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Red-spectacled Parrot
Amazona pretrei

Origin: Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
Character: Take it easy.
Life expectancy: 40 years or more.
Height: 32 cm..

Red-spectacled Parrot

Unknown until years 80, when a few came to Europe

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

32 cm.. length and 295 g. of weight.

The Red-spectacled Parrot (Amazona pretrei) has the forecrown, lores, fore crown and upper cheeks up to the ear-coverts, bright red; back of the crown, nape, the mantle, back and rump, green with a narrow terminal band black in most feathers; scapulars green; uppertail-coverts pale green. Leading edge of wing, carpal area, alula and primary coverts, bright red; other coverts, narrow green with black tips.

Flight feathers, violet blue green tips. Under wings green. The underparts they are mostly green, slightly tinged with yellowish, with black tips on most feathers giving a scalloped effect; the thighs red; undertail-coverts pale yellowish green. Tail green with broad pale yellowish-green tip and patches of red on base of innerwebs of the three feathers outermost. The bill pale yellow with pale orange based on upper jaw; bare periophthalmic white; iris orange; legs gris pardusco.

Red-spectacled Parrot

The female probably it shows much less red in the wing with the carpal edge and primary coverts, mostly or completely green. Immature apparently similar to female adult.

Note Taxonomy:

It´s monotype. It is sometimes considered conspecific with Amazona tucumana, but they are best treated as forming a superspecies.

Sound of the Red-spectacled Parrot

Habitat:

"Red-spectacled Parrot"
Red-spectacled Parrot, Amazona pretrei
Watch this video on YouTube.

This rider is strongly associated with forests Araucaria angustifolia for use as roosts non-breeding season. It prefers open savanna forests and low riparian forests for reproduction, with trees and conifers of the genus Podocarpus, Scutia and Celtis and where they are absent Araucaria angustifolia. Most records place her at altitudes between 300-1.000 m, but they are distributed and breed at lower elevations in southern Rio Grande do Sul.

They disperse in pairs during breeding but are highly gregarious outside of breeding season. They form large concentrations community, often in plantations pinus exotic and Eucalyptus. The largest winter meetings coincide with the ripening seeds araucaria. flocks of 30 to 50 birds, composed of young adults and newborns, They may meet before the dispersion, from breeding areas to winter quarters.

Reproduction:

The Red-spectacled Parrot nest in tree hollows, for example, Casearia, Ouillaja brasiliensis and Ficus. With reproduce at the end of September to January, with young people and fledglings, usually, in early December in the south. Clutch 2-4 eggs.

Food:

Foods reported include seeds of Araucaria angustifolia (especially important in May-August) and Podocarpus lambertii (important in some areas in January-February), fruits of Eugenia, Campomanesia and Melia. The diet is altered with the town and the station. They take a variety of fruit in the spring and summer (October to February), among others: Cupania, Eugenia, Phytolacca, Allophylus, Nectandra, Ocotea, Campomanesia, Cytharexylum, Myrcianthes, Blepharocalyx, Ficus and Symplocos.

The diurnal movements cover up 100 km, perhaps in relation with the availability of food.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 95.400 km2

This species is endemic to South Brazil and distributed only in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (Martínez, 1996). Some individuals have been recorded in the forests Missions, in the northeast of Argentina (Chebez 1994) and they have recently also been reported from Paraguay (sec Lowcn et al., 1997).

It is a kind Nomad; They tend to focus on the remaining forests Araucaria Southeast Santa Catarina between March and June to feed on seeds production Araucaria augustifolia. During August and January, the Red-spectacled Parrot They are dispersed in small flocks ranging from tens to hundreds of individuals in a wide distribution throughout the state Rio Grande do Sul, particularly in habitats Cima da Serra fields, Plateau East, Alto Uruguay, Depression Central and Southeast Saws.

Reductions in seed supply Araucaria They may have been the cause of change in the feeding of Ecological Station Aracuri-Esmeralda in 1991 (Municipality of many capons) to areas around Southeast Santa Catarina. Here the remaining forest patches of Araucaria They can provide enough seed to feed the populations Red-spectacled Parrot. The intensive cattle grazing and agriculture have almost eradicated habitat Araucaria. These habitat impacts have reduced natural regeneration and may also have reduced the number of nesting sites in old trees..

a census in 1994 It estimated the total population of the Red-spectacled Parrot in 10.000 individuals, Repeated surveys have shown the sizes of the nearby population 12.600 individuals in 1996. and about 16.300 individuals in 1997 (J. Martinez in litigation 1997, N. Prestes in the proceedings 1997).

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Vulnerable Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

Rationale for the Red List category

The combination of a comparison of population estimates 1971 and 1997 and deforestation rates over the same period suggest that the species has declined rapidly, qualifying the species as Vulnerable. Current threats loss of habitat and capture suggest that this decline is likely to continue.

Justification of trend

Se sospecha una continued rapid population decline due to destruction, degradation and fragmentation of habitat and illegal trade.

Conservation Actions Underway

• Appendix I and II of CITES.

• This species is considered Vulnerable nationwide (Silveira y Straube 2008, MMA 2014) and protected Brazilian law.

• There are breeding populations in five reserves and two southern winter feeding sites are protected. (Wege and Long 1995).

• Nevertheless, less than 1% Annual range, and less than 4% of each seasonal range is within protected areas (Marini et al., 2010).

• Provided artificial nests but not occupied (Snyder et to the ., 2000).

• Since 1991 It is conducting a campaign public awareness (Prestes et al . , 1997, Snyder et to the . 2000).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Carry out surveys to obtain an estimate of the population size updated.

• Carry out periodic surveys to assess the population trends.

• Study the current levels of off-take for the trade.

• Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation.

• Protect breeding areas in Caçapava do Sul and Santana da Boa Vista.

• Improve the management of protected areas.

• Apply the law to collectors and, especially, dealerships, Looking for vehicles between December and February (Prestes et al ., 1997).

• Continue the campaign of sensitization.

The Red-spectacled Parrot in captivity:

Unknown until years 80, when a few reached Europe; not well known elsewhere.

relatively silent compared to other Amazonian species. Inquisitivas although generally quiet. have a nice nature, but they can occasionally be quite noisy, especially first thing in the morning and evening. They become confident relatively quickly. outside the breeding season, They can be set in a colony system. chewing hard and excellent flying and stair climbers, so they need ample opportunities for exercise.

Its captive breeding rarely it has succeeded.

It is believed that the main threat to this bird is the illegal domestic trade, particularly in the municipalities of Lagoa Vermelha, Barracao, Esmeralda and many capons. About 500 chicks are taken annually from nests to be sold in large urban centers Caxias do Sul, Florianópolis, Curitiba and São Paulo (Prestcs et al., 1997).

It is a species that should only be kept in captivity for the purpose of achieving its reproduction and subsequent insertion into the wild..

Alternative names:

1 – Red-spectacled Parrot, Pretre’s Amazon, Pretre’s Parrot, Red spectacled Parrot, Red-spectacled Amazon (English).
2 – Amazone de Prêtre (French).
3 – Prachtamazone (German).
4 – papagaio-da-serra, charã, Charao, charão, chorão, maragato, Papagaio-charão, papagaio-chorão, serrano (Portuguese).
5 – Amazona Charao, Amazona de Cabeza Roja, Charao, CharaoChorao (español).


scientific classification:

Temminck Coenraad Jacob
Temminck Coenraad Jacob

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona pretrei
– Citation: (Temminck, 1830)
– Protonimo: Psittacus pretrei


Images Red-spectacled Parrot:

Amazona-Charao-(9)
Amazona-Charao-(8)
Amazona-Charao-(7)
Amazona-Charao-(6)
Amazona-Charao-(5)
Amazona-Charao-(4)
Amazona-Charao-(3)
Amazona-Charao-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Red-spectacled Amazon that is kept as a pet in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By Marie (originally posted to Flickr as Perroquet familial) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A pet Red-spectacled Amazon in a parrot cage. It is 32 cm land and 295 gm in wt By Amazona_pretrei_-bird_cage-8c.jpg: Andrea O Guimarães derivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-spectacled Amazon that is kept as a pet in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Some of its wing feathers are clipped By Amazona_pretrei_-Rio_Grande_do_Sul_-Brazil-8e.jpg: Mariederivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-spectacled Amazon that is kept as a pet in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By Marie [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Amazona pretrei, a native of the southernmost Brasil. Specimen in Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A pet Red-spectacled Amazon in captivity. It has a ring on its right leg By Andrea O Guimarães (originally posted to Flickr as I’m watching you) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Red-spectacled Amazon that is kept as a pet in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By Marie (originally posted to Flickr as Temporaire) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Red-spectacled Amazon that is kept as a pet in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By Marie (originally posted to Flickr as Calins… :)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A pet Red-spectacled Amazon in a parrot cage. It is 32 cm land and 295 gm in wt By Andrea O Guimarães [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Amazona pretrei = Psittacus pretei = Priest Parrot By Jean-Gabriel Prêtre (1768–1849) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: Vitor Q. Piacentini, XC27028. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/27028.

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White-fronted Parrot
Amazona albifrons

Origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belice, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua
Character: active
Life expectancy: 60 years.
Height: 22 to 26 cm..

