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Festive Parrot
Amazona festiva

Origin: Brazil, Peru, Guyana, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela
Character: Excitable
Life expectancy: 40 to 50 years
Height: 38 a 41cm.

Amazona festiva

Content

Description


Anatomy-parrots

38-41 cm.. tall and 370g. weight.
The Festive Parrot (Amazona festiva) has the cheeks and sides neck Green with strong blue diffusion; lores and a close frontal band red; feathers above and behind them eyes blue; Forehead rather yellowish green. Crown Green but darker; Feathers of the nape of color green with a band terminal dark. Mantle, scapulars, top of the back and uppertail-coverts dark green; Rump and the greater part of the low back bright red. Primary coverts Violet Blue. Other coverts dark green.

Amazon-festive-6

Edge carpal of the wing and margin of the outerweb of the primaries, blue; innerwebs black; secondaries dark blue-tipped, secondaries more interior Green. Underwing-coverts green. Chin and throat blue; Breast and belly green; coverts infra-flows brighter yellowish green. Tail green, of paler green yellowish at the tip; Trace reddish at the base of some feathers.

The bill color cuerno-marron; Iris yellow, legs dark grey.

Both sexes are similar.

Immature have irises dark and show a less intense color in the head. Its back low is practically Green; some of the pens outside of it tail they have a red base.

Subspecies description

  • Amazona festiva bodini

    (Finsch, 1873) – It has a broadband Violet Blue and red in the front behind the eyes.


  • Amazona festiva festiva

    (Linnaeus,1758) – The nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Festive Parrot" (Amazona festiva)

Festive Amazon "Charlie"
Watch this video on YouTube.

The Festive Parrot they attend primary and secondary lowland forests, mainly várzea, swamp forest and River Islands, as well igapó (permanently flooded forest), usually are found near the water and can prevent forests of Earth firm, although also reported in gallery forests and savannahs with scattered trees.

Observed in cocoa plantations in Brazil. At altitudes of 500 metres in Colombia and 100 metres in Venezuela. Usually in small flocks with larger meetings occasionally reported. Flocks of up to 50 birds are about Leticia between the months of May-June. Tend to gather is by the afternoon and in the evening in products communal.

Reproduction:

It nests in hollow of trees dead between mayo to June.
A breeding pair averages 3 eggs in each clutch and the incubation period is generally about 28 days.

Food:

Usually in numerous flocks, little of its power is known.

Distribution:

The Festive Parrot found in the North of South America mainly as two large populations disjunct in the basins of the amazon and Orinoco.

A population occupies the Northwest of Guyana (very few records) and Venezuela in southern Apure in the Meta River and a half Orinoco to Delta Amacuro.

The second extends from parts of the lowlands of the East (Colombia including the lower part of the Casanare River, lower Meta River and Vaupes River towards the South through the amazon of Ecuador (where birds are reported in Napo River, but few recent records) and northeast of Peru, and further to the East through the West of Brazil, from Rio Branco, Black river and bottom of the Madeira river up to the Basin Amazon East in Amapá and For and at the mouth of the amazon on Ilha Mexiana (where is its status uncertain).

Probably in its greater part resident, Although sporadic Bird on the edge of its distribution area in Ecuador and Guyana, They suggest seasonal movements outside their range, obviously low in Guyana and local in Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, but more common in parts of the Amazonia occidental in Brazil and locally the Amazona more common in some areas Colombia (for example by of Leticia).

Pursued to the trade in live birds in parts of its area of distribution (for example, Peru). Its swampy habitat is not much in demand for agriculture, by what does not seems to have a contraction apparent large scale of its population.

Subspecies distribution:

  • Amazona festiva bodini

    (Finsch, 1873) – It is from Colombia to the basin of the Orinoco of Venezuela


  • Amazona festiva festiva

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – The nominal.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Near-threatened Near Threatened ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

While it has declined locally, still fairly common throughout much of its range, and may even be close to cities as Manaus and Iquitos.

The size of the world population It has not been quantified, but this species is described as «Rare»

Consequently, is considered of least concern by BirdLife International and the IUCN , Although it was categorized as vulnerable in 2012, because of patterns of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and the susceptibility to hunt, predicts that the population will decrease quickly during the next three generations.

Festive Parrot in captivity:

Very rare in captivity.

His temperament is extremely excitable. Males tend to be aggressive. Good to excellent imitator.

It feeds on the sunflower seeds or other provided you ,fruit, vegetables etc..

Alternative names:

– Festive Parrot, Festive Amazon, Red-backed Amazon, Red-backed Parrot (English).
– Amazone tavoua, Amazona festiva (French).
– Blaubartamazone (German).
– Papagaio-da-várzea, papa-cacau, tauá, tavua (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Lomo Rojo, Amazona Festiva, Lora Festiva (español).
– Lora Festiva (Colombia).
– Loro de Lomo Rojo (Peru).
– Loro Lomirrojo (Venezuela).


scientific classification:

Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona festiva
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus festivus


Festive Parrot Images:

Amazona-festiva-(5)
Amazona-festiva-(4)
Amazona-festiva-(3)
Amazona-festiva-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
  • avibase

Photos:

(1) – Festive Amazon at Loro Parque, Teneriffe By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Festive_Amazon_BW. JPG: Berthold Werner (Festive_Amazon_BW. JPG) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Festive Amazon at Tulsa Zoo, USA. This subspecies is known as Bodinus’ Amazon By Christopher G from Tulsa Oklahoma, USA (Amazon Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A pet Festive Amazon By Tutu … F. Lopes (originally posted to Flickr as ♠) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Two Festive Amazons in an aviary at a bird park in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. They are the subspecies Amazona festiva bodini, common name Bodinus’ Amazon. They are probably jostling for room on their perch By Remiz [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Festive Parrot By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Amazona_festiva-8.jpg: frank wouters [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: Sergio Chaparro Herrera

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White-eyed Parakeet
Psittacara leucophthalmus

Origin: Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay
Character: Curious
Life expectancy: Of 25 years.
Height: 32 cm..

