The Spot-winged Parrotlet(Touit stictopterus) It has a green overall coloration, clearer to the abdomen, wings brownish with white spots; below the tail opaque olive is yellow with blue edge.
The female differs from the male by feathers middle-lower wing
which they are green; the forecrown and the face They are yellowish green.
Very rare species. Observed at the local level and in low densities in a Habitat in decline. Its population It is likely to be small and declining, with very small sub-populations in each known locality. It inhabits in semi-humid cloud forests and seasonal crop areas, between 600 and 2400 m. Apparently performs altitudinal migrations, Perhaps conditioned by the supply of food.
Reproduction:
The reproduction It is performed in March.
Food:
They feed on fruit and corn.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 129.000 km2
It lives in the wild in the Andes, southern Central cordilleras and Eastern in Colombia, western Ecuador and North of Peru.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
Globally it is in the category vulnerable (VU) and in Colombiain danger of extinction (IN). Deforestation in Andes It is their main threat.
"Spot-winged Parrotlet" in captivity:
Because of its condition It is not recommended that you keep this bird as a pet.
31 cm.. length and an approximate weight of 170 gr.
The head and the neck of the Red Lory(Eos bornea) are entirely of a deep red color.
In the adult the primary feathers are black with a large red mirror. The feathers tertiary and the coverts are of color blue. The joint of the feathers of the helmsman they are reddish-brown. The irises they are red, legs grayscale and the bill dark orange.
The immature they tend to be more off than their parents coloring. They show the feathers tertiary grey, lightly stained blue. The ear-coverts Sometimes it tinges of blue. Times, the area of the vent and the thighs it infiltrates with small stains blue. The feathers of the abdomen often carry some edges blue dark. They have the irises brown.
Not exists no sexual dimorphism visible although the males tend to be more corpulent that the females.
(Vieillot, 1818) – The Red of his plumage is much more dark almost brown.
Habitat:
They are mostly primary forests, in the wooded areas during regeneration, Forest Hills, coconut plantations, in abandoned gardens and mangroves.
They are mainly in coastal areas, What does not climb up to 900 m in the island of Ceram and up 1.800 m in the of Buru.
Throughout its area, the Red Lory are fairly common, However, some populations are more dispersed around the villages, since they are very cautious towards humans.
Behavior:
The Red Lory they live in pairs or in small groups, but sometimes you can observe large flocks of 50 individuals.
They are birds noisy and quite easy to observe, as they often fly above the canopy attracted by the red flowers of the tree of coral (Erythrina).
They have a fast and direct flight and when moving, make your buzz due to its quick flapping.
In the Kai Islands, their movements are common: all days, they cross the arm of sea that separates the different islands flying rapidly and at high altitude.
During the rest hours that occur at noon, the Red Lory they spend most of their time smoothing their feathers in the shade of a tree. Probably, This practice is designed to strengthen marital ties. Parties that enjoy priority are the head and neck; as you can not reach these areas with its beak, you will always need your partner collaboration. The “patient” that is subject to this preferential treatment seems to express a deep sense of satisfaction.
Reproduction:
The couples begin to look for the location of the nest between the months of August and September. It is located high in a big tree.
In mid-December some young leaving the nest have observed.
As in all loris, the nesting period is very long and hard 7 to 9 weeks.
In captivity, the Red Lory puts 1 or 2 litters per year. Each spawning has usually 2 white eggs that are incubated for a period ranging from 24 to 26 days.
Food:
In their natural habitats, the Red Lory feed of nectar, pollen, fruits and insects of fashion casual.
Your food › seem to be them flowers of the trees of the species Eugenia and Erythrina.
All the Loris they have a language that is especially suited, with a brush tip made up of elongated papillae. This characteristic allows birds to collect pollen from flowers and compress it in a suitable way for swallowing.. They play an important role in the pollination of flowering plants and trees.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 57.900 km2
The Red Lory they have a very restricted distribution area. They live South of the Moluccan Islands, halfway between Sulawesi and the western end of New Guinea.
This species has a very large range, and therefore not approaching the thresholds for Vulnerable according to the range size criterion.
The population is suspected of being in decline due to unsustainable levels of exploitation.
The species has undergone intense trade from 1981, When it began trading in Appendix II. 99.834 wild-caught specimens have been recorded in international trade, Although none from 2000 (UNEP-WCMC trade database, January 2005 CITES).
"Red Lory" in captivity:
This lori is considered one of the most widespread within poultry. It's an interesting bird, robust and easy of play, ideal for a start in the world of the loris. It also has a very attractive red color; It playful and is easy for tame.
It is a great conversationalist. Some have entire sentences in their vocabulary. Unfortunately, his voice is sometimes very strong, with a high sharp squeal. Most are docile, even at maturity. They can be prolific breeders and are fairly easy to find as hand-raised pets..
Too much protein in the diet can lead to gout., a type of arthritis that crystals are deposited in the joints. May be a bit uncomfortable due to liquid diet.
Alternative names:
– Red Lory, Buru Red Lory (ingles).
– Lori écarlate, Lori rouge (French).
– Rotlori (German).