White-fronted Parrot

Content

Description:

22 to 26 cm.. length.

The White-fronted Parrot (Amazona albifrons) has the forecrown white; lores, upper cheeks and ring of feathers around eyes, red; the crown pale blue mingles with the green nape; the feathers with dark margins; sides neck green with narrow black margins. Mantle, back and scapulars, grass-green, sometimes with olive tint; the mantle with indistinct black tips; rump green, perhaps more emerald colors than the rest of the upperparts.

big blankets and alula, red, other coverts green. The outerweb of the primaries, green, They turn blue at the tips; outerweb of the secondaries, blue; innerwebs of the flight feather, blackish. Under, the wings bluish green. Underparts green with weak blackish edges to feathers on throat and the chest. Upper, the tail It is yellow in the center, outer feathers red at the base, blue in the outerweb. Bill light colored horn, darker at the tip; bare periophthalmic pale grey; irises pale yellow; legs pale grey.


Anatomy-parrots

It presents an undistinguished sexual dimorphism. The female It differs from the male in the red face It is limited to the region eye ring and it lacks the red hue in wing coverts. The immature male It looks like female but with red on the primary coverts.

  • Sound of the White-fronted Parrot.

Description 3 subspecies:

White-fronted Parrot

  • Amazona albifrons albifrons

    (Sparrman, 1788) – Nominal.


  • Amazona albifrons nana

    (Miller,W, 1905) – smaller the species nominal. Little differentiated from nominal but the green plumage It is perhaps paler, yellower. Some individuals Coast peaceful show some red on the throat.


  • Amazona albifrons saltuensis

    (Nelson, 1899) – Similar to the nominal but the plumage It is heavily steeped in blue. The blue of the crown It extends to the nape.

Habitat:

This adaptable Amazona uses all kinds of wooded habitats and open field with trees, including seasonally moist semi-evergreen semi-evergreen forest (especially at the edge), pine forests, gallery forest, agricultural land with open woods, savannah and tropical arid scrub with cactus, tending to more frequent open areas in the caribbean side.

Usually they prefer drier forests, but where it is simpátrica with Yellow-lored Parrot (Amazona xantholora), tends to prefer more humid and closed vegetation.

In Yucatan the White-fronted Parrot inhabit coastal coconut plantations while breeding. In altitudes of 900 m (Oaxaca), 1.800 m (Honduras) and 1.500 m (Sonora meridional: register only known outside the tropics).

In pairs during the breeding season but usually gregarious, distributed primarily in small groups, with occasional concentrations of hundreds of birds and some communal roosts (for example, mangroves) with several thousand birds.

Reproduction:

Video – "White-fronted Parrot"

Chauá(Amazona Rhodocorytha) - Red-browed Parrot
Watch this video on YouTube.

The White-fronted Parrot nest in trees, cavities of the palm tree termitarium, sometimes in the cavity dug by some woodpecker. species trees Bursera simaruba and Caesalpinia gaumeri are among the favorites to nest in Yucatan. Breeding January July, depending on the location.

A clutch contains 3-5 eggs. Only the female incubates. The incubation lasts around 24 days.

Food:

Registered foods include guilt of Acacia gaumeri (Yucatan), fruits of Lemaireocereus thurberi and Pachycereus and cocoons of Jatropha cordata (Sonora), Ehretia tinijolia and Metopium browneii (Campeche); They also feed on cultivated fruits like mango and grain, including corn. Birds often get excited and shout while feeding.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 2.330.000 km2

The White-fronted Parrot They extend Mexico, from the South of Sonora (north to about 28 ° N) along the Sinaloa and West Durango south through the Pacific region to Oaxaca and north through Tehuantepec isthmus the Atlantic coast in southern Veracruz and to the East by Tabasco the entire Yucatan Peninsula, including northern Guatemala and Belice.

They are present in southern Chiapas and in the lowlands of the Guatemalan Pacific and, reportedly, in West El Salvador, extending through the lowlands of peaceful, arid and Caribbean lowlands Honduras to the Pacific Northwest Costa Rica and Nicaragua (where distribution is not detailed).

Mainly seasonal residents but visitors in some parts of the range (for example, Yucatan, El Salvador western and eastern mountains Guatemala).

Introduced in urban areas Cozumel Island, in the State of Quintana Roo (Mexico). Their presence only in urban areas of the island, the ability of the species to live successfully in urban areas, the abundance of fruit trees and use as a pet by the islanders allows us to suggest that registered individuals are the result of leakage or were released by their owners.

Usually common and together with the Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis), It is the largest parrot in the Pacific slope of Central America; although obviously scarce in some areas. The deforestation It is possibly promoting increases in population Caribbean slope of Central America. Captured for the pet trade and hunted as food, for example in Yucatan, where recently there has been a population decline due to the persecution of parrots that feed on fruit after loss of wild foods cultivated by Hurricane Gilbert. Its capture It is authorized only during the months of October to February in the states of Warrior, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Sinaloa and Tabasco and from September to January in Veracruz.

Distribution 3 subspecies:

  • Amazona albifrons albifrons

    (Sparrman, 1788) – Nominal. Pacific Coast of Mexico from Nayarit to Oaxaca and South of Chiapas in the lowlands Guatemalan Pacific. Birds in the northern Guatemalan lowlands and the arid interior, they can refer to the subspecies Amazona albifrons nana.


  • Amazona albifrons nana

    (Miller,W, 1905) – Veracruz until Costa Rica, including all yucatan peninsula.


  • Amazona albifrons saltuensis

    (Nelson, 1899) – Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango, in Mexico.

Conservation Amazona:

State of conservation ⓘ

minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Increasing.

Rationale for the Red List category

• This species has a very large range and therefore it is not close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of size range (Extent of occurrence below 20,000 km2 combined with a size decreasing or fluctuating range, extension / habitat quality or population size and a small number of sites or severe fragmentation).

• The trend of population appears to be increasing and, therefore, the species does not approach the thresholds Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (Wholesale 30% decrease in ten years or three generations).

• The population size is very large and, therefore, not approaching the thresholds for vulnerable under the criterion of population size (less than 10.000 mature individuals with continuing decline estimated a higher percentage of 10% in ten years or three generations or with a specific population structure).

• For these reasons the species is evaluated as the least concern.

Justification of the population

• Partners in Flight estimated that the total population of 500.000-4.999.999 individuals (A. Panjabi in a bit., 2008).

Justification of trend

• The population is suspected to be increasing as habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat.

The White-fronted Parrot in captivity:

Due to the decline of these birds in the wild, especially in the Mexican populations, the White-fronted Parrot is now, unlike other times, offered for sale only rarely. It also, among birds received by importers, the males generally far outweigh the females so it's hard to find a partner.

According to many observations, the White-fronted Parrot captured still quite shy and unsociable, especially if they were mature when they were trapped. The birds immature, which can be stained by the yellowing of his crown, relatively well sympathize with their caregivers and are easily adapted to a life in a cage or aviary. It is said to have some talent to imitate.

According to sources, the first hatchlings in captivity They were born in 1949 in the United States by I.D. Putman; the second in 1977 on German Federal Republic by H. Müller (Walsrode) and a third set in Switzerland in 1979; Since then several European poultry farmers have reported breeding successes.. The latest report came in 1985 from the bird park Metelen Heide in Muen-sterland (Western Germany). there a clutch five eggs produced four hatchlings in mid-June 1984 after an incubation period of 28 days. The young left the nest after about 70 days, but they were still actively cared for and fed, mainly by the parent, for a few weeks more.

Its price in the European market round 1000 EUR. generally silent the Amazons largest. It can be noisy just before and during the breeding season.

These birds can become aggressive in breeding season and can attack the caregiver. The nest boxes are better positioned to nest inspection can be performed from outside the aviary. The inspection of the nest is best when adult birds are out of the nest, however captive breeding has rarely been achieved between individuals.

Susceptible to intestinal infections during the acclimatization period.

Their life expectancy can overcome the 50 years.

Alternative names:

– White-fronted Parrot, Spectacled Amazon, Spectacled Parrot, White fronted Parrot, White-browed Amazon, White-browed Parrot, White-fronted Amazon (English).
– Amazone à front blanc, Amazone à lunettes (French).
– Weißstirnamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-testa-branca (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Frente Blanca, Amazona Frentialba, Cotorra Frentiblanca, Lora frentiblanca, Loro Frente Blanca, loro frente-blanca, Loro Frentiblanco, Cotorra Guayabera (español).
– Cabeza de Manta, Loro Manglero, Cocha, Cocho, Cucha (Mexico).