Aratinga Ojiblanca

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 32 cm. length and a weight between 140 and 170 g..
The White-eyed Parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus) has the head dark green with small scattered red feathers, especially in the area of the lores, cheeks, sides neck and throat. The head and nape Some birds are almost entirely green, others have solid red spots in the cheeks, with numerous scattered red feathers elsewhere.

The upperparts are dark green, with one or two scattered red feathers. Upper, the wings dark green, with a little red in the curve; undertail, with golden brown flight feathers, the outer red and green small coverts inner; Yellow large coverts external and green internal.

The underparts Green with scattered red feathers on the throat and the chest, sometimes forming irregular patches. Upper, the tail dark green; Brown down.

The bill hooked is color Horn and its gray tip; bare periophthalmic grayish white; irises yellow-orange; legs grey.

The plumage of the male and the female, they are identical.

The immature they have more muted colors; some feathers Red in the head, No red in the bend of wing and olive in the underwing-coverts outermost.

Subspecies description:

  • Psittacara leucophthalmus callogenys

    (Salvadori, 1891) – They have head, neck and throat, green grass dark with small feathers red color above the cheeks. The the mantle, the wing-coverts, the tail and primary feathers of the tail are dark green. The lower part of the chest and flanks of the body are green clear. The feathers largest of the wings and secondaries are dark green with a grey reflection at the ends. Smaller feathers of the wings and the area of the wing curvature are bright red; small coverts feathers are red; the feathers of the greater coverts are yellow. The top of the large feathers of the tail are dark green, the underparts is olive green.

    The eyes are black with the irises orange-brown. The bare periophthalmic is grayish white. Bill color horn, the sides and the tip of the upper part are dark gray. Legs brownish grey, black nails.

    On average largest the species nominal with the bill more robust. Birds in the West have a green dark.


  • Psittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus

    (Statius Müller, 1776) – The species nominal.


  • Psittacara leucophthalmus nicefori

    (Meyer de Schauensee, 1946) – Similar to the species nominal, except for having a red frontal band.

Habitat:

Video – "White-eyed Parakeet" (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

Calacante de Ala Roja Psittacara leucophthalmus.
Watch this video on YouTube.

The White-eyed Parakeet It is in a great range of forest habitats and forests, mainly in lowlands, even if they manage to reach altitudes of 1.700 meters in the Ecuador and 2.500 meters in Bolivia.

In the Amazon, they are in tropical rainforests, mostly along the rivers (including the forests and marshes), in scattered areas of woodland and in land grown in wetlands, mangroves, sheets and the forests of Palms in the Guianas, chaco types of forests in the South of its range, gallery forests and alluvial forests in Bolivia.

The White-eyed Parakeet they are highly gregarious, they form flocks, usually, hundreds of birds (usually up to 90), covering large expanses between the roosts and feeding areas.

In the Amazon, in general, birds travel along the banks of rivers, crossing also large tracts of forest to reach the meanders and hidden Marsh.

They form large community groups to sleep in trees, sugar cane fields and caves.

Associated with the Blue-crowned Conure (Psittacara acuticaudatus), the Blue-headed Parrot (Pionus menstruus), the Chestnut-fronted Macaw (Ara severus) and
Crimson-bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura perlata), in mixed flocks, especially while they forage.

Reproduction:

The nest It consists of a natural cavity in a tree, often a palma, but also in limestone caves in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The female usually deposits there 3 white eggs, What incubates alone during 24 or 25 days. During this time, It is fed by the male. At birth the chicks are completely naked, a gray marker appears at the end of the first week. Son fed by parents for approximately 6 weeks, those that leave the nest and get together with the family group. are still dependent parents during 2 to 3 months.

The breeding season It has been reported in the months of November-December, in Argentina; July-August, in the East of Peru; From January to April, Mato Grosso; in Guianas during the month of February.

Food:

The diet of this species depends on the habitat, including a variety of dried fruits, seeds, fruit, berries, flowers and insects.

In general, they feed in the canopy, Although also feed on of grass seeds. Other reported foods include fruits of Palms and Goupia glabra, Tetragastris altissima and Allantoma lineata, as well as flowers Erythrina and ficus.

Distribution:

Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 13200000 km2

The White-eyed Parakeet are widespread in much of the North of South America, to the East of the Andes, to the North of Argentina.

Are distributed from the West of the Guianas (absent from Guyana), through Venezuela, from Anzoátegui and Monagas through the Delta Amacuro, until Bolívar and amazon, and up to the Colombian Amazon, to the North of the Department of the Goal. They live in much of Ecuador and Peru.