– Lóris-vermelho (Portuguese).
– Lori Rojo (español).
* A Red Lorry at Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia by Navin – wikimdia
* Red Lory (Eos bornea) looking upwards by shahram sharif – Wikimedia
* Red Lory (Eos bornea) at Singapore Zoo by Joost Rooijmans – Wikimedia
* Red Lory – KL Bird Park – Malaysia by diego_cue – Panoramio
* Moluccan Red Lory – Parrots Australia
The head of the Finsch's Pygmy-Parrot(Micropsitta finschii) is bright green, slightly yellowish, dotted with pale blue in the chin and throat. Upperparts bright green, with fine darker stripes. The flight feather they are black with fine green edges; wing feathers greenish yellow. The underparts pale yellowish green with fine darker stripes and feather in the center of the belly orange-red; uppertail-coverts yellow, the longest with bluish-green tips. Upper, the tail is off blue, Black in the Center and sides with blue and yellow tips; below, the tail is black with yellow tips.
Bill blackish; cere Pink ; irises orange red; legs grey.
Cere rose in the male, grey in the female. The females they lack the red marks in the underparts and they have pink feathers, not blue, on chin.
Immature with bill grayish and reddish brown, not orange-red, the irises.
In the juvenile birds the cere is greyish in both sexes. Males immature of the species nominal lack of the chin Blue and red markings in the abdomen.
(Tristram, 1891) – The adults have a stain blue in the part superior of the crown.
Micropsitta finschii viridifrons
(Rothschild & ECTION Hartert, 1899) – Adults have a large blue spot at the top of the crown and blue tones to the sides of the face.
Micropsitta finschii tristami
(Rothschild & ECTION Hartert, 1902) – Adults do not have blue spots and orange
Micropsitta finschii aolae
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1888) – adults have the upperparts darker and have a blue spot on the top of the crown.
Habitat:
Most common in lowland primary forest at mid-altitude, are observed to the 900 meters above sea level (lower boundary of cloud forests where they are replaced by the Red-breasted Pygmy-Parrot, but they are distributed in a variety of habitats, including weed gardens, casuarinas, secondary growth, areas of open scrubland and occasionally coconut (Cocoa nuts). It's a vociferous and active species, difficult to observe. They are alone, in pairs or in groups of 3 to 6 birds. They feed on acrobatic form, down with your head upside down and using their tails as support on the bark of the trees.
Reproduction:
One to two eggs are deposited by the female in an excavated cavity over a period of several weeks in an active tree termite nest. (that is also used for the rest). Adults were observed with young in January 1995 in the South of New Ireland. The breeding period It speculates that may be between March and Mayo.
Food:
Peck the trunks and branches of the tree tops and medium height plants to glean lichens and fungi, also noticed them is feeding of seeds of casuarina.
The size of the world population It has not been quantified, supposedly above 100.000 specimens. The species according to sources, It is abundant within its range (pit et to the. 1997).
The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.
In captivity:
Not found in captivity.
This species has only been kept alive for short periods in captivity.; new birds may refuse foods completely.
Alternative names:
– Finsch’s Pygmy-Parrot, Emerald Pygmy Parrot, Finsch’s Pygmy Parrot, Green Pygmy Parrot, Green Pygmy-Parrot (ingles).
– Micropsitte de Finsch (francés).
– Salomonenspechtpapagei, Salomonen-Spechtpapagei (alemán).
– Micropsitta finschii (portugués).
– Microloro de Finsch (español).
23 cm.. length and an approximate weight of 95 g..
In the distance, the Yellow-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus auriceps) appears as a fully green Parrot, light and bright above that below.
It has a yellow spot in the forecrown, above a red stripe that goes from the bill both eyes. It can be confused with the Red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) who lives in the same circles.
The upperparts they are green with a red patch on each side of the rump. Alula, primary covertss and vane outside of the primaries are blue-violet color.
feathers of the wings Green with blue at the edges of the previous; a wing bar at present times.
The underparts more yellowish green, sometimes with yellow marks.
Tail of color green for over, dark grey below.
The bill blue grey at the base, Blackish at tip; irises orange-red; legs greyish brown.
The females they are slightly smaller than males.
The young birdss have the peaks paler, queues shorter and the irises light brown.
Both females as the juveniles They show a drawing in the form of bar under the wings.
On the Mainland, the Yellow-crowned parakeet, they are mainly distributed among the lush native forests, mainly in the provided ecosystems of Nothofagus and Podocarpus, at an altitude of about 600 m. Although these birds are at much lower altitudes, the species tends to move at altitudes which are the Red-crowned parakeet, especially when their habitats overlap.
The Yellow-crowned parakeet they are more common in closed areas of scrub, less common in open spaces by which moves the Red-crowned parakeet.
It is more common on offshore islands, where predation by introduced mammals is reduced.
Birds are found more often in pairs or small groups, feeding in the middle or upper floor of forest or large shrubs. Although it is, generally, more arboreal than the Red-crowned parakeet, they tend to feed on land in the islands of the coast.
Reproduction:
The breeding habits they are similar to the of the Red-crowned parakeet, but these birds seem to be more territorial around the nest.
