conservation:
• Current IUCN Red List: Least concern
• Population trend: Decreasing
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, although it is estimated below 30.000 individuals.
The species according to information, It quite common within suitable habitat.
The population is suspected of being in decline due to unsustainable levels of exploitation. Also their population numbers are threatened by the cage bird trade – an estimated number between 600 and 1000 birds are exported annually to South Africa and Europe, approximately 60-70% of them die during transport.
"Rüppell's parrot" in captivity:
Very rare in captivity.
Take it easy, It is a species in which males seem to speak better than females, usually they have easy to mimic sounds of other birds.
In terms of their longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived 34,3 years in captivity.
Alternative names:
– Rueppell’s Parrot, Ruppell’s Parrot, Rüppell’s Parrot (English).
– Perroquet de Rüppell (French).
– Rüppellpapagei, Rüppell Papagei, Rüppell-Papagei (German).
– Papagaio de Rüppell, Papagaio-de-rüppell (Portuguese).
– Lorito de Ruppell, Lorito de Rüppell (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – An adult female Rüppell’s Parrot near Hobatere Lodge, Kamanjab, Namibia By Ron Knight from Seaford, East Sussex, United Kingdom (Ruppell’s ParrotUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – In captivity by Udo Berg –> Heggy – Wikipedia
(3) – Rüppel's parrot – papageien.org
(4) – Poicephalus rueppellii rueppells parrot – Birds-pet-wallpapers
(5) – Poicephalus rueppellii in Erongo Mountains, Namibia – Buckham Birding
(6) – Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1882 by Joseph Smit [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Among 33–37 cm. in length and weighing between 56–85 grams.
The Plum-headed Parakeet or Plum headed Parakeet(Psittacula cyanocephala) has the forecrown, lores, cheeks and ear-coverts bright red malva, fading to blue on lower cheeks, the crown and back neck, with the black stripe of the “mustache” forming a collar black narrow, then bordered by a wide swath of pale green.
Mantle, back and scapulars dark green; rump and uppertail-coverts bright blue green. Upperwing-coverts smaller and medium bright green with brown patch in the minors; greater coverts and alula darker and duller.
The primaries and secondaries dark green. Underwing-coverts bluish green, underparts brighter yellowish green. Upper, the tail bright color in the center, with white tips, slightly spatulate, outer feathers brighter yellowish green.
The Upper mandible orange-yellow, and the lower beak blackish, but pale flesh at chin; irises yellowish white; legs greenish-grey.
Head of the female grey-blue, in the beige throat and the sides of the neck, without black markings or maroon on wing-coverts; bill paler, tail somewhat shorter.
The greenish head of the immature sometimes tinged with gray; central feathers tail shorter.
The females reach adult plumage to 15 months; young male reach full adult plumage to 30 months.
Preferred habitat Plum-headed Parakeet They are the mosaic of forests and farmland in the plains and hills, including humid forests deciduous, sal forest (Shorea) and subtropical Pine (Pinus roxburghii), usually below the 500 meters in the north of the range, but locally 1.500 m.
Move small flocks, although larger congregations are formed in places where food is abundant, particularly during ripening crop, and also, loudly, in communal roosts with bamboo thickets or other dense vegetation.
The Plum-headed Parakeet nests in holes in the trunk or hamstring, sometimes in an old nest extended "woodpecker" or "bearded". In Pakistan, Tall Pines (Pinus roxburgii), dead or dying, They are favorite nesting.
The nest chamber no liner except wood shavings produced during construction. Often reproduced in loose colonies. The male defends the nest site from other species (as the Rose-ringed Parakeet) for a few weeks before breeding. The female incubates alone. The breeding season It, mainly, in the months of December / January April; occasionally also in July-August Sri Lanka.
Possibly frugivores than their counterparts, preferring smaller seeds.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident) 2,780,000 km2
The Plum-headed Parakeet They live in low-lying hills Himalaya, from the North-East of Pakistan through Nepal, Bhutan and West Bengal and through substantially the entire India and Sri Irinka, besides the Islas Rameswaram.
Usually frequents though, apparently, reducing its population Sri Lanka due to loss of habitat, making birds now, to a large extent, they are absent in the lowlands. It has also reduced its population in the kathmandu valley, Nepal.
Resident, but locally nomadic outside of breeding season, in response to the food supply; more predictable seasonal movements in some areas.
The Intermediate Parakeet (Psittacula intermedia) (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) is now considered a hybrid between the Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) and Slaty-headed Parakeet (Psittacula himalayana) (Rasmussen and Collar (1999))
The size of the world population Plum-headed Parakeet It has not been quantified, but the species, according to information, it is enough common in nepal and in general, common in india(pit et to the. 1997).
Its population is suspected to be in decline due to ongoing habitat destruction.
"Plum-headed Parakeet" in captivity:
Large captive population. Although this species is not exploited as much as sympatric (in the same geographic region) Alexandrine Parakeet, trade takes its toll on local populations across the range.
They are birds Smart and many can learn to speak, but not as easily as other larger parrots.