Extend through the entire interior of Brazil and possibly reach the coast of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (absent in the arid zones of the Northeast, mountainous areas of the northern basin of the amazon in Brazil and Venezuela, and the basin of the Black river in Brazil and Colombia).

Are also distributed to the East of Bolivia through Paraguay until Argentina, to the South of Santa Fe and Between rivers (possibly in the North of Buenos Aires), including Tucumán and Catamarca (There are no recent reports in Catamarca or Santa Fe, While reports of Santiago del Estero, Córdoba and San Luis they are probably incorrect).

  • Narosky and Di Giacomo (1993) they consider that the population in the city of Buenos Aires and its surroundings possibly originated from specimens escaped from captivity, i.e. released or escaped pet, owners or traffickers of fauna.

Observed in the highest parts of Uruguay.

In general resident, Although some seasonal movements seem to occur in some areas. The most numerous in the center of the range, the least, at the edges. Locally abundant in the Amazon central and Mato Grosso, Brazil, as well as in the east of Peru. common in Colombia. Quite common in the forests of the coast of Suriname and in the gallery forests of Santa Cruz in Bolivia. Unevenly distributed in the North of Bolivia, where it is described as common to rare. common in Argentina, especially in the North.

The Aratinga Ojiblanca It adapts easily to the degradation and urban areas, long as no sources of food and nesting places (ceilings and other cavities) and this occurs in several cities.

Large captive population with high volume of international trade, in particular from Argentina, where the species, Perhaps, is being threatened due to the capture.

Subspecies distribution:

  • Psittacara leucophthalmus callogenys

    (Salvadori, 1891) – It is from Ecuador, Northeast of Peru and Northwest of Brazil.


  • Psittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus

    (Statius Müller, 1776) – The species nominal.


  • Psittacara leucophthalmus nicefori

    (Meyer de Schauensee, 1946) – Its validity is based on a single specimen found in an area around Guaicaramo in the guavio river, Department of the Goal, Colombia.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern

• Population trend: Decreasing

The size of the world population White-eyed Parakeet It has not been quantified, but this species is described as «common» (Stotz et to the., 1996).

The species has undergone intense trade: from 1981, When it was included in the Appendix II, 60.207 individuals have been captured in the wild, registered for the international trade (UNEP-WCMC trade database CITES, January 2005).

"White-eyed Parakeet" in captivity:

The White-eyed Parakeet they are among the best talkers within the family Aratinga. Well socialized they can become a good companions. Rarely are destructive and usually they are not pijas, they often take the choice to imitate human speech in place. Personality always varies from bird to bird, but they are generally known to be very playful and curious.

Imported birds are, mostly, shy and take time to gain confidence with their caregiver.

Alternative names:

– White-eyed Parakeet, White-eyed Conure, Green Conure, White eyed Parakeet (English).
– Conure pavouane, Perriche pavouane, Perruche pavouane (French).
– Pavuasittich (German).
– Aratinga-de-bando, araguaí, araguari, aratinga, arauá-i, aruaí, guira-juba, maracanã, maracanã-malhada, maricatã, periquitão-maracanã (Portuguese).
– Aratinga Ojiblanca, Calacante ala roja, Calancate Ala Roja, Loro Barranquero, Loro de ala roja, Loro Maracaná, Maracaná ala roja, Perico Ojiblanco, Periquito Verde (español).
– Calacante ala roja, Calancate Ala Roja, Loro de ala roja (Argentina).
– Loro ojiblanco, Perico Ojiblanco (Colombia).
– Cotorra de Ojo Blanco (Peru).
– Maracaná ala roja (Paraguay).
– Loro Barranquero, Loro Maracaná (Uruguay).
– Perico Ojo Blanco (Venezuela).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Psittacara
– Scientific name: Psittacara leucophthalmus
– Citation: (Statius Müller, 1776)
– Protonimo: Psittacus leucophthalmus

White-eyed Parakeet images:

Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(9)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(8)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(7)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(6)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(5)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(4)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(3)
Aratinga-Ojiblanca-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Psittacara

Sources:

Avibase
Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – White-eyed Parakeet (also known as the White-eyed Conure) in Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – White-eyed Parakeet at the aviary at the Mayaguez Zoo in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico By Kati Fleming (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A White-eyed Parakeet in Reserva Guainumbi, Sao Luis do Paraitinga, Sao Paulo, Brazil By Dario Sanches from Sao Paulo, Brazil [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Barao do Rio Branco square, Serra Negra-SP By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – White-eyed Parakeet (also known as White-eyed Conure) in Goiania, Goiás, Brazil By Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – White-eyed Conure (Aratinga leucophthalmus) – upper body, neck and face. In captivity in the Parrot’s Garden (Jardim dos Louros), in the Botanical Garden of Funchal, Madeira island, Portugal By jmaximo [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – White-eyed From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds By Richard Crossley (Richard Crossley) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – White-eyed Conure, also called White-eyed Parakeet, in Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Couple of white-eyed parakeets (Aratinga elucophthalma). Spotted in Sao Carlos, Brazil By Leoadec (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Cuban Parrot
Amazona leucocephala

Origin: Cuba, Bahamas, Cayman Islands
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 50-60 years.
Height: 28-33 cm..

Cuban Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

28-33 cm.. length and 260-301 g. of weight.
The Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala) has a plumage rather variable, a main color ranging from bright green to olive color,, some birds feathers yellow dispersed in wings and in the back.