The Yellow-crowned parakeet They nest in tree holes.
The implementation is performed between the months of October to December but have been observed nesting in almost every month, presumably in response to food availability. Of five to nine eggs whites make up the implementation, with one incubation between 18 and 20 days. The calf is fed by the female who in turn receives food from the male., the young remain in the nest from five to six weeks.
Food:
The diet consists of plant material including outbreaks, berries, flowers and seeds, as well as invertebrates such as larvae, for example, Heliostibes vibratrix and mealybugs Ultracoelostoma assmile. The insects They seem to be more important in the diet of the Yellow-crowned parakeet that in the of the Red-crowned parakeet.
The species is also found in the chatham islands, where the Chatham Parakeet It has suffered from habitat loss, as well as competition and hybridization with the Red-crowned parakeet: both hybrids together with the Red-crowned parakeet, they survive better in open areas, helped by the improvement of the habitat and hybridisation control, so getting a slow recovery.
In the past the population of the Yellow-crowned parakeet has declined in number and the species is now rare throughout its range. As a result, is suspected to have one moderately low population. The world's population believed that it is inferior to the 5.000 specimens.
It is believed that this species has been adversely affected by the logging of forests, introduced predators, (cats, stoats and rats) and hybridization. Consequently, that you have been moderate declines in population to this day.
In the islands of the coast, the Red-crowned parakeet is usually much more common (Heather and Robertson 1997) and can be replaced by full to the Yellow-crowned parakeet in Solander Island. In Auckland Islands, There is an abnormally high rate of hybridization between the two species.
For its upbringing it is enough to have previous experience in the breeding of any of the smaller Australian parrots..
Reasonably hardy to cold, It has a thick plumage on their underparts which gives them a good insulation against the harsh winters; they withstand a cooler climate than most Australian species.
The sound of their voices is not strong or offensive and consists of pleasant chattering.
In terms of their longevity, according to sources, one specimen was still alive after 9.3 years in captivity
Origin: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Character: Intelligent and social
Life expectancy: 40 years
Height: 46 cm..
Content
Description:
46 cm.. length and a weight between 285 and 387 g..
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw(Ara severus) It is a medium-sized Parrot with a plumage predominantly Green.
The male and female are almost identical and juveniles are hardly different from adults.
In the male adult, the feathers of the crown and the neck they are heavily infiltrated blue. The forecrown, chin and the area of the cheeks bordering with the bare skin of the face are brown. The curvature of the wing, carpal edge and small lower coverts are bright red. The bottom of the flight feather shows a dark red-orange color.
The tail is reddish brown with a blue tip. The bill greyish black. The bare skin of the face it is creamy white with fine lines of small black feathers. The irises is yellow, the legs grey.
The youth they are like the of adults, but have the tail shorter and the irises is grey.
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw may be confused with two species: the Blue-winged Macaw, Although this has a frontal band and stain abdominal Red and the Red-bellied Macaw Although it differs by having the facial skin yellow, and the abdomen red. On the other hand, These parrots are smaller and have a yellow color under the wings.
While they are sometimes in clearings or on the edge of this habitat, the Chestnut-fronted Macaw, in general, avoid the great forests never invaded by water. They prefer areas that are periodically flooded, secondary forests, galleries of trees that border the watercourses, oil palm plantations, meadows and pastures where there are still some scattered stands of trees.
It depends on the region, These birds live in very different elevations of up 1000 metres in Colombia, 1500 meters in the South of Ecuador, and only 350 metres in Venezuela.
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw, usually, they live in pairs or in small groups. However they can form large gatherings when dorms are set or when food resources are abundant.
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw, sometimes, they feed in the company of the Red-bellied Macaw (Ara manilata).
During the day, they are essentially arboreal, preferring to remain at the top of the trees and in the canopy, where they remain well hidden in thick foliage. They are best observed at dawn and dusk, as they follow regular routes between their places of rest and feeding sites.
They fly directly, with fast rhythms revealing red underneath his wings stain.
They are birds sedentary. In some mountain areas, However, undertake altitudinal migrations.
Reproduction:
Given the large size of its distribution area and large variation in latitude, nesting takes place at different times depending on the region, from March to may in Colombia, February-March in Panama, and from September to December in Suriname.
These macaws usually They nest in cavities of dead Palm trees, often just above the water, but they can also lay their eggs in a rock crevice.
The spawning usually includes 2 or 3 eggs. There is little information of this bird in the wild, but it is known that in captivity the period of incubation lasts a few 28 days. The reproductive cycle is particularly long, The chicks remain in the nest for a minimum of 9 weeks.
Food:
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw they are exclusively vegetarian. Its diet includes seeds of Hura crepitans, Sapium aureum, Cedrela odorata and Cupania cinerea, the pulp and the seeds of Inga laterifolia, Micropholis melinoneana, Euterpe precatoria and Gulielma, and fruits of Ficus, Cecropia feulla, Caraniana, as well as fruit of different types of fig trees or palms (especially species with small fruits); also flowers of, for example, Ferruleand Erythrina.