Most of the Plum-headed Parakeet enjoy being close to your caregiver, However, They do not like caresses.
They tend to be Shy at the beginning; But, with the time, patience and daily interaction, They do become docile bird quite easily.
These tend to be parrots assets in an aviary environment and can become apathetic in an environment of cage. Their preferred environment should be an aviary, or an environment that allows them to travel and move freely in a safe environment.
In a communal aviary, usually they get along with other birds – However, You can be assertive with larger birds.
Unlike the rest of psittaculas, They are not very vocal and vocalizations, especially male, usually quite melodious.
It's not a difficult kind of create. Unlike many parrots, the-headed Parrot your partner do not bind for life.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived for 18,8 years in captivity. The maximum longevity could be underestimated in this species.. In captivity, estos animales pueden criar, approximately, to the 2 years of age.
Alternative names:
– Plum-headed Parakeet, Blossom-headed Parakeet, Plum headed Parakeet (English).
– Perruche à tête prune, Perruche à tête de prune (French).
– Pflaumenkopfsittich, Plaumenkopfsittich (German).
– Periquito-cabeça-de-ameixa (Portuguese).
– Cotorra cabeciazul, Cotorra Ciruela, Cotorra de Cabeza Azul (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) at Bogazici Zoo, By Nevit Dilmen Turkey (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) at the mini zoo, Kapparis. Standing on a nesting box in a cage By Glen Bowman (originally posted to Flickr as Cyprus-162) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) male in flight Location: Thattekad, Kerala, India By Lip Kee Yap [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – An adult female Plum-headed Parakeet at Flying High Bird Sanctuary, Apple Tree Creek, Queensland, Australia By paulgear (Picasa Web Ablums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – plum-headed parakeet – Psittacula cyanocephala by Dhruvaraj S – Flickr
Origin: Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Character: Shy
Life expectancy: 30 years.
Height: 77 to 85 cm..
Content
Description:
77 to 85 cm.. length and an average weight of 1300 g..
The Great Green Macaw(Ara ambiguus) has the forecrown and the former area of the lores dark red; crown bright green, bluish in the nape. The the mantle and back Green olive: scapulars of the same colour but some with blue tips; rump and uppertail-coverts bright pale blue, lesser and median coverts greenish oliva-marron; greater coverts bluish green. The primaries and secondaries blue, more dark in the margin of the vane inner. Wing feathers color olive; rest of underwing-coverts color oro-oliva.
Black feathers off at the top of the throat bordering the lower jaw; rest of the throat, the chest and the belly brighter yellowish green, feathers on the lower area of the abdomen with red bases hidden; undertail- coverts pale blue. Under, the tail, reddish orange in the Center with blue tips, increasingly blue outer feathers and more completely blue external; undertail, the tail, color oro-oliva.
upper jaw Blackish at the base, color Horn towards the tip and edges, lower jaw negruzca; bare skin of the lores posterior and cheeks of pink color crossed by narrow lines of dark red feathers in sabers and black in the cheeks; irises pale yellow, legs dark grey.
Both sexes similar.
The tail of the immature opaque yellow-tipped, the plumage duller than the adult Green (especially below), the irises brown.
The older adult birds sometimes show patches of Turquoise in the plumage, especially in rear of the neck and the chest.
NOTE:
The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) is so similar to this species, in German are called minor military Macaw (Militaris) and greater (ambiguous).
An Ecuadorean specimen intermediate between the Great Green Macaw (Ara ambiguus) and the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) suggests one hybridization, thus increasing the possibility that the two forms are the same species. Although separate from the ecological point of view.
The Ambiguous macaws and Military could be in contact in the lower part of the Valle del Cauca in Colombia, and in the Northwest of Ecuador and West Colombia. The Great Green Macaw (mainly from moist lowland forests) use deciduous forests, While the Military Macaw (mainly of dry upland forest) are also recorded in humid lowland forests. Both make seasonal movements and in the case of the Military Macaw, they perform movements of long distance between their preferred habitats.
The length of the tail and of the wings of the Mexican military Macaw and species nominal of the Great Green Macaw, They show a considerable overlap. Waiting to collect more details, the Great Green Macaw and the Military Macaw are here treated as separate species.
(Chapman, 1925) – The bill smaller, with a more greenish color under the flight feathers and under the tail.
Habitat:
The Great Green Macaw they are very shy birds and difficult to see, usually found at no lower altitudes of 35 meters in the treetops. They feed in silence and many times could be up to more than five hours in a same tree.
Mainly observed in moist lowland forests, but also in deciduous forests in the Chongon region to the southwest of Ecuador.
In Costa Rica in the primary forest of low and clear land with tall trees, from time to time in the lower montane forests. Crossing open between forest fragments fields and visit remnants of trees of the species Dipteryx on forest pastures.
Remote forests in Panama.
In Ecuador inhabits humid lowlands, deciduous forest and Montane forest low but also visit more open areas for feeding.
They come to the 600 metres in the Cordillera de Guanacaste, Costa Rica; between 1.000 and more rarely 1.500 m, in Darien, Panama.