Forehead, fore crown, lores and area around eyes, white; lower cheeks and throat, red-pink; feathers the back of the crown and nape, bluish-green with black margins, giving the whole a heavy barred effect; similar pattern on the sides of neck but with the bluish tint absent; ear-coverts charcoal grey. Feathers of the back and the mantle, green with black distal margins but less intense than in the nape and head; rump and uppertail-coverts, dark green with weak margins to some feathers rump.

Cuban Parrot

Alula, greater coverts and flight feather, blue on the outerweb, gray on inner; remaining coberteras green with dark margins, showing most distinct barring on lesser coverts. Under the wings, green with dark margins, flight feather grey. Breast green with dark margins to most feathers; feathers on belly with vinaceous base showing green at margins forming a patch variable-sized, barely noticeable in some birds, striking in other; the thighs green or with some vinaceous feathers; undertail-coverts green. feathers tail green with red at base. Bill yellow-horn: irises reddish brown; legs yellowish brown.

Both sexes are alike, but males of the subspecies caymanenis reportedly larger and brighter than females. Usually, the immature show less black borders on the body feathers and less red wine in the belly.

  • Sound of the Cuban Parrot.

Description 4 subspecies:

  • Amazona leucocephala bahamensis

    (Bryant,H, 1867) – Larger that the nominal species, with slate blue on the back of the crown and more extensive white color head. Pens red wine in the belly, reduced or absent and red at the bottom of the tail less extensive.


  • Amazona leucocephala caymanensis

    (Cory, 1886) – It differs from other subspecies by the turquoise dye in the chest and in the rump and rosacea suffusion (sometimes yellowish) in white feathers head. Plumage Barred yellower and less thick than the nominal species (especially below and on upperwing-coverts), with less white in the head and much less pronounced the patch red wine belly.


  • Amazona leucocephala hesterna

    (Bangs, 1916) – Smaller and darker than the nominal species and that the subspecies caymanensis, most individuals with the red color confined to a point under the eye and patch smaller target in the crown, it lacks the rosy tint of the subspecies caymanensis. Patch red wine in the larger belly than the subspecies caymanensis.


  • Amazona leucocephala leucocephala

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – Nominal.

Habitat:

Cuban Amazon Video

The Cuban Parrot They inhabit in different habitats in different islands. In Cuba They inhabit dense forests; in the Bahamas, in native broadleaf forests and pine forests, and in the Cayman Islands, in dry forests in the plateau ridge and on nearby farmland (Bond 1979, King 1981, Sibley y Monroe 1990). Usually in small groups but forages while forming larger groups in places where food is plentiful; couples or family groups in flocks discernable. More usually in pairs during breeding. They sleep communally outside the breeding season.

Reproduction:

The Cuban Parrot make their nests in cavities or palm tree hollows created by termites or woodpeckers. The population of Abaco It is particularly interesting because nests in natural holes in substrate limestone in the soil (O'Brien et al., 2006); over there, chicks and adults are completely isolated from the frequent fires in the pine forests They are forming their habitat. Breeding March until mid-summer Cuba and Abaco. The laying usually it comprises between 2 and 4 eggs, the incubation period hard of 26 to 28 days and the chicks remain in the nest between 56 and 60 days.

Food:

The diet It includes yema Leaf Roystonea, the cones and new shoots tender the Pinus caribea, sea ​​grape uvifera and Conocarpus erretis, fruits and seeds of Smilax, Sabal, Durant, Exothea, Ernodea, Tabebuia, Acacia, Metopium, Tetrazygia, Swietenia, Cupania and Lisiloma. Sometimes they are persecuted for damage cultivated fruits like Mango (Mangifera) and grain.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 590.000 km2

The Cuban Parrot live in Cuba, Island Pines, Bahamas and Cayman Islands. Formerly observed throughout the island Cuba but now it is difficult to see or is extinct in much of the island. They are still locally distributed throughout the provinces but they are still only common in a few redoubts, including the peninsulas of Zapata and Guanahacabibes and in Sierra de sewage.

You can see in the Isle of Pines (Isle of youth) which dropped dramatically in the twentieth century, especially during the sixties, with most of the population surviving on Lanier Swamp National Park.

Formerly distributed by all the major islands of the Bahamas, but currently extinct, Except in Gran Inagua (spread south, east and north) and Abaco (especially in the southern third). You can visit Little Inagua from Great Inagua.

Mainly in the central and eastern parts of Grand Cayman where habitat loss is less severe. A residual population persists Cayman Brac but it became extinct in little Cayman about 1932.

Mainly resident, but with some seasonal movements, for example in the Isle of youth, where birds possibly (at least once) moved to the coast from the dry interior in the non-breeding season.

The decline across the range is due to the habitat destruction and capture of birds Vivas (for use as pets locally and for export).

Poor breeding success in Grand Cayman in the seventies it was due to mosquito attacks against the pups. Birds that nest on the ground in Abaco attacked by wild cats. The hurricanes They can cause shortages of food and nesting sites. It is likely that Bahamas are stable, but generally decreasing. You can not be considered safe in most of its range.

Distribution 4 subspecies:

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Near-threatened Near Threatened ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

Rationale for the Red List category

The Cuban Parrot It is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to have suffered a reduction in population in Cuba, which has not ceased, mainly due to the capture and destruction of nesting sites.