The birds are fed into silence in the canopy where they can be difficult to detect.
Distribution:
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw are distributed to the East of Panama and by South America reaching the center of Bolivia.
In East Panama they are in the tropical zone (records in the West to the North of the Canal area they are probably due to leaks), on the slope of the peaceful from the South of the Andes to the South of Ecuador (of Guayas to Pichincha) and in the Northern lowlands of Colombia, South to the upper area of the Valley of Sinu River, extending into the foothills of the Colombian Andes, in the valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena until Antioquia.
To the East of the Andes they occupy the Amazonian lowlands of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia in Peace, Beni, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz, going east of the foothills of the Andes through the West and South of the amazon (Although they are not known in the North of Brazil, for example, in Manaus or along the rivers Negro and Branco).
Propagate through the tropical zone of Venezuela in Zulia and from the West of Apure until Aragua, Northwest of Bolívar and the Amazonas along the Orinoco, reaching the Guianas and Amapá, Brazil.
To the South of the amazon is extended by the Mato Grosso, Brazil. A record to the South of Bahia is not confirmed.
Resident with seasonal movements of altitude in some areas (for example, West of Ecuador and North of Venezuela).
Pretty common throughout much of its range, and while the deterioration of habitat has caused serious decreases in population at the local level (for example, in the Valle del Cauca, Colombia and West of Ecuador), moderate deforestation has resulted in increases in other areas.
Although there are no reports in Guyana Since the beginning of the 19th century, the Chestnut-fronted Macaw they are still common in Suriname, especially in some coastal areas.
The species is kept in captivity, but the demand is not very big.
Conservation:
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern
• Population trend: Stable
The Chestnut-fronted Macaw they are quite common throughout much of its range birds. Apparently, they are able to survive to the selective deforestation and even capitalize.
In Venezuela it is a species with high rates of being traded as a pet due to its beauty and sociable behavior. The Ye'kwana on the Caura forest reserve in the State Bolívar, They include this species in his list of game birds, for its power and ornaments, but it is not the most hunted. In the State Carabobo is marketed as a pet according to data from the Regional Directorate for the Ecosocialism and waters-Carabobo.
On the part of the National Government is protected by the wildlife and its regulations protection law. Several of their populations are found in the national parks: Waraira Repano, Henri Pittier,The Caura forest reserve, San Esteban, Canaima. Currently the National office of biological diversity, Ministry of the Popular power for the environment He is working on defining the criteria to develop the official books of endangered species of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
In Bolivia, international trade in psittacines had caused significant problems for this species in the past, but since the beginning of 1980, their trade is prohibited.
"Chestnut-fronted Macaw" in captivity:
Recently, the Chestnut-fronted Macaw have joined the ranks of other birds kept in captivity. For a time, most of the breeding birds of this species were acquired through the importation of wild specimens. Today this has changed, and most of these macaws today come from generations bred in captivity. Being recent its breeding in captivity, most of These parrots will retain much of their natural behaviors.
These small macaws are popular due to their friendly disposal and most likely will continue to grow in popularity in the future.
While they have not had hundreds of years of selection to tame their personalities, These macaws can be a fantastic pets if they are fed by hand and are well socialized from a young age.
They are creatures very curious, so they need a lot of mental stimulation to be healthy and happy. They should have on hand, games, toys, and daily interaction with your caregiver to make sure that you do not bored.
Most of the Chestnut-fronted Macaw they form links monogamous and they need to live with more birds in order to be able to form a family. Won't these birds well if they are isolated from family and some even become neurotic if their mental needs are not met.
A future buyer of a Chestnut-fronted Macaw You should plan on integrating this beautiful bird in his life to ensure the achievement of all the emotional and cognitive needs.
In general, to most of the Chestnut-fronted Macaw do not like being touched in excess, Although all birds are different and have their own personality. Assess your bird to see what what works best. These birds enjoying caresses next to the back of the neck, along their beaks, or around your eyes. They can be happy on the shoulders of its owner. Jewelry or shiny objects amaze quickly to this curious Parrot. For this reason, All chains, earrings, watches, bracelets , etc … they should stay away from our Macaw, since it could break if the bird decides to play with them.
Although these parrots fall into the category of small macaws, they maintain a high level of noise. It is not an ideal pet for apartments. If you decide to buy one and you live in an apartment, It may be a good reason to argue with your neighbors, Since these birds are noisy. Loud high-pitched sounds can easily be heard a few floors below and are to be expected during the early morning hours., at noon, and before the sunset. This is what they do in their natural habitat.
Yes a Chestnut-fronted Macaw It is continuously shouting for the attention of their owner, These calls should be ignored.. The bird is reacting the only way it knows how to get your attention. The best thing is to give attention during moments of tranquility that is account that this works best.
Unfortunately, many times a homeowner will come to the incessant screams of your Macaw in order to calm the neighbors below; But, This attention usually works in opposite way and the bird will continue to making noise because you know it will work.