Scientific classification Amazona albifrons:

Anders Sparrman

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona albifrons
– Citation: (Sparrman, 1788)
– Protonimo: Psittacus albifrons


Images White-fronted Parrot:

Amazona-Frentialba-(9)
Amazona-Frentialba-(8)
Amazona-Frentialba-(7)
Amazona-Frentialba-(6)
Amazona-Frentialba-(5)
Amazona-Frentialba-(4)
Amazona-Frentialba-(3)
Amazona-Frentialba-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife
  • The New Parrot Handbook by Werner Lantermann,Matthew M. Vriends

Photos:

(1) – White-fronted Amazon By David Oliva (originally posted to Flickr as Cotorro 007) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – White-fronted Amazons in Schönbrunn Zoo By spacebirdy(also known as geimfyglið (:> )=| made with Sternenlaus-spirit) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or FAL], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – white-fronted amazon (Amazona albifrons) By Christoph Anton Mitterer (Flickr: P8155550) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – White-fronted Amazon Amazona albifrons pair perching in a tree at Guanacaste, Costa Rica By Steve Jurvetson (originally posted to Flickr as love birds) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – White-fronted Amazon, (Amazona albifrons). A pet parrot on a perch. Red feathers on this parrots shoulders indicate that it is a male By ➨ Redvers (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – White-fronted Amazons in Schönbrunn Zoo By spacebirdy(also known as geimfyglið (:> )=| made with Sternenlaus-spirit) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or FAL], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A captive White-fronted Amazon in Copán Ruinas, Copán, Honduras By Troy from Charlottesville, USA (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A White-fronted Amazon – upper body by sumba [CC BY 2.0 of], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A pet juvenile White-fronted Amazon in Poole, Dorset, England By Kyle Payne from England (Odd Looking Seagull) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – White-fronted Amazon, Amazona albifrons, Remove alone B. Planet Earth – Flickr

Sounds: Richard E. Webster, XC353211. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/353211

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Yellow-billed Parrot
Amazona collaria

Origin: Jamaica
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 40-50 years.
Height: 28 cm..

Yellow-billed Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

28 cm.. length and 260 g. of weight.

The Yellow-billed Parrot (Amazona collaria) It has a distinctive narrow band on forecrown white; lores and upper cheeks, with pale blue feathers; crown blue with black tips, merging on hindcrown; the sides of neck and nape into green feathers with black tips; feathers on the sides of neck sometimes basally pink; ear-coverts greyish-blue with black tips.

Mantle and back, green apple with black tips (the latter become less pronounced further down); lower back, the rump and uppertail-coverts, brighter yellowish green. big blankets, blue; the rest, green apple. Alula and outerweb of the flight feather, blue; innerwebs, dark gray. Under, the wings green, flight feather, bluish green.

Yellow-billed Parrot

Throat and lower cheeks, Rosaceae, sometimes with green tips; top of the chest to belly, yellowish green apple; undertail-coverts brighter yellowish green. Upper, the tail It is green with yellow and red points on the basis; undertail, paler and olive. Bill yellowish; irises brown; legs Rosaceae.

In the breeding season, the throat pink male it becomes brighter and plumage acquires green metallic tones. Both sexes are similar. Perhaps males average slightly larger. Immature similar to adult.

  • Sound of the Yellow-billed Parrot.

Habitat:

Video "Yellow-billed Parrot"

The Yellow-billed Parrot inhabit, mainly, in the middle level of humid limestone forests (annual rainfall between 1.900-4.500 mm) with (for example) Terminalia latifolia emerging and Cedrela odorata, most arid forests and upland areas planted with trees, especially the edge of the forest; from sea level up 1.200 metres in Cockpit Country.

Usually in pairs or flocks of up to about 40 individuals; larger gatherings where food is plentiful (for example, a report of 60 birds feeding on orange). They form large communal shelters out of breeding season and sometimes seen in association with the Black-billed Parrot (Amazona agilis) and Olive-throated Parakeet (Eupsittula nana). They forage closer to roosts as the day progresses.

Reproduction:

They nest in tree cavities, at higher altitudes the 15 m, frequently Brosimum, with enlarged holes in successive years. Often used initially cavity excavated by the Jamaican Crow (Corvus jamaicensis). Nesting also observed in rock cracks. Courtship registered in January laying of eggs, between 4-5, in March-May.

Food:

Foods reported include catkins of Cecropia, Anacardium occidentale dried fruits, fruits of Pimenta dioica and figs, and seeds of Melia azedarack; feeding birds took only orange seeds, squandering the fleshy part. They forage in middle and high levels.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 7.200 km2

The Yellow-billed Parrot It is endemic to Jamaica, this species remains widespread, more than the other species of Jamaican Amazona, the Black-billed Parrot (Amazona agilis), although extensive surveys have not yet been carried out throughout the entire island. They are observed flocks of 50 to 60 individuals throughout the year, particularly in the non-breeding season, moving from inside the forest to the edge habitat to feed.

This species is particularly Cockpit Country, Mt. Diablo, and John Crow Mountains. A small population (presumably wild) also it sets to Hope Gardens in Kingston.

Recent studies indicate that Amazona collaria it is less abundant than Amazona agilis, possibly as a result of Amazona collaria It is a more colorful and preferred species in trade. while the Amazona agilis It is currently nested in all Cockpit Country, including plantation disturbed along the edges areas, the Amazona collaria now nests almost exclusively in relatively remote hinterlands.

Local reports suggest a significant overall decrease in collaria Amazona in Cockpit Country and a greater degree of threat to other species, the Amazona agilis.

The preliminary population counts suggest 5.000 individuals in Cockpit Country, Mt. Diablo, and John Crow Mountains (C. Levy in lilt, 1999).

Difficult to distinguish from Amazona agilis distance and possible misidentification, They may have affected the validity of some previous reports on their abundance and distribution.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Vulnerable Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: decreasing.

• Population size : 6000-15000

Rationale for the Red List category

This species is classified as Vulnerable because it has a small and fragmented range, with suitable habitat decline in extent, area and quality, mainly due to speak and forest clearing for bauxite mining. Numbers are also declining due to trampeo.

Justification of the population

The population size is preliminarily estimated to fall in the band between 10.000 and 19.999 individuals. This is equivalent to 6,667-13,333 mature individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.

Justification of trend

No new data on population trends; However, It suspected that the species is declining at a slow pace, as a result of the loss and degradation of habitat and capture.

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix II.

• protected under the Act Wildlife Protection Jamaica and Endangered Species Act of 2000, which together prohibit keeping the species as a domestic animal and local and international trade.

• It has been declared as threatened in Jamaica from 1986 (Juniper and Parr 1998).

• Since 1995 He has worked to delineate its distribution, estimate the size of the population, identify factors limiting reproductive performance and train local people in research methods and techniques for long-term monitoring (BirdLife Jamaica Parrot Project in little 1998, 2000).

• Habitat in the mountains Blue and John Crow It has been declared National Park, but the implementation and management are weak (BirdLife Jamaica Parrot Project in little 1998, 2000).

• There is a campaign public awareness high profile to prevent bauxite mining in Cockpit Country, by declaring the area closed to mining by the Minister's Discretion (S. Koenig in some. 2007).

• Discussions have started that, we wait, will lead to ban the importation of psittacine to Jamaica (S. Koenig in a bit., 2007).

• Exist captive breeding populations.

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Survey for delineate the range and evaluate the numbers (BirdLife Jamaica Parrot Project in little 1998, 2000).

• Declare a Cockpit Country closed to mining.

• Ensure the de facto protection of the Blue Mountains National Park and John Crow (BirdLife Jamaica Parrot Project in little 1998, 2000).

• Design and implement Educational programs in the occupied area of ​​the species (BirdLife Jamaica Parrot Project in little. , 1998, 2000) and develop captive breeding populations.

• Apply legal protection.

• Prohibit the importation of non-native parrots.

The Yellow-billed Parrot in captivity:

CITES Appendix II. protected under the Law on Protection of Wildlife Act Jamaica and Endangered Species 2000, which together prohibit keeping this species as a domestic animal, as well as local and international trade.
Exist captive breeding populations.

any trade should be avoided with this rare Amazona.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well managed captive breeding program and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Yellow-billed Parrot, Jamaican Amazon, Jamaican Parrot, Red-throated Parrot, Yellow billed Parrot, Yellow-billed Amazon (English).
– Amazone sasabé (French).
– Jamaicaamazone, Jamaikaamazone, Jamaikamazone (German).
– Papagaio-da-jamaica (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Pico Amarillo, Amazona Jamaicana Piquiclara (español).


scientific classification:

Carl Linnaeus

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona collaria
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus collarius


Images Yellow-billed Parrot:

Amazona-Jamaicana-Piquiclara-(5)
Amazona-Jamaicana-Piquiclara-(4)
Amazona-Jamaicana-Piquiclara-(3)
Amazona-Jamaicana-Piquiclara-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

Avibase
Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Yellow-billed Amazon in the St. Andrew, Jamaica By Amazona_collaria_-St.Andrew-Jamaica-8a.jpg: Wayne Sutherland from Kingston, Jamaicaderivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Amazona_collaria at Vienna Zoo, Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria By Alois Staudacher (Jamaica Amazone) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Yellow-billed Amazons in the Kingston, St. Andrew, Jamaica By Wayne Sutherland from Kingston, Jamaica (Pair of Yellow Billed Parrots) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-billed Amazon (Amazona collaria) in Cockpit Country by Ron Knight – Flickr
(5) – Yellow-billed amazon parrot (Amazona collaria), Jamaica By Charlesjsharp (Own work, from Sharp Photography) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Parrots in captivity by Biodiversity Heritage Library – Flickr

Sounds: Nick Komar, XC255118. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/255118.

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Puerto Rican Parrot
Amazona vittata

Origin: Puerto Rico
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 30 to 40 years.
Height: 29 cm..