Less sociable than other large macaws, Although usually seen in pairs, in groups of 3-4, and more rarely in groups of up to twelve birds.
Reproduction:
Form pairs of lifetime and are almost true to their nests, nesting from December to June. Most couples put the first egg at the end of January and by February the nests are already with hatchlings. The female incubates the eggs, While the male brings food to the nest. Both parents are responsible for feeding the pigeons, to do so approximately every two hours. They are birds that take care of their chicks until they can fend for themselves., They even take care of them until that hatch the chicks of the season.
The average clutch consists of 2 – 3 white eggs, they are incubated by the female for a few 26 days. The babies are blind, nude and completely dependent on the care of parents; they weigh around 23 g..
The chicks are fed by both parents and they leave the nest When you have about 12 – 13 weeks of age. At the time they leave the nest, usually weigh between 930-985 g..
A nest in Guayas, Ecuador, in the cavity of a tree of the species Cavanillesia platanifolia. Reported nestings between August-October in Ecuador. Breeding during the dry season (December-April) in Costa Rica.
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 100,000 km2
Its distribution ranges from the East of Honduras to western Colombia and West of Ecuador.
Observed in the lowlands of the Caribbean from the east of Honduras through this of Nicaragua to the lowlands of Costa Rica especially on the slope of the Caribbean, including the Cordillera de Guanacaste.
In Panama especially on the slope of the Caribbean, but also locally in the peaceful. From East Panama to the tropical zone to the West of Colombia, on Western Cordillera of the Andes and South to the upper area of the Atrato River and Serrania del Baudo (possibly up to Buenaventura) and East towards the north end of the Andes in the West of the upper part of the Sinu river valley.
In West Ecuador observed mostly from the Colonche hills, Northwest of Guayaquil; also further north, in Esmeraldas, possibly in the extreme southwest of Colombia, although the forests here are, Perhaps, too wet (See geographic variation).
Numbers fluctuate locally due to seasonal foraging movements. Local appearances in Costa Rica they often coincide with the fruiting of trees of the species Dipteryx.
Local, being the most common of the great macaws in Panama. But, in general, Rare, with the decline in recent large scale of its population due to obvious deforestation in the range.
Extinguished much of Ecuador, where the population (only 100 birds) It is threatened by loss of habitat due to urbanization and agriculture.
The exploitation of trees of the species Dipteryx It poses a serious threat in Costa Rica.
They occur in several protected areas, including the The Darien biosphere reserve, Panama, Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras and Cotacachi-Cayapas ecological reserve, Ecuador, but seasonal pilgrimages suggest that these areas are insufficient on their own to preserve populations.
Less common than Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in captivity and bred rarely. CITES Appendix I. VULNERABLE (included as subspecies of the Military Macaw Necklace et to the. 1994).
(Chapman, 1925) – In critical hazard; they live in the wild in limited sectors of the western part of the Ecuador; its habitat is characteristic in humid tropical and dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current Red List of UICN: Danger
• Population trend: Decreasing
Recent estimates suggest that the population has less than 2.500 mature individuals (or less than 3.700 in total if we include juveniles and immature); the largest subpopulation would be found in Darien, to the East of Panama, with less than 1.700 mature individuals (or less than 2.500 in total). Still you have to be careful, due to that in non-breeding times can form groups of 50 individuals or more, It can be qe will overestimate their populations. It also, Although it is most abundant in Darien, It is found in specific areas, finding numerous areas without copies.
THREATS
LOSS OF HABITAT: In Central America, deforestation among other things to increase banana plantations and cattle ranching, as well as logging for other reasons, they have strongly affected. In fact, annual deforestation rates are very high throughout its range, and deforestation in Panama likely to be superior to the 30% its original range. In other countries like Costa Rica and Ecuador its range has also been reduced in recent 100 years. Urbanization and agriculture that have destroyed their habitat have resulted in great part with the subspecies of the Ecuador.
These may include, the Zona Norte (Costa Rica) has suffered the highest rate of deforestation in the country in the last two decades, both legal and illegal, leaving less than a 30% the forest on foot. But, It is important to mention that several scientific studies highlight the high level of biodiversity of the forests of the North Huetar region, among the most diverse of Central America.
As well, Although there are few protected areas for these birds as the Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve of Nicaragua, where they found an extensive habitat conducive to its development; However, Incursions by Costa Rican loggers to the other side of the San Juan River, so this reservation, one of the most important of Central America It is also not safe from chainsaws.
CAPTURE ILLEGAL: the illegal trade that exists with the Great Green Macaw for use as a pet is a factor that jeopardizes its existence.
They are also captured because their feathers are used to make paintings about them.
HUNTING: It also seems that sometimes fires them as a pest to crops.
CONSERVATION MEASURES
With regard to the threats, of course it is your hunt forbidden for the trade, power or to obtain their feathers, Although often living standards are not met.
Is located in the CITES both in Appendix I and II as.