Under no circumstances, the owner should be snapping the beak of the bird, spray it with water, or shout it when is making excessive noise. Such tactics only make the problem worse and parrots do not understand this type of punishment. On the other hand, owners should focus on something more positive for the bird and reward it in some way when it is quiet. With the time, the bird will recognize that this positive behavior works much better.
Despite these parrots can be noisy, in general, they are those who speak better of all macaws. One Chestnut-fronted Macaw You can speak with clarity and memorize a lot of words and phrases. They are possessors of some sharp voices that are a delight to listen. It must be said that the purchase of a parrot for his ability to speak is not the best idea, Since some parrots can never learn to talk and its owner can feel extremely disappointed. In its place, the best is to opt for a bird by its adorable and nice personality, If she starts to talk, then it will be an added advantage.
REPRODUCTION:
The breeding of Chestnut-fronted Macaw it's not very hard. While it is true there is time for the union of these birds, not much effort is needed to achieve that they reproduce successfully. It is always recommended do not use domestic birds in a breeding program, since once domesticated, they usually do not reproduce successfully.
The best candidates are those who have been exposed to other severe macaws and have lived within a Aviary.
When approaching the season of reproduction in spring and early summer, a bonded pair will be more vocal. During this time a female will look for a nesting site to raise their future pigeon. In most cases, This is usually a vertical wooden nest box or metal placed in a corner of the cage. Inside the box must have a ladder to be sure that the female can be up and down without damaging their eggs. The bottom of the box should also have some kind of soft base such as wood chips that are non-toxic to the parrot.; But, some female birds choose to remove wood chips. If this occurs, the owner must again enter a handful of chips in the nest box until you put the first egg since this keeps the egg and prevents it from moving around and damage to. The box should also be placed so that the owner has easy access to the eggs and chicks. Most boxes are suspended outside the cage with doors that open on the side of the box or the top..
The egg laying it's every other day until your clutch is complete. On average, a typical clutch will consist of between 2 to 4 white eggs. The female incubates eggs during 27 to 28 days. Just before hatching, the chickens will make a small hole from the inside of the egg in order to be able to breathe. This will alert the mother of arrival. Some mothers eat the shell to help recover the calcium that is lost while it incubated, However, others completely ignore it.
Once the chicks are hatching, the mother is left with the chick for several weeks until they can produce their own body heat and increased demand for food of baby birds. Until then, the male work tirelessly to ensure the young, the female, and himself, food. This moment of hard tension until that all babies are weaned; approximately 70 days.
FEEDING:
In the wild these birds feed on all kinds of food and it is important that we try to imitate their natural diet. This makes it a healthier bird. From time to time, We must provide palm nuts their beaks are designed to eat the fleshy external parts of these fruits. These dried fruits contain oils and enzymes you require our birds. A base diet of Pellet and seeds also must provide.
They have to be powered also with fresh fruit and vegetables on a daily basis. fruits like oranges, Kiwis, handles, apples, grapes, peaches and Plums they are great accessories for the bird. Many of these fruits can be cut into squares and presented as a skewer of a our Macaw, Since he likes to play with fruit and the sampling of all flavors.
The vegetables as the pumpkin, corn, Carrot, Kale, Spinach, celery and are generally a joy to most parrots. These vegetables can be cut during the dinner and were placed in the refrigerator during the future feed. In this way you will save time. Other healthy items are beans and legumes; although, beans and vegetables always must be cooked before feeding your bird. If a severe Macaw is cared for properly, and feeds with a variety of different foods that are healthy, It can live up to the 45 or 50 years.
Alternative names:
– Chestnut-fronted Macaw, Brazilian Green Macaw, Chestnut fronted Macaw, Severa Macaw, Severe Macaw (English).
– Ara vert, Ara à front châtain, Ara sévère (French).
– Rotbugara (German).
– Maracanã-guacu, anacã, ararica, ararinha, ararinha-de-fronte-castanha, maracanã, maracanã-açu, maracanã-guaçu (Portuguese).
– Guacamaya Cariseca, Guacamayo Severo, Maracaná Grande (español).
– Guacamaya cariseca, Cheja cariseca (Colombia).
– Maracaná (Venezuela).
– Loro arara, Guacamayo frenticastaño (Ecuador).
– Tereche grande, Parabachi, maracaná grande (Bolivia).
– Shivaí (Chimane).
– Maracana Guasu (Guarani).
– Avensó (Embera).