Puerto Rican Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

29 cm.. length and 320 g. of weight.

The Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) has the forecrown and lores, red; rest of the head and nape, feathery green grass bordered with black color, giving a strong intricate scaly appearance.

feathers of the the mantle grass-green; back and scapulars with less pronounced dark margins; rump and uppertail-coverts, paler, more green-yellow. The large external coverts they are blue; rest of the coverts color green grass. Primaries and outerweb of the outer secondaries, blue; the innerwebs of the external side and secondary internal, green. Under, the wings They are green and flight feather bluish green.

Underparts green stained yellowish; feathers throat and the chest with dark edges. Upper, the tail is green; below is more yellowish, with its end yellow; both with outerweb blue towards outer feathers. Bill color pale horn; brown the irises; legs pale grey.

Both sexes similar. Immature adult-like, but with the bill light yellow with gray on the basis of upper jaw.

  • Sound of the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Of smaller and with feet smaller and thinner than the species nominal.


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Puerto Rican Parrot"

parrot liberation 2013, in the forest of Rio Abajo
Watch this video on YouTube.

The Puerto Rican Parrot formerly he frequented the main types of natural vegetation (various forest habitats, from mangroves to montane forests) in Puerto Rico, with the possible exception of dry forests in the southern coastal regions.

Its Current small population remainder inhabits the mountain rainforest to 200-600 m. In the lower mountain slopes dominated by trees tabonuco of the species Dacryodes excelsa, in swampy forests at higher elevations characterized by the abundance of Cyrilla racemiflora and areas Sierra palm Prestoea montana.

Observed in pairs or (especially when they fed) in small flocks, having formed, formerly, flocks of several hundred.

Reproduction:

The Amazona Puerto Rican nidifican in large and deep cavities of trees; in the past they put their nests in the limestone hollows, in the west of the island. The amazon of Luquillo usually nest in species Cyrilla racemiflora. They defend their territory aggressively in the vicinity of the nest while playing. The egg laying, between February and April, possibly to coincide with the availability of fruit. Clutch 2-4 eggs (usually three).

Since 2001, all nesting known in the wild they have occurred in artificial cavities (White et al ., 2006).

Food:

The diet of the Puerto Rican Parrot It consists of a variety of fruit, seeds, flowers and leaves, among which include fruit of Prestoea montana and Dacryodes excelsa, flowers of Piptocarpha tetrantha and bracts of Marcgravia sintenisii.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 1.000 km2

The Puerto Rican Parrot It is endemic to Puerto Rico and the former neighboring islands Mona and Snake; there are reports of parrots Vieques and St Thomas, probably belonging to this species. Formerly found in all forested regions Puerto Rico (with the possible exception of dry coastal strip south), but from around 1960 their habitat was limited to the Luquillo forest, in the East.

drastic population decline and rank the mid-nineteenth century. The pre-European population was probably hundreds of thousands of birds. There was a dramatic decline, which it reduced its population to about 2.000 copies in 1937 and in 1950 they were only a 200: a search in 1968 only revealed the existence of 24 birds.

The conservation program, initiated in 1968, It includes captive breeding, the provision of nests, detailed investigation ecology and reproductive biology and the control predators and competitors.

In 1992 the wild population was 39-40 birds 58 in captivity (all in Puerto Rico). Its population has declined, to near extinction, mainly by habitat loss (in 1912 only 1% the virgin forests of the island they remained), the hunting and capture as pets. The continuing threats to the tiny remaining population include impact of hurricanes (wild population halved to 21-23 after the passage of birds hurricane Hugo in 1989), competition with introduced bees Apis mellifera by tree cavities, the loss of broods due to parasitic flies Philornis pici, losses caused by predators and competition for nesting cavities with Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). The Puerto Rican Parrot, inhabitants of the Culebra island (dubiously separated as subspecies Amazona vittata gracilipes), extinguished early twentieth century, probably because of persecution due to damage of crops and the impacts of hurricanes. existing population protected inside of the El Yunque National Forest.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Culebra Island (Puerto Rico).


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

critical hazard critically endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.

• Population trend: Increasing.

• Population size: 33-47.

Rationale for the Red List category

Once you have done a count of birds, are only 13 Puerto Rican Parrot in the nature, leaving the species on the verge of extinction. The conservation action the population has increased from 1975, but remains critically endangered because the number of mature individuals is still minuscule. If the released birds breed successfully in nature and the figures remain stable or increase, the species can justify a change of state in the future.

Justification of the population

From 2011, the population was between 50-70 individuals divided into two areas, approximately equivalent to 33-47 mature individuals. In 2013, its population had only increased to 80-100 individuals in the nature (64-84 in Down river and 15-20 in The anvil). But, since the released birds are not counted as mature individuals until they have successfully bred in nature (UICN 2011), and the entire population of Down river It is derived from released birds. The total number of mature individuals is uncertain but may well be less than 50, therefore, estimating 2011 of mature is maintained in this figure.

Justification of trend

It is estimated that increase 1-19% has occurred in the last ten years, based on regular accounts of the total wild population.

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix I.

• And Recovery Program the species has involved a partnership between the Fish and Wildlife of the United States, the Forest service of the United States and the World Wide Fund for Nature together with Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico (White et al. 2012).

• In 1968 an important intervention was initiated to preserve the species, the provision of artificial nests highly successful, the predator control nest and its competitors, and captive breeding and reintroduction.

• The success of the Newborns parrots It monitored using radio telemetry (Meyers 1996).

• All the rest of the habitat is protected in the El Yunque National Forest (above the Caribbean National Forest) (Snyder et to the., 2000) and in the Rio Abajo State Forest (T. White in a little.

• The population is monitored to help inform management decisions.

• The predator control exotic mammals (Entrapment and toxic bait) It has proven to be a highly profitable way to preserve the species (Engeman et al. 2003, 2006, R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

• Catch data have shown that the Luquillo Forest It has between densities black rat studied highest in the world and optimal strategies have been devised rat bait for application during the nesting.

• Los economic analysis based on empirical costs of production of parrots raised in captivity showed very high cost-benefit ratios for predator management, estimating that preventing a loss of parrot each 4-12 years more than makes up all forms of predator management (for all species) intervention time (Engeman et al., 2003).

• Hay two captive breeding centers, one The anvil which it was established for the first time 1973 with a new facility built in 2007 and one in Down river built in 1989 with the first birds transferred The anvil to Down river in 1993 (White et al 2012).

• About 280 birds are currently in captivity in Down river and The anvil (T. White one bit., 2012).

• Captive birds are being managed to preserve the greater genetic diversity possible.

• A release technique known as precision release was tested with six birds in 2008. This involves the release of a small number of captive-reared subadult parrots into each active nest immediately after chick rearing., and it aims to promote the immediate and close interaction between wild parrots and birds released (T. White in a bit., 2005, 2008).

• Nearly 100 birds have been released the aviary Down river in an attempt to establish a second population, which may be helped by a lower annual precipitation in the site, lower levels of predation and a change in management techniques (T. White in a little. ).

• Although the after release mortality remains high, there has been a successful breeding and the size and range of the flock is increasing (Breining 2009, Valentin 2009, T. White in a little.)

• The newly established population in Down river It is located around the site Aviary of Down river and it is believed that the presence of captive birds encouraged released birds to establish their population close (White et al., 2012).

• Forty specimens were released in The anvil between 2000 and 2004, eight 2008 and six birds in 2010 (Velez-Valentin 2011). In 2013 plans were made to establish a third population on the island in the Maricao State Forest (West of Puerto Rico) (Anonymous 2014).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Continue to monitor population trends.

• Follow the fate of released birds.

• Maintain the integrated conservation management program.

• Improve synchronization of breeding of wild and captive birds to increase the number of captive-bred chicks that can be fostered by wild parents. (Thompson 2004).

• Integrate control of exotic mammal predators (black rat, small Indian mongoose, wild cats) in the management program and monitor existing conservation predator populations to study the effectiveness of these measures (R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

The Puerto Rican Parrot in captivity:

According to sources, A copy of Puerto Rican Parrot lived 10,1 years in captivity. But, considering the longevity of similar species, likely maximum longevity is underestimated in this species. In fact, it has been reported that They can live up to 27,2 years in captivity, what it is plausible but has not been confirmed. Taking into account that the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala), closely related, You can live up 50 years (Wilson, et to the., 1995), an age close to the latter figure may be possible for the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Puerto Rican Amazon, Puerto Rican Parrot, Red-fronted Amazon, Red-fronted Parrot (English).
– Amazone à queue courte, Amazone de Porto Rico (French).
– Puertoricoamazone, Puerto-Rico-Amazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-porto-rico‎ (Portuguese).
– Amazona Portorriqueña, Amazona Puertorriqueña, Cotorra de Puerto Rico, Cotorra Puertorriqueña (español).


scientific classification:

Pieter Boddaert
Pieter Boddaert

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona vittata
– Citation: (Boddaert, 1783)
– Protonimo: Psittacus vittatus


Images Puerto Rican Parrot:

Amazona-vittata-(9)
Amazona-vittata-(8)
Amazona-vittata-(7)
Amazona-vittata-(6)
Amazona-vittata-(5)
Amazona-vittata-(4)
Amazona-vittata-(3)
Amazona-vittata-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Amazona vittata – Photo via Good Free Photos
(2) – A Puerto Rican Amazon By Pablo Torres of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (PRParrot_cototrapuertorriqueña byPablo Torres) [Public domain or CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie ofU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A pair of Puerto Rican Amazons See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican Parrot by Tom Mackenzie) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Amazona vittata – Author: Mike Morel, USFWS – pixnio
(8) – Flying Parrot, blue feathers visible By Tom MacKenzie [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 1) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Eric DeFonso, XC173411. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/173411

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Lilac-crowned Parrot
Amazona finschi

Origin: Mexico
Character: Sociable
Life expectancy: More than 30 years.
Height: 33 cm..