RESERVATIONS: It is very important for these birds the Darien biosphere reserve, Panama, and the adjacent Los Katíos National Natural Park, Colombia. There are also other important reserves in all the countries covered, although they provide little protection for these birds..
In Costa Rica, Although it was a proposed moratorium on logging the almond trees, This finally was not carried out. On the other hand, a Government-backed conservation strategy is being implemented in Ecuador.
Proof that the investigation in these cases is important, is that in 2007, a rapid assessment study looking for last survivors in the Cordillera-Chongon Colonche, Ecuador, gave positive results.
On the other hand, There is a bi-national campaign in the lowlands of the San Juan River (Nicaragua and Costa Rica), which aims to increase knowledge of biology, threats and conservation, and strengthen the management of natural resources.
The Research and conservation of the Great Green Macaw project dedicated since 1994 to the study of the conservation biology of the Great Green Macaw on Zona Norte (Costa Rica) and it has an important biological database on this species, in fact the only information of this type that exists in Central America, according to the same source. This project was initiated to concerns that its population was restricted and that the forest was also be sacrificing at a very fast pace. The project is supported from 1997 by the Tropical Scientific Center, the same body that administers the The Monteverde Cloud forest biological reserve. The concern was justified when the first phase of the study determined that the area of distribution of the Great Green Macaw in Costa Rica had been reduced by 90% Since the beginning of the 20th century.
In Costa Rica have been reproduced in captivity at some sites, as the ZOOAVE Zoo.
PROPOSED CONSERVATION MEASURES:
• One of them is to make effective the protection in the reserves of Honduras and Nicaragua.
• Trade should be restricted through law enforcement and educational campaigns.
• Finally, it would be very interesting to acquire private reserves in certain areas, to ensure the same protection.
"Great Green Macaw" in captivity:
Less common than Military Macaw (Ara militaris) in captivity and bred rarely.
The Great Green Macaw only recommended for experienced handlers and breeders. There are more silent than other macaws and can be kept with other large macaws outside of the breeding season.
Breeding pairs require long flights of at least 15 m. These parrots are not suitable for the interior of a House.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, one specimen was still alive after 29 years in captivity.
Alternative names:
– Great Green Macaw, Buffon’s Macaw, Grand Military Macaw, Green Macaw (English).
– Ara de Buffon, Grand Ara vert (French).
– Bechsteinara, Bechstein-Ara, Grosser Soldatenara (German).
– Arara-militar-grande (Portuguese).
– Guacamaya Verdelimón, Guacamayo Ambiguo, Guacamayo de Cara Blanca, Guacamayo verde mayor, Guara verde, Lapa Verde (español).
– Guacamaya Verdelimón, Gucamaya verde limón (Colombia).
– Guacamayo verde mayor, Lapa Verde (Costa Rica).
– Guacamayo verde mayor (Ecuador).
– Bagarapabara (Emberá).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Great Green Macaw in the zoo in Hodonín, Czech Republic By Bohuna Mikulicová (Hodonín Zoo) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Ara ambigua from Zoo Schmiding By Alois Staudacher (Own work) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Great Green Macaw (also known as Buffon’s Macaw). A male in a cage By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as Male Buffon’s Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Ara ambiguus at the zoo at Paradise Village Resort, Nuevo Vallarta, Nayarit, Mexico By Riley Huntley (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Ara ambiguus, La Selva, Costa Rica By Don Faulkner (Great Green Macaw) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Onze vogels in huis en tuin By Keulemans, J. G. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Pacific parakeet(Psittacara strenuus) has most of its plumage bright green. The underparts are yellowish. Some birds may have some feathers Orange at neck and throat in variable patterns. blue dye in primary coverts and vane outer of the flight feather. Underwing-coverts off yellowish green. The lower feathers of the wings they are yellowish metal.
The bill color horn. Eye ring bare greyish Brown. Iris orange. The legs greyish pale.
The immature they are similar to the adults but with the irises brown.
Note:
The Pacific parakeet(Psittacara strenuus) for a long time it was considered a subspecies of Psittacara holochlorus
The Pacific parakeet It is in a wide variety of forest types, including wetlands, semi-Bosque, open scrub forests, plantations and farmland with scattered groves.
Sedentary, but it probably makes local movements in response to food availability.
Outside the breeding season can be seen in large flocks noisy, often in groups of up to 200 birds or more, especially where is food abundant.
In El Salvador, occupy the suburbs of La Sultana, Antiguo Cuscatlán, which it provided an opportunity to estimate the population in the roost, to assess seasonal variations and changes over one year (October 2003 – September 2004). the resting places were also observed in this area and found that these places are used by other parrots as Brotogeris jugularis, Psittacara rubritorquis and other species that probably escaped from captivity.
Reproduction:
Nest in tree cavities, on the walls of rocky cliffs or in termite colonies. Other details about their reproductive behavior remain unknown. The size of the implementation tends to be of 4 eggs.
A colony of the Pacific parakeet(Psittacara strenuus) was studied in the Masaya Volcano National Park in Nicaragua from 1993 until 1994.