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Near-threatened.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size : 13600-23000

Justification of the population

Population estimates for Bahamas and Cayman Islands they are as follows: 2.000 in Gran Cayman in 1995 (Bradley 2000), about 450 in Cayman Brac in 2013 (Marsden, 2013), 8.000-13.000 in Great Inagua, 3.000-5.000 in Abaco and around 10 individuals in new Providence (Bahamas National Trust 2016, S. Cant-Woodside in a bit., 2016). It is estimated that the population of Cuba amounts of 7.000 to 14.000 copies based on estimates recorded population density and the fact that it is likely that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence deal. So, the total population It is estimated in 20.460-34.460 individuals, which is equivalent to 13.640-22.973 mature individuals, rounded here to 13.600-23.000 mature individuals.

Justification of trend

It is considered that the species is declining mainly due to the capture and destruction of nesting sites. It is considered that the population of the Bahamas It has remained stable or increased. The population of the Cayman Islands It has increased since the species was protected in 1989 (Bradley 20000). It is believed that the Cuban population has decreased in recent years, mainly due to the poaching (Canizares 2012, M. Canizares in a bit., 2016). Although there is no data on the extent of this decline, the species has been classified as Vulnerable in Cuba (Canizares 2012). So, It is suspected that the total population has decreased 10-20% over three generations.

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix 1.

• Protected in the Bahamas under the Wild birds Protection Act (Protection).

• Rightfully protected in the Cayman Islands from 1989.

• Los artificial nests a variety of designs are in use in several locations Cuba and they have been used by more than 1.300 birds (Waugh 2006). The facts of artificial materials have proved more durable (Waugh 2006).

• Los volunteers counts in the center of Cuba They have been conducted twice a year since 2009 and more than 1.500 local people are involved in the activity.

• Important plant species are used for parrot feeding for reforestation and forest enrichment..

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Discourage the taking of birds from the wild through public education campaigns.

• Promote better bird-keeping practices to increase the longevity of captive birds and reduce the demand for wild populations.

• In Abaco, protect vital areas of broadleaf forests.

• In Cuba, make and erect more artificial nests.

• Monitor the population trends across its range.

Cuban Parrot in captivity:

Currently international trade Cuban Parrot It is legally prohibited; However, at regional level, the illegal traffic This species is one of the most worrying in Cuba.

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– bahaman parrot, Caribbean Amazon, Caribbean Parrot, Cuban Amazon, Cuban Parrot, Rose-throated Parrot, White-headed Amazon, White-headed Parrot (English).
– Amazone à face rouge, Amazone à tête blanche, Amazone de Cuba (French).
– Kubaamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-cuba (Portuguese).
– Amazona Cubana, Cotorra (español).

Carl Linnaeus

scientific classification:


– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona leucocephala
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus leucocephalus


Images Cuban Parrot:

Amazona-Cubana-(13)
Amazona-Cubana-(12)
Amazona-Cubana-(11)
Amazona-Cubana-(10)
Amazona-Cubana-(9)
Amazona-Cubana-(8)
Amazona-Cubana-(7)
Amazona-Cubana-(6)
Amazona-Cubana-(5)
Amazona-Cubana-(4)
Amazona-Cubana-(3)
Amazona-Cubana-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

(1) Avibase
(2) Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
(3) Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
(4) Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Rose-throated Parrot. Amazona leucocephala Long Beach, Zapata N.P. Cuba by gailhampshire – Flickr
(2) – A Cuban parrot (amazona leucocephala) in Naturarte Center. santa Clara, Cuba 2011 by lezumbalaberenjena – Flickr
(3) – A Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) Vega de Palma, Camajuaní, Cuba by lezumbalaberenjena – Flickr
(4) – Amazona leucocephala by Ekaterina Chernetsova (Papchinskaya) – Flickr
(5) – Amazona leucocephala by Ekaterina Chernetsova (Papchinskaya) – Flickr
(6) – Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala) by Heath – Flickr
(7) – Cuban Amazon by Eric Savage – Flickr
(8) – Two Cuban Amazons in Matanzas, Matanzas Province, Cuba By Laura Gooch (BI110211-174 – Cuban Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Cuban Amazon parrot on Grand Cayman Island By Lhb1239 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Cuban Amazon (also known as the Rose-throated Parrot) at Jungle Island, Miami, USA By Chris Acuna from Miami, USA (Jungle Island-20090823-086) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(11) – A Cuban Amazon in Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. It is in a small round cage on a balcony By Alex Graves (Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(12) – A Cuban Amazon flying in Matanzas, Matanzas Province, Cuba By Laura Gooch (BI110211-159 – Cuban Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(13) – Cayman parrot (Amazona leucocephala caymanensis), Grand Cayman By Charlesjsharp (Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(14) – Parrots in captivity /. London :George Bell and Sons,1884-1887 [i.e. 1883-1888] by Biodiversity Heritage Library – Flickr

Sounds: Hans Matheve, XC256757. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/256757

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St. Vincent Parrot
Amazona guildingii

Origin: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Character: Social
Life expectancy: ---
Height: 40 cm..

St. Vincent Parrot

Content

Description:

40 cm.. length and 580 – 700 weight g.

The plumage of the St. Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii) It is very variable, virtually no two similar birds.

Its forecrown, lores, supercilii area and upper cheeks are blanquecinas; crown yellow; Feathers back neck and its sides, pale blue dark blue tips; fusion green feathers on the neck show black points. Upperparts dark brown with dark black tips to some feathers. Scapulars gold; coverts outer primaries with pale blue in outerweb.