Lilac-crowned Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

33 cm. head to tail and weighs on average 310 g..

The Lilac-crowned Parrot (Amazona finschi) has the forecrown and the higher lords, red off; the lower lores, the cheeks and ear-coverts, pale lime green; crown, sides neck and nape, lilac or pale blue with some feathers crown showing narrow black margins.

Mantle green with broad black edges giving distinct scalloped effect; back and scapulars weak green with black borders to some feathers; rump and uppertail-coverts, green, slightly brighter than the back. Wing coverts green. Primaries blue toward the tip, green at the base; the base outerweb the first five secondaries, red with subterminal band yellow and blue tips, secondaries, otherwise, green, becoming blue at tips. Under the wings, brighter yellowish green; flight feather dull green.

Lilac-crowned Parrot

Throat yellowish green with bluish tint to some feathers; remaining underparts, yellowish-green with black margins to some feathers (especially in the chest), giving scalloped effect. Tail green tip yellowish green, lateral feathers blue margin to the base of the outerweb. Bill color horn; irises orange red; legs grey.

Both sexes are similar. Immature has the irises dark brown (rather than red).

  • Sound of the Lilac-crowned Parrot.

Habitat:

"Lilac-crowned Parrot"
Lilac Crowned Amazons (Amazona Finschi)
Watch this video on YouTube.

The Lilac-crowned Parrot Living mainly in wooded hills and mountains, from the tropical zone in the lower levels of the deciduous forests, to the forests of oak and pine-oak forest in the highlands, preferably through the valleys with lush vegetation along streams that run on the basis of cannons; often also in areas of arid or semi-arid vegetation, or clear forest edge, coming into cultivated areas and orchards adjacent to the forest.

mainly in altitudes of 600 to 2.000 m, but recorded at sea level Sinaloa and from sea level to the temperate forest Colima. observed between 360-1.700 metres in Sonora and 880-1.480 metres in Oaxaca. Usually in pairs or small groups, although larger groups are formed in the dry season (500 birds reported) and in communal roosts (more than 1,000 birds reported in the same place Nayarit).

Reproduction:

They nest in tree hollows (for example, Ficus), including old nests woodpeckers (for example, Phloeoceastes) or arboreal termite mounds.

The breeding season It comprises from February to June, nesting with a cycle consisting of 28 incubation days eggs, followed by two months of growth of chickens in the nest (Forshaw 1989, Renton 1998, 2002).

Food:

Eating habits are poorly documented: It has been observed a particular preference for figs. During the dry season the diet consists mainly of Astronium graveolens, Brosimum alicastrum, Celaenodendron mexicanum, Comocladia engleriana and Ficus insipida. during the rains The diet consists of species such as Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Celaenodendron mexicanum, Esenbeckia nesiotica, Jatropha spp and Sciadodendron excelsum (Renton 1998, 2001)

cause some crop damage corn and banana.

They have been observed wild species groups, feeding with the Red-crowned Parrot (Amazona viridigenalis) in Los Angeles, California.

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 372.000 km2

The Lilac-crowned Parrot inhabits Pacific coast of Mexico, from the southeast end of Sonora and Southwest Chihuahua, to the South by Sinaloa, Durango Western, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán and Warrior, until Oaxaca, west of Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

It is mostly residents, but outside the breeding season, visit during autumn, lowlands, for example in Oaxaca. generally common. Described as fairly common locally in southeastern Sonora. abundant in Colima. Very rare in the highlands of Oaxaca. Several wild populations reported in several locations in the United States.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Endangered Endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size : 4700-6700.

Rationale for the Red List category

    This species has been selected in danger of extinction because it is suspected that is decreasing very quickly as a function of contractions recorded ranges and due to the unsustainable exploitation and loss of habitat.

Justification of the population

    Renton and Elias (2003) estimate the world population between 7.000 and 10.000 individuals, based on surveys covering most of the global range of the species. This equates to approximately 4.700-6.700 mature individuals. An estimate that 5.400 individuals each year are caught illegally in Mexico (Cantu et al ., 2007), implies that the estimation of population Renton and Elias (2003) could be an understatement, but it remains in this evaluation to best data available.

Justification of trend

    It is suspected that the population of this species is in decline very fast, based on a study of Marin-Togo et al . (2012), who estimated the current distribution of this species along the Pacific coast of Mexico and he showed a reduction 72.6% its estimated original distribution.
Threats

• The Capture for national and international trade It is the greatest threat to wild populations.

• It is highly valued in trade (Cantu et al., 2007) and it was the kind of Amazon parrot most caught in the early eighties (Inigo-Elias y Ramos 1991).

• The illicit trade is intense and widespread, and Lilac-crowned Parrot It is one of the most frequently confiscated Mexican parrots (K. Renton in litt., 2005).

• During the period 1981-2001, were registered 4.061 individuals in international trade, of which 79% It was exported directly from Mexico and the 64% it took Nature (CITES 2004a).

• Remains one of the five species of Mexican parrots most caught, with an estimated 5.400 individuals / year caught illegally Mexico (Cantu et al ., 2007).

• Los Adults and young people are easily trapped in large numbers due to their habit of congregating at communal shelter sites in the late afternoon (Renton 2005, K. Renton in some 2005).

• Chicks are commonly poached from nests (K. Renton in litt., 2005).

• During interviews with local people throughout the range of the species, the 75% reported poaching in your area (K. Renton in litt., 2005).

• Also, it is said that this species requires semi-deciduous forest with tall mature trees for nesting and can not adapt to the changed areas nesting (Marin-worm Togo et al ., 2012).

• Habitat loss and degradation, mainly for conversion to small and large crops and pastures (K. Renton in some . 2007, A. Salinas in some . 2007, Ortega-Rodriguez and Monterrubio-Rico 2008), are serious threats, with the semi-deciduous forest along the Pacific coast lost at a higher rate than any other type of forest in Mexico (Masera et al ., 1996, K. Renton in litt., 2005), It is resulting in the destruction of nesting sites and reducing the extent of this crucial critical habitat (Renton 2005).

• In Michoacán, nesting areas potentially more accessible, as plains or hills, have been converted to livestock or agricultural farms (Ortega-Rodriguez and Monterrubio-Rico 2008).

• Large development projects, such as dams, also they resulted in loss of breeding habitat for the species (K. Renton in some ., 2007).

• The semi-deciduous forest now covers only 5.106 km2 within the range of the species (Renton and Elias 2003, K. Renton in litt., 2005).

• The decrease in rainfall that could result from the global climate change would lead to a decrease in the reproductive potential of wild populations in tropical dry forests (K. Renton in some ., 2007).

• Despite the various pressures on habitats, by showing that the species has disappeared from more than 70% of its former range, Marin-Togo et al. (2012), has reinforced the view that the capture pressure is the predominant threat to the species.

Conservation Actions Underway

• In 1999, the Mexican government established a Conservation Plan, Protection and Recovery Psitácinos in Mexico, in which the Lilac-crowned Parrot It is considered a priority species (Macias Caballero et al ., 2000).

• In 2004, the species was updated to Appendix 1 of CITES and in 2007 It approved a proposal to change its state species conservation 2008 of "threatened» a «in danger» under the Mexican wildlife law (K. Renton in some.)

• In Mexico, They have made considerable efforts to combat illegal domestic trade, with at least 52 seizures during 1997-2003 (CITES 2004b).

• Inspections carried out in Mexico They resulted in the seizure of 266 live individuals of the species that were offered illegally in the pet trade between 1995 and 2003 (CITES 2004b).

• The species It is in three biosphere reserves; Sierra de Álamos-Río Cuchujaqui flora and fauna protection area in Sonora meridional, and Reserva de la biosfera Chamela-Cuixmala and Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán, in Jalisco, and according to sources, It is distributed in seven other important bird areas; However, some of them lack official protection or conservation programs (CITES 2004a)

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Monitor the demographic trends through regular surveys.

• Monitor levels of destruction and degradation of habitat.

• Implement trade regulation strategies in the plan 1999.

• Carry out extension work and environmental education as described in the plan 1999.

• Perform the habitat conservation and recovery of wild populations as it recommended in the Plan 1999.

• Monitor the success of the strategies of the plan of 1999.

• Protect the rest of the tropical forest supports in areas where the slope is greater than 6 °: ideally all areas on steep slopes should be restored to forest, to provide habitat for all native wildlife (including the Lilac-crowned Parrot)

• Prevent soil erosion AND promote alternative economic activities in rugged coastal areas such as recreation and tourism. (Ortega-Rodriguez and Monterrubio-Rico 2008).