The parakeets nested in two craters of the Nindirí volcano. They dug their nests in the soft Earth of the wall of the volcano and began to settle on the volcano at the end of the dry season. They nested Once a year, in the rainy season, and they gradually abandoned the volcano toward the end of that season, when their young could fend for themselves. All parakeets left the volcano during the morning and it was a count in the course of the afternoon, When they return from their feeding grounds.
Food:
Little is known about of its diet. They feed on fruits and seeds, they sometimes attack cereal crops.
Distribution of the «Pacific Parakeet»:
Endemic to the Pacific slope of the Isthmus of Central America, of Oaxaca up to the middle of Nicaragua, mountainous areas of Guatemala to 2.100 meters and El Salvador, where it is a common permanent resident inhabiting forested or semi-forested regions at altitudes of 1.350 m.
Distribution in Mexico: Pacific slope from the east of Oaxaca until Chiapas. In areas in Chiapas and Oaxaca they have disappeared from tropical forests
Conservation:
The Pacific parakeet is not threatened globally. It is considered one threatened species in Mexican legislation. Threatened on NAME-059-ECOL-2001. CITES Appendix II. This species should be classified as in Danger of extinction by their reduced distribution, deforestation of its Habitat and illegal trafficking.
However,They show a high adaptability to changes in natural ecosystems caused by the human.
There are no programs for the conservation of the species.
The "Pacific Parakeet" in captivity:
Rare in captivity.
Its marketing is prohibited in Mexico.
The illegal trade in parrots and macaws is held thanks to demand from consumers. If the demand for these wild species is reduced, then the offer would be reduced and therefore the illegal capture.
If you create an international demand of these captive-bred parrots, there will be unscrupulous traffickers who will try to meet the demand with illegally captured specimens, which will only serve to undermine more wild populations.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Colony breeding of the Pacific Parakeet Aratinga strenua Ridgway 1915 in the Masaya Volcano National Park, Nicaragua – researchgate
– pericosmexico
– academia.edu
Origin: Australia, Indonesian, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu
Character: Active
Life expectancy: 25 years
Height: 26 cm..
Content
Description:
26 cm.. of length and weight 100-157 g.
The Coconut Lorikeet(Trichoglossus haematodus) are colourful birds that find us almost all the colours of the Rainbow in their plumage.
Have the front of the crown, face and throat Dark bluish mauve, with violet stripes on the front of the crown, ear-coverts and part low of them cheeks; the rest of the head is dark blue with the bases of feathers brown-black color, especially around the rear of the crown and throat, and with greenish stripes at the rear of the crown.
The upperparts are of color green brilliant with specks of color reddish in the center of the the mantle (bases of feathers), and collar back brighter yellowish green.
The primaries with the tips blackish; a patch bright yellow in the innerwebs of the flight feather, that tends to orange in the secondaries; outerweb of the primaries and under wing-coverts, green. Underwing-coverts orange-red; the flight feather dark gray in tips.
The Breast
, the upper part of the abdomen and flanks bright reddish orange top, barred dark blue, tending to green at the bottom of the chest; abdomen with brands of color green in the Center, sometimes forming a discrete patch or interspersed with reddish orange; abdomen and the thighs with a beaming green and yellow with bases of color yellow; undertail-coverts of color yellow with tips of color green glossy. Upper, the tail of color green with them innerwebs of the lateral feathers yellowish: undertail, the tail greyish green in the outerweb, yellow in the innerwebs.
The bill orange red: the irises orange-red; legs gray or greenish gray.
Both sexes are very similar.
The immature they are more muted than adults, with the bill and the irises dark brown and tail more pointed.
Sound of the Coconut Lorikeet.
Description of subspecies of Trichoglossus haematodus
Trichoglossus haematodus caeruleiceps
(Albertis & Salvadori, 1879) – The blue of the head is more pale, Red is orange-red with the lined in very narrow and dark blue. Abdomen Blackish and band of the neck yellow.
Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii
(Verreaux,J & Des Murs, 1860) – 26 cm.. of length and a weight of 140 gr.
The Coconut Lorikeet (deplanchii)(Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii) is a variation of the nominal (Trichoglossus Haematodus)
Similar to the nominal Haematodus, but plumage slightly paler. The head has a very bright blue. Reddish orange on the chest, similar to the Trichoglossus haematodus massena, only that more alive. The abdomen is of color green beige and is extends to the part back from the neck. The the thighs and the feathers under the tail yellow and the upper part of the tail olive green.
Trichoglossus haematodus flavicans
(Cabanis & Reichenow, 1876) – Something bigger, 27 cm approximately in length. Its plumage varies from green to olive green and yellow opaque. Breast
and neck reddish colour with fine dark edges. Forehead and contour of eyes violet blue.
(Rothschild & Hartert, 1901) – 26 cm approximately in length. The blue of the head extends slightly less. The neck is yellow and the abdomen dark green.
The Coconut Lorikeet (massena) (Trichoglossus haematodus massena) is a variation of the nominal (Trichoglossus Haematodus).