St. Vincent Parrot

Wing coverts brown with a green band subterminal and dark extremes some feathers; carpal edge yellow-orange with scattered green feathers. Primaries blue with bases yellow-orange; the Outer secondaries They are equal with green subterminal bands, the inner secondary green with blue tips; tertiary interior dark green tinted golden brown on outerweb, Outside tertiary green at the base becoming dark blue at the tips.

Under the wings, with lesser coverts brown with green tips, greater coverts Yellow; flight feathers blackish with yellow at the base. Throat orange with blue tips or blue-green; upper chest golden brown with dark brown tips giving a barred effect; belly yellower than gold chest green blackish subterminal band and pointed to some feathers; undertail-coverts green-yellow. Tail Orange at the base with blue broadband and wide ends central bright yellow. Bill pale gray-horn; irises orange; legs grey.


Anatomy-parrots

Both sexes are similar. The immature They have softer colors.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION

Parrots eastern side of San Vicente They are possibly genetically isolated from the western side: the small bird population East (perhaps only about 80 in 1982) show a high proportion of green and have their high-pitched voices.

  • Sound of the St. Vincent Parrot.

Habitat:

Video "St. Vincent Parrot"

The St. Vincent Parrot They mainly inhabit mature moist forests in altitudes of 125 some 1000 m, although they prefer lowland forests, where they spend most time. Occasionally they leave the forest to visit cultivated areas and even gardens. gregarious and usually in groups 20-30 individuals or in pairs. They forage in flocks and roost use Community. They defend the area around the nest while breeding, although they also stay in groups while feeding and sleeping..

Reproduction:

Nests in hollow mature forest trees such as Dacryodes or Sloanea large. The pairs begin the breeding activity around February with the eggs laid between April-May.. In dry years, eggs can be deposited as soon as in January-February or as late as in July. If conditions are especially wet, birds can not be played at all. Clutch two eggs, rarely three. low productivity with 50% Natural suffering nest failure and successful nests with only two young people in the best years.

Food:

Its diet includes plants of Cordia sulcata, Clusia, Sloanea, Dacryodes excelsa, Ficus, Cecropia peltata, Mangifera indica, Melisoma virescens, Euterpe, Ixora ferrea, Micropholis chrysophylloides, Acrocomia aculeata, Simarouba amara, iron Krugiodendron, Dussia Martinicensis, Andira inermis, No Ingoides, Byrsonima coriacea, Talauma dodecapetala, see venosa, Psidium guajava and Aiphanes erosa. The Pouteria multiflora It is your favorite.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 100 km2

endemic to the San Vicente Island in the Lesser Antilles. The distribution is closely related to the presence of native humid forests that for most of the 20th century have been confined to the eastern and western sides of the central foothills of the island..

Currently the largest flocks of St. Vincent Parrot inhabit the headwaters of Buccament, Cumberland, Colonaire, Congo-Jennings-Perseverance and Richmond Valley’s, where much of the remaining native forest concentrated; elsewhere in smaller numbers.

Some estimates of its population between 1870 and 1920 They are contradictory, but the species evidently decreased substantially 1950. Estimates of the population in the early seventies suggested that between several hundred to 1.000 then birds inhabited the island. Survey 1982 amounted to a total of 421 ± 52 birds while estimating 1988 He suggested 440-500. Perhaps they increased to 800 birds in 1994. The declining population and shrinking range, is linked to the loss of moist forest cover that once (at least in the western side) almost reached sea level. Deforestation seems to have stopped in at least some valleys, but habitat remains at risk due to forestry, expansion of banana, charcoal production and loss of nests for collectors looking young birds for trade. Survey 1984 suggested that they only survived on 16 km2 of primary forest. His capture for pets and international trade It remains a threat, but this and hunting, that was probably the main threat from late 1950 to 1970, They have declined in importance following an education campaign. The remaining population is also at risk because of hurricanes that can cause loss of plants that consume and nesting sites, as well as direct mortality. In 1902 much of the favorite habitat of this species was destroyed by the eruption of Monte Soufriere and these parrots are clearly vulnerable to future volcanic eruptions. Parts of the remaining forest habitat are now protected areas and the species is protected under domestic law. CITES Appendix I.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

Vulnerable Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: In increased.

• Population size: 250-999

Rationale for the Red List category

Habitat conservation, Law enforcement and public awareness campaigns have slowed this species' slide toward extinction and even reversed some of the earlier declines.. But, still qualifies as Vulnerable because it has a very small population and range on one island.

Justification of the population

The species has a wild population of about 730 birds (Loro Parque Foundation 2008), which is equivalent to 487 mature individuals, placed here in the band of 250-999 individuals.

Justification of trend

The number of this species continues to steadily increase. (Culzac-Wilson 2005).

Threats

It hunting for food, capture for trade in birds in cages and habitat loss were the main causes of the decline of this species. Deforestation has been a result of forestry activities, expansion of banana, production of charcoal, loss of nesting trees felled by hunters looking young birds for trade, as well as natural disasters such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions (Snyder et to the., 2000).

The nine-banded armadillo o negro tattoo (Salmo salar), introduced on the island, undermines large trees causing them to fall, reducing the number of suitable nests for the St. Vincent Parrot (Culzac-Wilson 2005). a highway is planned through the island, funded by the Taiwanese government, that would destroy large areas of suitable habitat and increase deforestation rates (Culzac-Wilson et al., 2003). Genetic isolation of separate subpopulations may be of greater concern.