– E-ara (Piaroa).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Venezuelan of information on biological diversity system – Macaw Maracanã (Ara severus)
– Photos:
(1) – Cheatnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severus) at Jungle Island of Miami By DickDaniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Chestnut-fronted Macaw stretching leg and wing By Sandysphotos2009 (20100123_187Uploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Chestnut-fronted Macaw or Severe Macaw in south Columbia By anthrotect (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Chestnut-fronted Macaw at Santa Fe Zoo, Medellín, Colombia By Steven (Quueee?Uploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A Chestnut-fronted Macaw at World Parrot Refuge, Coombs, British Columbia, Canada By Herb Neufeld (P1120046Uploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Chestnut-fronted Macaw at Niabi Zoo, Coal Valley, Illinois, USA By Bill & Vicki Tracey from Rochelle, Illinois, usa (At the ZooUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Chestnut-fronted Macaw (also known as Severe Macaw) at at World Parrot Refuge Center, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada By Darlee Byron (Well.. Hello!Uploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Chestnut-fronted Macaw | Maracanã (Ara severus) by Fernando Flores – Flickr
(9) – A Chestnut-fronted Macaw in Miami, Florida, USA. It is probably feral By Don Faulkner (Chestnut-fronted MacawUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Ilustración Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
The Red-browed Parrot(Amazona rhodocorytha) has the forecrown and front of the crown, bright red; back of the crown, green with brownish purple tips; lores oranges; lower cheeks and throat, pale blue; ear-coverts and sides neck, green with plenty of blue; nape green with black tips. Upperparts green, some feathers showing faint dark tips. Wing coverts green with yellow on the carpal edge. Primaries dark grey; three outermost secondary, red at the base, other green with violet blue tips. Underwing-coverts green. Underparts green, paler and more yellowish than above, with some feathers showing faint pale blue tips (especially in the belly and around the thighs). The tail It is green with yellow tip and a large patch in red subterminal innerwebs of the lateral feathers. Bill color pale horn; irises orange; legs grey.
Both sexes are similar. Immature It is less extensive in red head and in the tail, and the red color is confined to only the first two secondaries.
Taxonomic note:
The Red-browed Parrot It has been widely treated as conspecific with Blue cheeked Parrot(Amazona dufresniana) and Red-tailed Parrot(Amazona brasiliensis). According to reports, the birds of Alagoas show the throat orange, suggesting a racial differentiation. It has not proposed any subspecies.
The Red-browed Parrot mainly inhabits moist lowland forests, but forests also date from the highlands (perhaps seasonally) inside (for example, in Serra do Mar and east of Minas Gerais, Brazil) up to approximately 1.000 m. Although records on the edges of forests, probably not adapt to the conditions created, even partial deforestation. They sleep communally on tall trees in forest.
Reproduction:
The eggs possibly they hatch in October and pairs with their young have been observed in January.
In captivity, sunsets four eggs are common; the incubation hard 24 days, with the young leaving the nest 34 days after hatching.
Food:
Feeds of fruit, seeds, berries and cocoons they get in the treetops; It has also been registered to Red-browed Parrot feeding is of papaya, jaca, Mango, cacao, banana and coffee plantations.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 2.700 km2
The Red-browed Parrot It was first discovered in northern Sao Paulo at the beginning of the year 90.
This is an Amazon of Atlantic tropical forests of Brazil, in the East of Alagoas and further south, until Rio de Janeiro. No records between Alagoas and northeast of Bay, but if southwards and into neighboring areas, to the East of Minas Gerais, Brazil, through Espirito Santo until Rio de Janeiro.
Obviously, he suffered a drastic decline in its geographical expansion and its population since European settlement. Today they live confined to the last remaining fragments of the Atlantic tropical forests. Possibly extinct Alagoas, where the last native lowland forests were cleared in the 1990s 1980, although still quite common in at least one protected area Espirito Santo.
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 600-1700
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is endangered because of their severely fragmented and declining population. There remains a proper dismantling of Atlantic forest habitat and capture for the bird trade cage is an additional threat. It is considered nationally in peligro de extinctionn in Brazil.
Justification of the population
The species has a small population located in the band 1,000-2,499 individuals in total. This is equivalent to 667-1.666 mature individuals, rounded here to 600-1.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is suspected continued rapid population decline based on habitat destruction and fragmentation and capture for domestic and international pet trade.
Threats
less than 10% of original forest cover remains in Bahia and Espírito Santo, and only 2% en Alagoas (Brown and Brown 1992, Conservation International 1995), mainly due to conversion to plantations and pastures. In fact, now it is estimated that less than 1% the general habitat of this species remains (Klemann-Júnior et al., 2008). In janeiro river, many fragments of important habitats are being cleared, especially around the Desengano State Park. The collapse of the cocoa economy in southern Bahia has resulted in increased logging by landowners and colonization of reserves by former plantation workers. (Snyder et to the., 2000). If the seasonal movement of birds is confirmed, this would multiply the problems of habitat loss. In the breeding season 1998-1999, 174 nestlings were captured, especially reservation, for domestic and international trade of birds in cages (Brown and Brown 1992), While 664 individuals were recorded in captivity at the Center for Reintroduction of Wild Animals 2005-2006 and others were found in private cages (L. Klemann-Júnior a little., 2007). Illegal trade is apparently the main threat to the species in Espírito Santo (Klemann-Júnior et al., 2008b). Memories containing feathers have been on sale outside the Monte Pascoal National Park (Sweeney 1996). a pest species is considered in some plantations of papaya, coffee and cocoa (Klemann-Junior 2006, L. Klemann-Júnior a little., 2012).