The plumage is similar to the of the Ornate Lory except that it is usually paler. The head is blue, ending at the nape with dark brown feathers interspersed with more Brown clear. The chest is of color reddish with a narrow edging blue dark. In some cases, You can see some areas yellow in the plumage of the chest. The abdomen is green; but there may be some kind of mark on the bottom of the abdomen blue-violet.
The eyes are of color orange in the adult and Brown in the youth. The bill is red orange.
Trichoglossus haematodus micropteryx
(Stresemann, 1922) – Somewhat smaller, 25 cm approximately in length. The plumage is something more pale, the chest reddish orange with narrow edging of dark blue. Abdomen dark green. Band of the neck greenish yellow.
Trichoglossus haematodus nesophilus
(Neumann, 1929) – 26 cm approximately. Very similar to the Trichoglossus Haematodus Flavicans but with feathers underneath of the tail are green.
Trichoglossus haematodus nigrogularis
(Gray,GR, 1858) – Something bigger, 28 cm., approximately, length. Is similar to the Trichoglossus Haematodus Caeruliceps, but the blue of the head It is more dark and often have more red feathers on the neck.
Habitat:
The Coconut Lorikeet they are parrots of the Plains and Highlands. They are distributed by a wide variety of habitats such as mangrove forests, Moors and heathland near the coast, wooded meadows, tree galleries, reforestation during regeneration and rainforests.
In all cases, they need places with abundant flowers.
The Coconut Lorikeet they have also colonized habitats formed by man: coconut plantations, orchards and gardens on the outskirts of cities. They mark a greater preference for edges and clearings inside the dense jungles. Gladly tolerate the areas with degraded vegetation and plantations of small size in the small atolls.
They are birds sedentary, that does not prevent to do short trips looking for trees in flower. Because of these movements, populations appear to vary locally. Very gregarious, they live in pairs or in bands that can vary from a few birds to several hundred, Depending on the availability of food resources.
These birds are very active and noisy, flying a bit randomly above the tops of the trees or climbing up the branches in search of flowers or fruits.
during their search for food, the Coconut Lorikeet they usually share the space with other species of frugivores.
When they are hidden among the leaves, their cries of call reveal their presence.
They adopt a flight very quick and direct.
Son monogamous. During courtship, the couple is side-by-side, swaying, the neck forward and the pupil dilated. They wave irregularly wings to reveal the clear band that crosses its sub-wing.
Reproduction:
The breeding season performed at different times depending on the distribution area.
The species nominal eat your laying between September and December. Both members of the couple set up their nests in a tree cavity, usually a eucalyptus. Several nests, two or three may be in the same tree, but the entrance of the nest will fiercely defend against any intrusion.
In the the Admiralty Islands, the Coconut Lorikeet Sometimes they nest in the ground. The female normally lays 2 eggs on a bed of wood rotting chips. She incubated alone for a few 25 days.
The young chicks are altricial and need to 8 weeks to fend for if same. As soon as they are autonomous, they bind to the bedrooms and common bands.
Food:
The Coconut Lorikeet they have a bill acute equipped with a language composed of some structures similar to hairs tiny called papilla it help excavate the pollen and the nectar from the flowers.
Also eat fruits, berries, seeds, outbreaks and insect larvae.
In Australia, they forage primarily in eucalyptus trees and trees of the genus Banksia, in particular, coastal Banksia(Banksia integrifolia) and river banksia (seminuda), trees that often exceed the 15 metres in height.
They are also found in farmland, since they are particularly cultivated fruits and seeds Milky enthusiasts.
Easily entering gardens to steal fruit and not disdain approaching feeders
Distribution:
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 5,310,000km 2
Endemics Oceania, at the edge of the Asian continent.
Can be found in Australia, in the East of Indonesian, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
In Australia, mostly found on the coast, to the North of Queensland in the South of Australia and Tasmania.
Distribution of subspecies Trichoglossus haematodus
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern
• Population trend: Decreasing
The species has undergone intense trade: from 1981 When it began trading in CITES Appendix II and through the year 2005, 100.388 individuals were captured in the wild and reported in the international trade.
In some places of Australia, It is hunted for food and feathers are later used in ritual ceremonies
– Coconut Lorikeet, Rainbow Lorikeet (Coconut) (English).
– Loriquet à tête bleue (French).
– Allfarblori (German).
– Lóris-arco-íris (Portuguese).
– Lori Arcoiris, Lori de cocotero, Tricogloso de Pecho Rojo (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Oiseaux.NET
– Photos:
(1) – Rainbow Lorikeet perching on a wooden post at Tanganyika Wildlife Park, Kansas, USA. by Snowmanradio – Wikipedia
(2) – A Green-naped Lorikeet, T. h. haematodus, a sub-species of Rainbow Lorikeet, Trichoglossus haematodus at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. by Benjamint444 – Wikipedia
(3) – A Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in Melbourne, Australia. by Alfred Sin – Wikimedia
(4) – Lorikeets feeding on the flowering tree, Corymbia ‘Summer Beauty’ (cultivar). Photographed in suburban Brisbane, Australia. by Tatiana Gerus – Wikimedia
(5) – Two birds preening each other. Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia by Arnie Hollyman – ibc.lynxeds.com
The Saffron-headed Parrot(Pyrilia pyrilia) is characterized by the lores naked; head, rear and both sides of the neck, bright yellow. Upperparts green. The spots of the upperwing-coverts are bright yellow with some red feathers at the base; Red at the front edge of the wing
with the external medium upperwing-coverts blue, or green with blue tips. The primary coverts are black, with the coverts remaining of the party top, green, sometimes with blue tips.