Conservation Actions Underway

Appendices I and II CITES. national legislation protecting the species applies. The Reserve Pargo de San Vicente It was established to protect the entire habitat occupied (Juniper and Parr 1998). Successful public education campaigns have apparently improved public perception of the species and, combined with the above measures, They have reversed some of the earlier reductions. There captive populations San Vicente and Barbados (Woolcock 2000, Sweeney 2001). In 2005 a large species conservation plan published (Culzac-Wilson 2005) .

Conservation Actions Proposed

Continue to monitor the population. Continue and enhance existing security measures, including the development of the captive breeding program. Study the reproductive success, movement patterns and habitat requirements of this species (Snyder et to the., 2000) . Oppose plans for cross-country road and propose a better option. Implement species conservation plan.

St. Vincent Parrot in captivity:

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Guilding’s Amazon, Guilding’s Parrot, St Vincent Amazon, St Vincent Parrot, St. Vincent Amazon, St. Vincent Parrot, St.Vincent amazon (English).
– Amazone de Guilding, Amazone de Saint-Vincent (French).
– Königsamazon, Königsamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-são-vicente (Portuguese).
– Amazona de San Vicente, Amazona de St. Vicente (español).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona guildingii
– Citation: (Vigors, 1837)
– Protonimo: Psittacus Guildingii

St. Vincent Parrot images:

Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(5)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(4)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(3)
Amazona-de-San-Vicente-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – A St Vincent Amazon in the rehabilitation and breeding centre in the Botanical Gardens, Kingstown, on the island of Saint VincenBy Amazona_guildingii_-Botanical_Gardens_-Kingstown_-Saint_Vincent-8a.jpg: Chennettederivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A St. Vincent Amazon at World Parrot Refuge, Coombs, British Columbia, Canada By Herb Neufeld (World Parrot Refuge – Coombs, BC) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – St. Vincent Amazon (Amazona guildingii) also known as St. Vincent Parrot By Beralpo at ru.wikipedia [CC BY 2.5], from Wikimedia Commons
(4) – St. Vincent Parrot – Source: own work – Location: Bronx Zoo, New York – Author: self, User:Stavenn By No machine-readable author provided. Stavenn assumed (based on copyright claims). [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – St. Vincent Amazon at Houston Zoo, USA By Kent Wang (originally posted to Flickr as Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – St Vincent Parrot (1) by Mark Morgan – Flickr

Sounds: Jesse Fagan, XC48891. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/48891

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Blue fronted Parrot
Amazona aestiva

Origin: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Character: Intelligent, curious and affectionate
Life expectancy: 50 to 60 years
Height: 33 to 39 cm..


Blue fronted Parrot

Content

Description

33-39 cm.. height and weight around the 450 and 550 g..

The Blue fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) is distinguished by yellow head, with blue-green forehead and cheek, Dark nostrils, Red shoulders outlined with yellow, wing with red patch and dark blue ends. Rest of the usually green body, more clear towards the belly and tail.

  • The subspecies Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx of Bolivia, has more extensive yellow face and the shoulder is mostly yellow with a small red patch.

  • The subspecies A. to. xanthopteryx (Yellow wing Amazon): Wing coverts of the shoulder area almost exclusively yellow and, in general, creating a stain of greater extension. – From the southwest of Mato Grosso, Brazil, North and East of Bolivia, Paraguay and northern Argentina


Anatomy-parrots

In young coloration is generally more off. The blue and yellow practically do not exist and the iris is dark

Habitat:

Video – "Blue fronted Parrot"

AVES - The Amazon Aestiva, one of the most popular and talkative parrots
Watch this video on YouTube.

Lives in humid forests, Savanna, gallery forest, areas planted with trees and forest with palms, up to 1600m.

Common in pairs or flocks, they have many individuals community roosts.
In this species the sex of the specimens is not distinguished at a glance.

Reproduction:

It nests in holes in large trees.

Breeds between October and March.

The implementation is usually of 3 eggs, and incubation lasts approximately 25 days. Chicks leave the nest to the 60 days.

Food:

Its food consists of fruit, berries, nuts, leaves and seeds.

Distribution:

Amazon Frentiazul location

Interior of South America, from the North-East of Brazil, East of Bolivia, Paraguay, to the North of Argentina.

Conservation:

Not considered under any threat category globally.

State of conservation ⓘ
minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

Protected by the Convention CITES, consisting in annex II (species that may be threatened by a trade out of control).
It is a fairly widespread species in their area of distribution and is considered to have a stable population. However, numbers are declining rapidly in some areas due to capture for trade (both legal and illegal), and to other problems such as the destruction of their habitat and human pressure. Another problem affecting the species is that the average age of populations that exist in freedom is not known.

Blue fronted Parrot in captivity:

He is very smart, curious and loving. They are very sociable and gets along very well with children.

It is one of the best imitators that exist within the group psittacine after grays.
With its strong beak, as any Parrot, She likes chewing everything that gets you ahead. So, newcomer to our home, It is necessary to pay close attention.