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II and protected by Brazilian law. Considered endangered in Brazil to 2014 (Klemann-Júnior et al., 2008), It is now classified as Vulnerable (MMA 2014). They live in 14 Reservations (Wege and Long 1995 , RB Pineschi by C. Yamashita in some. 2000), but most of them provide minimal habitat protection and none are effective against poaching. The ex situ population is managed under a European species survival plan (Sweeney 1996) and Curitiba Zoo (L. Klemann-Júnior a little. 2012), which together with Loro Parque Foundation, Foundation Rare Species Conservation and Environmental Idéia, have successfully developed a captive breeding program (Reinschmidt and Waugh 2005 , L. Klemann-Júnior a little. 2007, 2012) .
Conservation Actions Proposed
Survey to locate additional populations. Protect forests where the species is found outside reserves in Rio de Janeiro. Effectively protect habitat and birds within reserves and further develop the captive breeding population. Enforce laws against trafficking, especially on roads connecting the Monte Pascoal National Park with the rest of southern Brazil (Snyder et to the., 2000). Mapping the current distribution of the species within its extent of occurrence. Identify priority areas for conservation. Investigate dietary requirements and nesting. Estimate the range of the house of the species. Study the impact of fragmentation of forests within its population. Implement an education program (L. Klemann-Júnior a little. 2012).
The Red-browed Parrot in captivity:
Suffering from a continuous illegal trade in which the birds are highly valued.
protected by CITES Appendix I, where they are included all endangered species. Trade in specimens of these species is authorized only under exceptional circumstances..
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, with the order to ensure their survival long-term.
The captive breeding, although difficult, It has been successful in United States and Europe and overall management plan for captive birds of this species is underway. The reintroduction into the wild of captive populations can become an important conservation strategy in the future.
(1) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) at Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, USA By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as DSC00744) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) in a zoo By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) at a zoo By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-browed Amazon at Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, Florida, USA By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as P8120449) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha). Parrot in a zoo By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) at Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, USA By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) in the Loro Parque zoo of Tenrerife (Spain) By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Red-browed Amazon (Amazona rhodocorytha) at Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, USA By Duncan Rawlinson (originally posted to Flickr as DSC00736) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – The red-browed Amazon parrot Amazona rhodocorytha at Rare Species Conservatory Foundation, USA By Duncan Rawlinson from Vancouver, BC (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Blue-cheeked Amazon (left); Red-browed Amazon (right) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (too.. 1880, plate IX) – Wikipedia
the unmistakable White-bellied Parrot(Pionites leucogaster) has the lores, cheeks and throat, bright yellow lemon; “ear-coverts”, forecrown and crown, bright orange red; sides and rear of the neck, orange, but paler.
Upperparts green. Primary coverts blue; other coverts green. Primaries blue with green margins in outerweb. Underwing-coverts green. Breast
and center belly, white; undersides of belly and feathers the thighs, green; undertail-coverts Yellow. Upper, the tail green; undertail, pale grayish brown. Bill, color pale horn; cere Pink; irises reddish brown; legs pink.
(Sclater,PL, 1858) – As the nominal species but with the thighs and flanks bright yellow lemon (no verde); tail green.
Pionites leucogaster xanthurus
(Todd, 1925) – As the nominal species, but with the thighs yellow; flanks and tail, yellow and green the uppertail-coverts.
Habitat:
Prefers low humid forests, areas of land and várzea with probable preference for the latter and for clearings in the forests. Also observed in the drier forests (where it is less common) in the South of its range. Gregarious; Observed in the company of Blue-headed Parrot(Pionus menstruus) on Eastern Amazonia. Seen in small groups or couples.
Since they have very heavy body and very short wings, the White-bellied Parrot You can not fly long distances.
Reproduction:
With plays in January and nests in hollow trees; a nest 30m found in the cavity of a tree in the east of its range. Clutch Normal probably 2-4 eggs.
Food:
Very similar in habits Lorito Chirlecrés(Pionites melanocephalus) but no specific information about their diet; probably seeds, fruit and berries.
Distribution:
The size of its distribution area (reproduction / resident): 2.140.000 km2
The White-bellied Parrot It extends through southern amazon in Brazil, from northwest maranhão and around Bethlehem in the State of For, west on Mato Grosso to the North of Bolivia and Southeast of Peru, to the top of Ucayali, where it approaches the range of Lorito Chirlecrés(Pionites melanocephalus). Reports in eastern Ecuador (well within the limits of the latter) still not substantiated.
(Sclater,PL, 1858) – West Basin amazon, in the southeast of Peru, North of Bolivia and West of Brazil, where the subspecies intergran Pionites leucogaster xanthurus in the upper area of Yurua River
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Usually common but perhaps more scarce in drier forests on the southern fringes of the range. It is not at serious risk, but decreases locally (for example, the Eastern Amazonia) due to deforestation, and possibly extinct now Santa Cruz, Bolivia, due to the loss of habitat. Trapped for Local international trade (at least years), but apparently not yet having a serious impact on wild populations.
Conservation Actions Underway
• No specific conservation actions are known for this species.
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Expand the network of protected areas to effectively protect the IBA.
• Effectively treat resources and manage existing and new protected areas., using the emerging opportunities for funding the management of protected areas with the overall goal of reducing carbon emissions and maximize the conservation of biodiversity.