The Lilac-crowned Parrot in captivity:

Very popular as a pet throughout its area of distribution; It has cultural value as a pet or ornamental bird by its feathers; ability to imitate sounds and its tendency to form bonds with people; widespread in captivity internationally.

Currently protected by the Appendix 1 of CITES.

Each copy captive of this species which is capable of reproducing, should be placed in a well-managed breeding program in captivity and not be sold as a pet, with the objective of ensure their survival long-term.

Alternative names:

– Finsch’s Parrot, Lilac crowned Parrot, Lilac-crowned Amazon, Lilac-crowned Parrot, Pacific Amazon, Pacific Parrot (English).
– Amazone à couronne lilas, Amazone de Finsch, Amazone verte de Finsch (French).
– Blaukappenamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-finsch (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Corona Violeta, Amazona Guayabera, Loro Corona Lila, loro corona-lila, Loro Corona-violeta (español).


scientific classification:

Philip Sclater
Philip Sclater

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona finschi
– Citation: (Sclater, PL, 1864)
– Protonimo: Chrysotis finschi


Images Lilac-crowned Parrot:

Amazona-Guayabera-(9)
Amazona-Guayabera-(8)
Amazona-Guayabera-(7)
Amazona-Guayabera-(6)
Amazona-Guayabera-(5)
Amazona-Guayabera-(4)
Amazona-Guayabera-(3)
Amazona-Guayabera-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

Avibase
Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Birdlife
Naturalist

Photos:

(1) – Lilac-crowned Parrot by Tom Benson – Flickr
(2) – Lilac-crowned Amazon perching on a branch By Amazona_finschi_-perching_on_branch-8.jpg: Cédric Allierderivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Lilac-crowned Amazon (Amazona finschi) by Emilie Chen – Flickr
(4) – Lilac-crowned Parrot by wplynn – Flickr
(5) – A pet Lilac-crowned Amazon; head and neck By Gary Denness (originally posted to Flickr as Pretty Boy) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Lilac-crowned Amazon; two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as DSCN0549) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Lilac-crowned Amazon (Amazona finschi) By CDest [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Lilac-crowned Amazon at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona, USA By DrStarbuck from Madison, WI, USA (Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 18) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Lilac-crowned Amazon at Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, USA By Dave Bezaire & Susi Havens-Bezaire [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Amazona finschi Uploaded by Francisco_aviario – Photobucket

Sounds: Richard E. Webster, XC353198. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/353198

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Red-crowned Parrot
Amazona viridigenalis

Red-crowned Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

30.5-33 cm.. length and 294 g. of weight.

The Red-crowned Parrot (Amazona viridigenalis) has the lores, forecrown and crown, bright red, with side margins on the back of the neck and top of the neck, showing blue feathers with black ends; ear-coverts bright green without black ends in feathers; nape boldly festooned with green feathers with their ends in black.

Mantle and back green with some weak black tips; rump and uppertail-coverts, green. Wing coverts green with black margins on some weak feathers. The flight feather, mostly green, the primaries, in general, with dark ends, of dark blue or black, the Outer secondaries, with the ends of blue with red in the outerweb. Under, the wings green. Underparts green, slightly yellowish; some feathers show visible dark tips. The tail is green, in general with its yellow end. Bill pale yellow; irises yellow; legs pale grey.

Red-crowned Parrot

although females They can have on average less red in the head, probably no consistent sexual dimorphism. The immature She has red in the head very small, with feathers in the central part of the crown green tipped black and subterminally banded pale blue; feathers on the side of the crown, forming broad band over eye.

  • Sound of the Red-crowned Parrot.

Habitat:

Video "Red-crowned Parrot"

The habitat of the Red-crowned Parrot son los Bosques deciduous, gallery forests and evergreen floodplain forests in tropical lowlands, with non-breeding birds on dry ridges extend to 1,200 meters in temperate zones Pinus and Quercus.

frequenting cultivated areas where they remain large trees. Usually in flocks, generally larger than its sympatric congeners (Red-lored Amazon and the Yellow-headed Parrot, with which sometimes mixed); in larger flocks in winter. Used roost communally.

Reproduction:

They nest in tree hollows, including abandoned nests Lineated Woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus), generally 6-20 meters above the ground. Nests reported in trees Taxodium mucronatum, Bumelia laetivirens and Brosimum alicastrum. Reproduction April-May Tamaulipas. The laying is of 3 or 4 eggs. Only the female incubates. The incubation hard 28 days. The young are cared for for nine weeks.

Food:

Foods reported include seeds of Pinus, corn, berries of Ehretia, Jewish of Pithecellobium, acorns and berries Melia azedarach; introduced populations have adapted to the food sources parks, consuming fruitsJuglans, Liquidambar, eucalyptus and Chorisia.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 61.900 km2

Northeast Endemic Mexico, where records from southern Nuevo León (South of Monterrey) through Tamaulipas (mostly in the center and south of the state) and East of San Luis Potosi, to the North of Veracruz and towards the south until near 21ºN. They can be seen as visitors in the winter Brownsville, southwestern end Texas, USA.

The current range appears confined to Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, no known breeding records in recent decades in Nuevo León or Veracruz, except for the seemingly wild population in the suburbs Monterrey.

wild populations in California, Florida, Oahu (Hawaiian Islands) and Puerto Ricor (small number in southern dry forests).

Resident but nomadic in winter with some altitudinal movements that lead birds to higher ground in winter (perhaps to exploit the seeds and acorns Pine) and with other movements further away from the breeding range, for example, to the South of Texas. Apparently they return to the breeding area in February, declining along the ridge, but they are most common near the east coast, especially around the Sierra de Tamaulipas and on the slopes east of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Tamaulipas. Otherwise, sparsely distributed and frequently only some strengths as the Valley Sabinas River, Tamaulipas.

Total population estimated in 3.000-6.500. Popular in captivity locally and previously traded in large numbers internationally. Clearly the recent population declines are due to excessive trade and to the continued destruction of habitats scale; they are also you fired in some areas due to crop damage. There are no large protected areas within reach and illegal trade continues.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Endangered Endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size : 2000-4300.

Rationale for the Red List category

    The combination of high levels of exploitation for cage bird trade, loss of habitat and long term estimates reduced density It indicates that this species is declining very quickly. Therefore it qualifies as in danger of extinction.

Justification of the population

    In 1992-1994, estimated in an area in Mexico densities indicated a wild population of 3.000 to 6.500 birds (EC Enkerlin-Hoeflich in a bit., 1994). This estimate equals approximately 2.000-4.300 mature individuals.

Justification of trend

    The historical densities recorded for the species were 25,2 in the early birds / km2 1970 (Castro 1976), down to 5,7 birds / km2 in an area 1992-1994 (EC Enkerlin-Hoeflich in 1994, Enkerlin-Hoeflich 1995), indicating a population declines of up to 77,4% on a strip of 20 years. It is suspected that the decline will continue at a higher rate to 50% in ten years, due to threats capture and forest clearing.
Threats

• In 1970-1982, 16.490 birds (mainly chicks) They were imported legally to United States.

• Las illegal exports from Mexico and mortality prior to export to the top 50% they are equivalent to 5.000 birds per year (Enkerlin-Hoeflich and Hogan, 1997).

• Los hunters damage nests when removing chicks (sometimes cutting whole trees), reducing the availability of the nest and bringing the permanent abandonment of the site (Snyder et to the., 2000).

• Many gallery forests have been cleared or degraded, with more than 80% lowlands of Tamaulipas cleared for agriculture (especially sorghum) and pastures.

• The habitat of the Red-crowned Parrot It is now distributed unevenly in cattle ranches, where the pressure is greater capture (Enkerlin-Hoeflich and Hogan, 1997).

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix I (1992) and part of the European Endangered Species Programme [Species] of the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EAZA).

• The population of Red-crowned Parrot It is distributed in the Biosphere Reserves Heaven and Sierra Gorda (A. G. Navarro in some ., 1998, T. Brush in a bit., 2003), but there are only small colonies in Sierra Gorda and status in Heaven It is unknown (Wege and Long 1995, A. G. Navarro in some 1998).

• Los livestock They are increasingly aware of the benefits of keeping large trees, but this is not reflected in practice.

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Conduct surveys to obtain an estimate of the total size of the population.

• Monitor populations to determine degree of decline.

• Identify the most important nesting aggregations for protection (Enkerlin-Hoeflich and Hogan 1997).

• Integrate ranchers in efforts to reduce capture and regenerate habitat (Enkerlin-Hoeflich and Hogan 1997) .

The Red-crowned Parrot in captivity:

CITES Appendix I. (It includes species threatened with extinction. Trade individuals of these species, it is allowed only in exceptional circumstances.)

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well managed captive breeding program and not be sold as a pet, with the order to ensure their survival long-term.