Primary and secondary bluish black with narrow green margin to the outerweb; tertiary green. Under the wings and axillary bright red, flight feather of color bluish pale. Breast
Yellow olive; belly Green but paler and more yellowish than the top; undertail-coverts green. above the tail with yellow in the innerwebs and blue tips; yellowish below. Bill color pale horn; cere blackish; dark grey skin nude of the lores extends around the eye ring; eye ring whitish; irises dark brown; legs grey.
Both sexes similar. The immature has the crown and shoulders Green with yellow yellowish brown in the face and throat.
Little known throughout its distribution. It inhabits in humid jungles, very wet, high secondary forest and cleared areas, between the 300 to 1700 m. In Venezuela can be seen in tropical and subtropical areas at altitudes of 150-1650 m (perhaps only seasonally to higher altitudes) and 1.000 metres in Colombia. Usually gregarious, seen in groups of up to 10 individuals.
Reproduction:
With reproduce during the first half of the year.
Birds in breeding conditions observed in the months of March-June in Antioquia (Colombia). Immature seen during the month of July in Sierra de Perija (Venezuela and Colombia).
Food:
Just have your feed data, Although it more likely is that your diet is composed of of fruit, berries and seeds.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 577.000 km2
The Saffron-headed Parrot is distributed in the this of the Province of Darien, Panama, to the North of Colombia and Northwest of Venezuela.
There are two records in the Northwest of Ecuador, a wandering pair alleged in the Book ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas and a flock of about 20 birds in the Pedro Vicente Maldonado Canton, in the Northwest of Pichincha (Ridgely and Greenfield 2001), Although their status is uncertain (JF Freile in litt., 2000, Ridgely and Greenfield 2001).
Today it is rare to see to the Saffron-headed Parrot in accessible areas, Although it is still common Serrania de las Quinchas (Boyacá) and in the Hill of the peace (Santander) (Donegan et to the., 2003), Colombia and is soon likely to have decreased significantly in the Chocó, Colombia, or Darien (GR Angehr in litt., 1999, G. Stiles in litt., 1999).
There are few recent records, but they may still be numerous at the northern base of the Andes, Córdoba, North of Antioquia and Bolívar, and in the Valley of the Magdalena, to the East of Caldas and to the southeast of Antioquia, Colombia (Hilty and Brown 1986, A. Cuervo in litt., 1999).
Seems to have decreased in Venezuela, where recent records are from the area of Merida, the South-East slopes of the Cordillera de Mérida, Barinas (Kirwan and Sharpe 1999, C. Sharpe, J. and F. Rodriguez Rojas-Suarez in litt., 1999) and Sierra de Perija (CJ Sharpe in litt. 2011).
The population total may have fallen below 10.000 individuals (Juniper and Parr 1998, G. Stiles in litt., 1999). In fact, is estimated that the Western population (West of Sinu) is of 2.000 to 4.000 individuals (most habitat intact), the population Center (Serranía de San Lucas) is probably less than 1.000 individuals, the slopes West of the Eastern Cordillera It is estimated at approximately 1.000 individuals and the eastern slope of the Eastern Cordillera and Merida perhaps less than 1.000 individuals (C. Sharpe, J. and F. Rodriguez Rojas-Suarez in litt., 1999).
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Near-threatened.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species has a population moderately small suspected is declining, and therefore qualifies as near-threatened. It is considered nationally vulnerable in Colombia (Renjifo et to the., 2002) and Venezuela (Sharpe 2008).
Justification of the population
The population is estimated at at least 7.000 copies in total, more or less equivalent to 4.700 mature individuals (PGW Salaman in litt., 2006).
Justification of trend
A slow to moderate and continuous decrease in population is suspected on the basis of the rates of habitat loss: its preferred habitat is severely threatened (T. Donegan in litt 2006.).
"Saffron-headed Parrot" in captivity:
Very difficult acclimating to captivity, susceptible to diseases in captive State.
(1) – Saffron-headed Parrot (Pyrilia pyrilia) by Ron Knight – Flickr
(2) – Iconographie des perroquets: Paris :P. Bertrand,1857. by Biodiversity Heritage Library – Flickr
Sounds:
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The Blue-bellied Parrot(Triclaria malachitacea) has the head, neck and all the "upper parts" and wing-coverts, grass-green.
Flight feathers grass-green with narrow blue tips to primaries, except the outermost, with a narrow pale blue margin to outerweb. Under, the wings with coverts green, and flight feather, bluish green. The underparts mainly green with large purplish-blue patch on centre of chest and the belly. Upper, the tail It is green with blue tips to central feathers; undertail, bluish green. Bill pink white: cere Pink; brown the irises; legs grey.