• Conservation on private land is also essential, through the expansion of market pressures for rational land management and prevention of logging on land not suitable for agriculture (Soares-Filho et to the., 2006).
• Campaign against proposed changes to the Brazilian Forest Code that would lead to a decrease in the width of protected riparian forest areas such as Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), that function as vital corridors in fragmented landscapes.
"White-bellied Parrot" in captivity:
Do not have the capacity to speak of his larger parrots cousins, but they are very assets and can be very good pets, Despite not being very common to see them in captivity.
Alternative names:
– White-bellied Parrot, White bellied Parrot, White-bellied Caique (English).
– Maïpouri à ventre blanc, Caïque à ventre blanc (French).
– Rostkappenpapagei, Rostkappen-Papagei (German).
– Marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela, maipuré, marianinha, mariquita, periquito-d’anta, periquito-de-anta, periquito-de-cabeça-preta Pionopsitta barrabandi (Portuguese).
– Lorito Gordo de Cabeza Rojiza, Lorito Rubio (español).
– Loro de Vientre Blanco (Peru).
(1) – Pionites leucogaster xanthomeria By Mirjam (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Pionites leucogaster leucogaster White-bellied Parrot (this subspecies is also know as the Green-thighed Parrot). Two in a cage with a nestbox By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as 140) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Pionites leucogaster xanthomerius A pet adult male White-bellied Caique perching by a row of books By pionetes (Own work (self-portrait)) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Five White-bellied Parrots (also known as White-bellied Caique) at Bird Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. This subspecies is also known as the Green-thighed Caique (Pionites leucogaster leucogaster) By Chad Bordes (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – White-bellied Parrot by Peter Tan – Flickr
(6) – White-bellied Parrot in captivity at Iguaçu Bird Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Photographed on 23 April 2003 By Arthur Chapman [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – White-bellied Parrot (Pionites leucogaster) often referred to as the White-bellied Caique in captivity by whiskymac (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – White-bellied Parrot (often referred to as the White-bellied Caique); a chick. Its feathers have not opened yet By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as Caique) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A painting of a White-bellied Parrot (originally captioned “Psittacus badiceps. Bay-headed Parrot”) by Edward Lear (1812-1888) Edward Lear [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The general plumage of the Ornate Lory (Trichoglossus ornatus) is green. The front, the head and feathers that cover the ears are blue. It has a small red stripe that goes from the upper right corner of the eye to the nape of the neck, It also has a yellow stripe on the sides of the neck. The throat and chest are orange-red and in each pen has a bluish-black wide table. Underwing feathers are yellow.
The rest of the bottom is green with yellowish scales.
Belly pale green with dark green bars. Green-yellow under the tail is bright green ends. The upper part of the tail is dark green with yellow edges in outer feathers. The base of the outer tail feathers is pink.
The circle around the eyes is narrow and dark gray. The iris is red, the legs are grey and orange beaks.
The Ornate Lory they usually visit the swamps and marshy woodlands where there is fresh water. They are also found in the forest, the plots during the regeneration near the edges, scattered shrubs in cropland, including coconut plantations.
Usually, They appreciate the open areas and do not venture far from the primary forests.
In the North and center of the main island, These birds live from sea level up to the 1.000 meters above the sea level, While in the South, You can climb up to the 1.500 m. Its preferred habitat is between 300 and 500 m.
The Ornate Lory They mainly live in pairs or in small groups. Sometimes, when feeding in fruit trees or at the edges of the forest, are associated with the Yellow-and-green Lorikeet (Trichoglossus flavoviridis).
Benefiting from stable climate, These birds are probably sedentary.
Reproduction:
We really know very little about the reproductive habits of this species in the wild.
Most of the birds are able to breed in the months of September and October. There is no information on the construction and composition of the nest.
Spawning usually consists of 3 eggs that are incubated during 27 days. The chicks are nidicolous and depend on their parents during 80 days after hatching.
Food:
The Ornate Lory they are vegetarian birds, most of its menu is made up of nectar, pollen and fruit. When feed, these birds may concentrate in large numbers on flowering trees. The seeds of the trees of the genus Tectona and Casuarina they are also part of their diet.
Distribution:
This species is endemic to Indonesia , where is widespread in Sulawesi and surrounds the coast islands including Togian, Peleng, Banggai and the archipelago Tukang Besi. It has been reported that it is no longer common in parts of northern and central Sulawesi, but still seems to be common on the islands Togian and in the lowland forest in Torout (Bogani Nani NP) and to a lesser extent in Tangkoko.
Conservation:
– Current IUCN Red List category: Least concern
– The population trend: Decreasing
It has been described as common and locally very common., with a total population of over of 50.000 specimens.
The trend has not been quantified, but slow descents can be seen due to some pressure from capture, and although it does not require primary forest it is more common in the lowlands and therefore may be affected by habitat loss.
It seems that the Ornate Lory is trapped in national parks as Tangkoko and Lore Lindu, and they are commonly seen in bird markets.
"Ornate Lory" in captivity:
Due to its state of decline in its population, any specimen that can not be returned to their natural habitat (natural range) should preferably be placed in a well-managed breeding program to ensure the survival of the species.
Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ
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