Alternative names:

– Green-cheeked Amazon, Green-cheeked Parrot, Mexican Red-headed Amazon, Mexican Red-headed Parrot, Red-crowned Amazon, Red-crowned Parrot, red-crowned parrot parakeet (English).
– Amazone à joues vertes, Amazone verte à front rouge (French).
– Grünwangenamazon, Grünwangenamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-coroa-vermelha, Papagaio-de-face-verde (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Corona Roja, Amazona Tamaulipeca, Cotorra Coronirroja, Loro Tamaulipeco (español).


scientific classification:

John Cassin
John Cassin

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona viridigenalis
– Citation: (Cassin, 1853)
– Protonimo: chrysotis viridigenalis


Images Red-crowned Parrot:

Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(9)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(8)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(7)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(6)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(5)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(4)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(3)
Amazona-Tamaulipeca-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Amazona_viridigenalis is native of Mexico. Specimen in Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Red-crowned Amazon (Amazona viridigenalis) also known as Green-cheeked Amazon, Red-crowned Parrot, or Mexican Red-headed Parrot By rachael fogarty (originally posted to Flickr as Fred) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-crowned Amazon (also known as Red-crowned Parrot, Green-cheeked Amazon, or Mexican Red-headed Parrot). Two in a cage By TJ Lin [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-crowned Amazon, (Amazona viridigenalis) also known as Green-cheeked Amazon, Red-crowned Parrot, or Mexican Red-headed Parrot by Leonhard F at the German language Wikipedia [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Red-crowned Amazon By Glandauer/Roger Moore (Roger Moore (transfer from en.wiki)) [GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Red-crowned Amazonian Parrot (Amazona viridigenalis) by Heather Paul – Flickr
(7) – Red-crowned Amazon (also known as Red-crowned Parrot, Green-cheeked Amazon, and Mexican Red-headed Parrot) at Tropical Birdland, Leicestershire, England By Dean Sas from Chesterfield, UK (Pieces of eight) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A pet Red-crowned Amazon By jarrett chandler from Rowland Heights, US (zazu) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – (Amazona viridigenalis), photographed in Heidelberg Tiergarten (Baden-Wuerttemberg, Deutschland) By 4028mdk09 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – PL XXXI Chrysohs viridigenalis, (tassro) By Blanchard, Emile; Bonaparte, Charles Lucian; Bourjot Saint-Hilaire, Alexandre; Le Vaillant, François; Souancé, Charles de. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Aidan Place, XC306093. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/306093

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Yellow-headed Parrot
Amazona oratrix

Origin: Mexico, Belice, Guatemala, Honduras
Character: Social.
Life expectancy: 50 to 60 years.
Height: 35-38 cm..

Yellow-headed Parrot

Content


Anatomy-parrots

Description:

35-38 cm. in length weighing up 500 g..

Yellow-headed Parrot

The Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona oratrix) has head and nape bright yellow; sides neck sometimes with scattered green feathers.

Upperparts green grass with ends of darker green in some feathers; uppertail-coverts paler. Wing coverts green, sometimes with paler yellow margins on some feathers; edge front of the wing and carpal area with red marks and / or yellow variables. Primaries and secondaries green at the base (more emerald than coverts), blue at the tips; five base outer secondaries bright red, forming a speculum. Under wings green. The chin is bright yellow, the throat variable green and dark blue suffusion margins in the feathers of some birds; chest and belly green with yellowish suffusion in some birds, bluish suffusion in other; the thighs with yellow feathers in some birds. Tail green with red tips yellow and green at the base of the innerwebs of the lateral feathers. Bill gray horn; bare periophthalmic whitish; irises orange; legs grey.

Both sexes are similar.

Immature It is very green part with little or no yellow in the head without red and yellow in the wings.

  • Sound of the Yellow-headed Parrot.

Geographic Variation:

All birds puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala show yellow concentrate lores and crown. While it described as near the subspecies belizensis, the birds of puerto Barios at the northwest end of Honduras They may represent another subspecies of oratrix (not yet formally described) provisionally named guatemalensis (see belizensis below). The hondurensis, described below, It was widely regarded as a subspecies of undescribed Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala), but now treated at the southern end as a cline (gradual change of phenotypic traits of the same species due to environmental influences and conditions) Yellow decreasing in head Group of birds yellowhead.

Description 3 subspecies:

  • Amazona oratrix belizensis

    Monroe,BL Jr & Howell,TR, 1966) – Less yellow in the head that the nominal species, without yellow on the throat. Cheeks green, bare periophthalmic grayish-white and probably on average smaller. Fowl Guatemala, to the Northwest of Honduras, sometimes show yellow in head as a patch wide in front of the crown and around eyes, and perhaps they represent a species not yet described (known as guatemalensis); although some birds also show yellow feathers on nape (see geographic variation in Yellow-naped Parrot (Amazona auropalliata).


  • Amazona oratrix hondurensis

    (Lousada & Howell,SNG, 1997) – Yellow on head limited to forecrown and in front of the crown, some birds show patch yellow in nape. One bill paler and more extensive yellow on the nape and the head subspecies caribea of the Yellow-naped Parrot. The patch Yellow crown It is also rounded or triangular, against a narrowband subspecies caribea. The subspecies panamensis of the Yellow-crowned Parrot has a bill darker and lacks the patch yellow in nape.


  • Amazona oratrix oratrix

    (Ridgway, 1887) – Nominal.

Habitat:

The Yellow-headed Parrot frequent savannas, Bosques Tropicales deciduous (including clear), dense forests of thorns, marshy forests peaceful, flood forest evergreen, dense gallery forest, forests Pinus caribea (Belice) and cultivated land with trees, mainly in lowlands below 500 m.

Mainly observed in pairs or in large groups in communal roosts and feeding areas favorites. They snuggle into pine-covered ridges in Belice, moving to nearby humid forests to feed. Apparently, only flocks form in Tamaulipas.

Reproduction:

The Yellow-headed Parrot put their nests in cavities of trees 6-15 meters and in the holes of the palmeras Roystonea. Along the Pacific coast of Michoacán in Mexico, the Yellow-headed Parrot nests in trees Astronium graveolens, Brosimum allicastrum and at least five other species of trees (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007)

In Belice, preferred pines nest. Breeding season in the months of February to May in the south, to June in the north (for example in Tamaulipas). Clutch, usually 2-3 eggs, they are incubated between 27 and 28 days. The young leave the nest at eight weeks.. On average, only 1.2 hatchlings reach adulthood in each clutch.

Food:

Food in diet of the Yellow-headed Parrot include outbreaks, leaves news, fruits of Palma, seeds of Acacia, fruits of Macuna, Ficus, Zuelania guidonia, Bumelia laetivirens, Solanum and Pithecellobium flexicaule.

They can cause damage to crops, including corn, mango and green bananas.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.020.000 km2

The Yellow-headed Parrot It is confined to Central America in Mexico, Belice, the east end Guatemala and the Northwest corner of Honduras. They are distributed by the slope of peaceful of Mexico in Colima, Michoacán, Warrior, Oaxaca (two disjunct populations on the slopes of peaceful and of the Gulf on Isthmus region) and Chiapas. also observed in the shed Gulf from the central and southern Tamaulipas, to the East of San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, as well as in Belice and around puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala to the northwest corner of Honduras in the Sula Valley.

Distribution in the east of its range poorly documented, with dubious appearances Campeche and in the region of Petén in the North of Guatemala, confirmed only 1993.

Reports Yellow-headed Parrot outside the normal range Mexico (for example, City of Mexico) probably involving leaks. Wild populations Miami (Florida) and Puerto Rico.

local residents, and rare sparsely distributed along most of its distribution (perhaps locally common in parts of Belice) with diminished by the loss of habitat populations and their capture for live bird markets.

The population of Sula Valley survives as remainder. marketed widely both within and outside the species range, being one of the most searched Neotropical parrots pet (reputedly one of the best talkers). The most drastic falls have probably been in the northeast of Mexico, where habitat loss has been more rapid and severe. The wild population is probably less than 7.000 individuals (1994).

Distribution 3 subspecies:

  • Amazona oratrix belizensis

    Monroe,BL Jr & Howell,TR, 1966) – Belice.


  • Amazona oratrix hondurensis

    (Lousada & Howell,SNG, 1997) – Sula Valley, Honduras.


  • Amazona oratrix oratrix

    (Ridgway, 1887) – Nominal.

Conservation:


Endangered


• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size: 4700

Rationale for the Red List category

    This species qualifies as in danger of extinction due to demographic decline very fast. The population is now so small that it is likely to fall (but still very significant) rates decrease in the future (Collar et al., 1992).

Justification of the population

    The population It was estimated 7.000 copies in 1994. This is roughly equivalent to 4.700 mature individuals.

Justification of trend

    It is estimated that the population of the species is declining very fast, due to the loss and degradation of habitat and the levels of capture and persecution. On the coast of Michoacán, Mexico, it is estimated that the species occupies the 45.6% its estimated historical distribution (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2007 ). Throughout all Pacific coast of Mexico, its historical range has contracted by a 79% (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2010). The population of Punta de Manabique It decreased by 30% between 1994 and 2001 mainly due to the Poaching of nests (our man 2003 , Eisermann in a bit., 2007).
Threats

• The habitat loss It has been extensive, with the 80% lowlands of Tamaulipas cleared for agriculture and pasture, and growing settlements along the Autopista del Oeste in Belice (Somerville 1997).

• In Belice, where much of the suitable habitat is outside the sistema national protected area, the regions occupied by species remain under heavy development pressure (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).