The female lacks the patch in the belly blue violet. The immature is as the adult but the respective young male has less blue purple in the underparts.
Sound of the Blue-bellied Parrot.
Its singing It is similar to a Thrush (Molothrus).
Habitat:
The Blue-bellied Parrot They live in the humid forests of the low mountains., generally preferring the canopy and the upper floors of tall forest, rich in bromeliads, along watercourses in the valleys. Visit cultivated areas with orchards and plantations and sometimes wooded suburban areas (for example in São Paulo).
Mainly observed at altitudes of 300-700 m, perhaps 1,000 meters in some places, but also they inhabit lowlands at sea level. The sporadic nature of reports, with apparent absence of apparently suitable areas, suggests some critical aspects of its little-understood ecology.
Reproduction:
Observed nests in cavities of large trees or stumps of palm. Strongly territorial, at least during breeding, with separation until nests 2 km. The breeding season It covers the months of September to January, maybe a little earlier or later.
Food:
Its diet it's formed, mainly, by fruit, seeds, outbreaks and nectar, some insects and their larvae (looking birds seen flying insects); specific foods include Pachystroma, Actinostemon, Sebastian, Eugenia, Campomanesia and Euterpe edulis, also occasionally Cortex, and citrus plantations.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 361.000 km2
The species is quite common in large forest fragments in the Itajai Valley (G. Kohler in some ., 2011). Due to changes in habitat in the lowlands Santa Catarina, the most recent records in that state come from montane forests (G. Kohler in some ., 2011). Two records in Missions, Argentina, require confirmation. The population was estimated previously less than 5.000 individuals (Lambert et to the ., 1993), But Bencke (1996) suggested that there may be 10.000 in Rio Grande do Sul and significant numbers on the eastern slope of the Serra do Mar; But, the apparent rarity of the species suggests that these figures may be an overestimation (J. Gilardi in litt., 2010). In general, it is suspected that the population is declining, although in the State Park Tres Picos, Rio de Janeiro, It seems to have been stable since 2003 (A. Foster in a bit).
Population little known due to camouflage habits. Perhaps more numerous in the many facing slopes east of the Serra do Mar in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; habitat loss on a large scale has certainly caused a serious decline in its population, as well as the fragmentation of its distribution area. Although humid upland forests remain in substantial quantities in Serra do Mar, replacement of forests in valleys and on lower slopes with banana plantations could lead to further declines.
Captured for local LBMs and traded in small numbers internationally. There are records of several protected areas, but most of them may be insufficient to support populations of this species due to their low density.
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Near-threatened.
• Population trend: decreasing.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as near threatened because they suspect is in a moderately rapid decline due to loss of habitat and, perhaps to a lesser extent, to the capture for trade bird cage.
Justification of the population
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but this species is generally described as "rare» (Stotz et to the ., 1996), although it is locally common in some places.
Justification of trend
Se sospecha una decrease moderate and continuous of the population depending on rates of habitat loss and perhaps, to a lesser extent, capture for the bird trade. The decline is not thought to be faster because the species occurs in montane areas where deforestation is typically less severe., It seems to tolerate mature secondary forests and anecdotal observations suggest that is locally stable, for example in the State Park Tres Picos, Rio de Janeiro. (A. Foster in a bit ., 2013).
The ecology and conservation of the Blue-bellied Parrot in remaining forest fragments in Rio Grande do Sul
This project aims to collect basic information on population, the distribution and ecology of the Blue-bellied Parrot in the center of Rio Grande do Sul, where a large population of the species is rapidly declining due to habitat fragmentation. The use of the radiotelemetry technique will make it possible to determine the area of use of the species and to evaluate their dispersal capacities.. Biology studies of this species is the objective to determine the elements that make up its diet and collect information on behavior and reproduction.. Through this information, It is intended to outline a regional plan for conservation Blue-bellied Parrot and their habitat, together with local actors. (AU)
Conservation status:
UICN: Vulnerable (with + 2c, d, Cl, Q2a). Previously in danger of extinction (Q2a: see Collar et al., 1994). CITES: Appendix II.
State of national protection: Protected by federal law and included in the list IBAMA of Brazilian species threatened with extinction (Bernardes et al 1990).
"Blue-bellied Parrot" in captivity:
unknown in captivity.
Alternative names:
– Blue-bellied Parrot, Blue bellied Parrot, Purple-bellied Parrot (English).
– Crick à ventre bleu, Caïque à ventre bleu (French).
– Blaubauchpapagei, Blaubauch, Blaubauch-Papagei (German).
– Papagaio-de-peito-roxo, araçoiaba, araçuaiava, cica, sabiá-ci, sabiá-cica (Portuguese).
– Loro de vientre azul, Loro Sabiá-cicá, Loro Ventriazul (español).
– araçoiaba, araçuaiava, cica, sabiá-ci, Sabiá-cica (Brazil).
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