• Las palm savannas at the only known breeding site in Guatemala They are used for no intensive cattle grazing (our man 2003), who is still a threat here (Fundary et al ., 2006).

• Many thousands of Individuals of this species are exported illegally from Mexico and some from Belice each year, and it is popular in domestic markets (Low 1995b, Miller and Miller 1997, Somerville 1997).

• The illegal internal traffic is intense in Mexico and may represent the 38% of recent species loss distributive (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).

• In the Mexican states of Michoacán, Warrior and Oaxaca, They are mainly pups those taken to the pet trade (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).

• In Guatemala, It is reported that Local military authorities are complicit in the illegal trade of this species, and poachers frequent nest nesting site of the species (our man 2003, Eisermann in some). It also, has reported its hunting for food from local fishermen in Guatemala (our man 2003, Eisermann in some ., 2007).

• In Belice, It is hunted and persecuted by damage to crops (SNG Howell in some 1998) and it remains a victim of the illegal pet trade, whose capture involves logging nesting (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).

• It is estimated that its extension around the coast of Michoacán It has decreased 1.507 km2 , of which 576 km2 can not be attributed to habitat loss and, therefore, They may be due to the poaching for trade (Monterrubio-Rico et al., 2007).

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix I.

• In Mexico It is distributed in nine protected areas (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).

• The nominal subspecies inhabits Biosphere Reserves of Heaven, Los Tuxtlas, Swamps Centla and Terms Lagoon.

• The species Tres Marias Parrot (Amazona tresmariae), considered by some authors as a subspecies of Amazona [oratrix gold tresmariae], It is protected in Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve.

• The nominal subspecies It is in the Reserva Chamela-Cuixmala, in the Lagunas de Chacahua, in the Huatulco National Park, and in the Biosphere Reserve Zicuirán-Infiernillo in Michoacán (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., 2007), as well as in seven protected areas in Belice (EC Enkerlin-Hoeflich in some 1994, Miller and Miller 1997, Snyder et to the., 2000).

• The only one breeding population known in Guatemala It was declared Wildlife Refuge in 2005, but effective protection is difficult due to organized crime in the area (Eisermann in some ., 2007).

• There are several awareness campaigns nationally in Mexico (Roberson y Carratello, 1997).

• It is bred in captivity, but the reintroduction of captive bred birds is unfeasible (Baja 1995b).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Carry out surveys for an updated estimate of population size.

• Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation.

• Monitor hunting levels, catch and trade.

• Apply the trade restrictions.

• To protect effectively as key sites Las Colorados Ranch, Soto La Marina / Fishing, Tamaulipas, orange river, focused on Las Abritas (San Luis Potosi) and Punta de Manabique.

• Survey to identify other important sites.

• Investigate habitat use and local movements.

• Continue zooming awareness campaigns.

• Develop structured captive breeding programs and investigate the possibility of future release.

"Yellow-headed Parrot" in captivity:

The Yellow-headed Parrot are popular in domestic markets.

protected by CITES Appendix I (Species that are endangered. Prohibited international trade of specimens of those species, except when the import is non-commercial purposes).

In Mexico It is listed as endangered in both the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2001, as in the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and by the Article 60 Bis of the General Law on Wildlife removal of specimens from the environment is prohibited, marketing, tenure, import, export, use of any of its parts. They are up 9 years in prison and fines very high who are surprised by the Profepa with specimens of this species in their possession and do not have papers proving their legal provenance.

Should be avoided in all cases buy this or any of the protected species by different appendices CITES.

Alternative names:

– Yellow-headed Amazon, Yellow-headed Parrot, Yellow-headed Parrot (Mainland) (English).
– Amazone à tête jaune, Amazone à tête jaune (continentale), Amazone à tête jaune (forme continentale) (French).
– Gelbkopfamazone (German).
– papagaio-de-cabeça-amarela (Portuguese).
– Loro Cabeza Amarilla, Amazona cabecigualda (español).


scientific classification:

Robert Ridgway
Robert Ridgway

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona oratrix
– Citation: Ridgway, 1887
– Protonimo: Amazona oratrix


«Yellow Headed Parrot» Images:

Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(9)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(8)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(7)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(6)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(5)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(4)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(3)
Loro-Cabeza-Amarilla-(2)

Videos "Yellow-headed Parrot"

————————————————————————————————

«Yellow Headed Parrot» (Amazona oratrix)


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – A Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) in an aviary By Ernst Vikne (IMG_4451.JPG) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Yellow-headed Amazon at Baltimore Aquarium, USA By Christine Schmidt from Laurel, USA (Parrot pair) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Yellow-headed Amazon, also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot or Double Yellow-headed Amazon, at Lion Country Safari, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Photograph is a close up of head By Duncan Rawlinson from Vancouver, BC (Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) playing on his cage by Mbtskysurfer at English Wikipedia [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot, Double Yellow-headed Amazon. Two parrots on a perch By Gary Denness (originally posted to Flickr as Parrot Portrait) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Vancouver Aquarium, Canada By Lizzy Foulkes (originally posted to Flickr as Hello, Goregous) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A Yellow-headed Amazon at Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, Canary islands, Spain By William Warby (Flickr: Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A Yellow-headed Amazon in Jungle Island, Miami, Florida, USA By Humberto Moreno (Parrot Jungle, Miami) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Dallas World Aquarium, USA By texas_mustang (Dallas Aquarium 2008 with Meredith) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Peter Boesman, XC218407. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/218407

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Tres Marias Parrot
Amazona tresmariae

Origin: Mexico
Character: Social.
Life expectancy: ----
Height: 38-40 cm..

Tres Marias Parrot

Content

Description:

38-40 cm.. length and 580-650 g. of weight.

The Tres Marias Parrot (Amazona tresmariae) has head and throat yellow.

The upperparts are green. The underparts They are green but more yellowed than upperparts. Thighs yellow. Primaries and secondaries green, violet-blue becoming the tip. should carpal yellow. Speculum red on the basis of the five outer secondaries. The curve wings, pale red, with some yellow.

The tail is green, with yellowish green tip and lateral feathers basically marked with red on the inner band; outermost feathers fringed blue. The legs They are pale gray. The irises It is orange. The bill is horn-colored, gray towards the base of the upper jaw. Cere dark gray.


Anatomy-parrots

Both sexes are similar. The immature They are completely green head, except the yellow patch in forecrown. The curve wings, green. should carpal yellowish green.

Taxonomic note:

It is granted status species by the International Congress of Ornithology.

Habitat:

Video "Tres Marias Parrot"

They have preference by deciduous forests or evergreen, clear, Savanna Woods, pine forests, dense gallery forests; less commonly in dry thorn forests, mangroves or coastal marshes and cultivated areas with scattered trees.

Resident throughout its area of distribution.

Reproduction:

Nest in holes in tree trunks or fallen branches.

Food:

consume outbreaks, leaves news, fruits palm, seeds of Acacia, fruits of Macuna, figs and some fruits of cultivated land.

Distribution:

Endemic to the Marias Islands, on the west coast of Mexico.

Amazon tresmariae Conservation :

State of conservation ⓘ

minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

The Tres Marias Parrot It has an extremely large range and, therefore, it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable at the discretion of the distribution area size (Extension <20,000 km2 combined with a size decreasing or fluctuating range, extent or quality of habitat or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation).

Even though the population trend appears to be declining, It not believed to be declining fast enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations).

The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed that approximates Vulnerable thresholds under the criterion of population size (<10.000 mature individuals with an estimated continuous decline> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

Usually it regarded as a subspecies of the Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala).

Tres Marias Parrot in captivity:

These birds belong to Appendix I of the CITES, with special protection because they are highly sought.

Alternative names:

– Panama yellow-crowned amazon, Tres Maria Yellow-headed Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, Tres Marias Parrot, Yellow-headed Parrot (Tres Marias Is.) (English).
– Amazone à tête jaune (forme des Tres Marias), Amazone de Três Marias, Amazone des Tres Marias (French).
– Gelbkopfamazone-tresmariae, Tres-Marias-Amazone (German).
– Tres Marias Parrot (Portuguese).
– Tres Marias Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, amazona de Tres Marias, Amazona cabeciamarilla de tres marias, Loro de las islas María (español).


Scientific classification Amazona tresmariae:

Edward William Nelson
Edward William Nelson

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona tresmariae
– Citation: Nelson, 1900<

Tres Marias Parrot images:

Amazona-de-Tres-Marias-(5)
Amazona-de-Tres-Marias-(4)
Amazona-de-Tres-Marias-(3)
Amazona-de-Tres-Marias-(2)
Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona



Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr

Photos:

(1) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA perching on a zoo keepers left hand By Derrick CoetzeeCamera location47° 33′ 11.72″ N, 122° 04′ 50.26″ W View this and other nearby images on: Openstreetmap – Google Earth 47.553255; -122.080628 [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Amazona tresmariae in a cage at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park By Derrick Coetzee from Seattle, USA (Tres Marias Amazon in cage 2) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA. There are two with a woman zoo keeper By Derrick Coetzee [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Tres Marias Amazon in cage by D Coetzee – Flickr
(5) – Yellow-headed Parrot of the Tres Marias Islands by (c) Juan Cruzado Cortés – naturalista.mx

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