It has a social behaviour so it is important to look for a partner. A large aviary and the possibility of going out every day are necessary.
If it feels threatened, It opens its wings between loud cries and wild-eyed.
Water love it. Released, When it rains, enjoy, in the rain, with open wings. The ideal humidity for a Blue fronted Parrot is of the 60-70%, which is impossible in an apartment during the winters in the heat of radiators. It is therefore necessary the use of humidifiers.

The staple food is made up of different types of nuts, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, corn, wheat, etc. Important for a healthy diet are fruits and vegetables. These must be offered fresh every day.
Just before the breeding season, our birds must be provided with foods rich in calcium and protein, for example egg cooked.
Multivitamin supplements complete proper nutrition.

The female lays two to five eggs that incubate for an approximate period of 25 to 28 days.

Alternative names:

– Blue fronted Parrot, Blue-fronted Amazon, Blue-fronted Parrot, Turquoise-fronted Amazon, Turquoise-fronted Parrot (English).
– Amazone à front bleu (French).
– Blaustirnamazone, Rotbugamazone (German).
– Papagaio-verdadeiro, papagaio-colareiro, papagaio-comum, papagaio-curau (Portuguese).
– Amazona Frentiazul, Amazona Sudamericana, Loro hablador, Lora frente azul (español).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona aestiva
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus aestivus

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
– avibase
– SEO.org
– Photo: birdnest
– Sounds: Diego Caiafa

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Mitred Parakeet
Psittacara mitratus

Origin: Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
Character: Sociable
Life expectancy: 30 years.
Height: Of 31 to 38 cm..

Mitred Parakeet

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 31 to 38 cm.. length and a weight between 219 and 275 g.

The Mitred Parakeet (Psittacara mitratus) It has a reddish-brown forehead with a bright red fusion on the front of the crown; the lores and cheeks to the rear of the eyes, bright red; the sides of neck dark green with scattered red feathers. The upperparts from the back of the crown up to the uppertail-coverts, dark green with some scattered red feathers (especially in the nape).

Upperwing-coverts and flight feather, at the top, green, sometimes with one or two dark red feathers on the bend of wing; flight feather color marron-oliva below. Underwing-coverts opaque green. The underparts, dull, Green pale with dye olive, usually with scattered red marks, especially in the the thighs. Upper, the tail dark green with Brown tips; Brown down.

The bill off-white; bare periophthalmic creamy white; irises beige color; legs distant.

Both sexes similar.

The Immature with fewer red feathers on the head, in special, in the cheeks and Brown, not Orange, the irises.

Subspecies description:

  • Psittacara mitratus chlorogenys

    (Arndt, 2006) – Front band Red that extends to the lores and Strait, e incomplete bare periophthalmic; upper zone of the cheeks and ear-coverts, green.


  • Psittacara mitratus mitratus

    (Tschudi, 1844) – The subspecies nominal.


  • Psittacara mitratus tucumanus

    (Arndt, 2006) – The front of the crown, the lores up to the cheeks and ear-coverts red.

Habitat:

Video – "Mitred Parakeet" (Psittacara mitratus)

Calancate cara roja (Psittacara mitratus) (II).
Watch this video on YouTube.

They usually inhabit in areas of dry subtropical vegetation, There are also records in temperate zones: montane deciduous forest, cloud forests drier, cultivated areas, hills covered with tall grass, areas populated with scattered trees and fields, as well as sheets of legumes dry grasslands with patches of forests of Prosopis.

Often can be seen near high and steep rock walls. Usually, at altitudes of 1.000 to 2.500 Metros in Argentina, Although there are records to 4.000 metres in the Peru. Rarely, or never, descends to the lowlands. Commonly seen in groups of 2 to 3 birds, but until 100 individuals outside the breeding period.

Reproduction:

They nest in cliffs or hollow trees. There has been a egg laying in Oran, Argentina. Probably the clutch is between 2 and 3 eggs.

Food:

It usually feeds in areas of Virgin forest, but also full of grain crops in populated areas. This and other parrots migrate to the Lerma Valley in the Northwest of Argentina for feeding of the berries in maturity during the month of October.

Distribution:

The Mitred Parakeet are distributed in the southwest of South America, from the South of Peru through the Center-West of Bolivia, to the North of Argentina. Observed in the great valleys of the center of the Peru, from Huanuco until Cuzco. Disintegrated in the valleys of the Eastern Andes in the Centre-West of Bolivia, where there are records in Peace, Santa Cruz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Padilla and South of Sucre, to the Northwest of Argentina in Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán and South of Catamarca, until La Rioja and Córdoba.

In general residents, Although some with seasonal movements in the North of Argentina and Bolivia.

Locally distributed within its range, Although most widespread in the South of Cochabamba, Bolivia. In Argentina, generally common, abundant in some locations (apparently more numerous in Catamarca and Salta), but perhaps decreasing.

Colonies in coastal areas of the southwest of the United States, from Malibu to Long Beach and northwest coast of Orange County, also in the basin of Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley; small amounts from San Francisco to the southern region of the San Francisco Bay, and sightings also in San Diego and areas of Sacramento (Garrett 1997).

Maintained in captivity and sold in large quantities at the international level (mainly from Bolivia) at the end of 1980.

Subspecies distribution:

  • Psittacara mitratus chlorogenys

    (Arndt, 2006) – Its habitat ranges from the North and centre of Peru, in the Valley of the Utcubamba River and surrounding Highlands in amazon and North of Cajamarca, as well as in the eastern valleys of the Andes, in Huanuco and Junin..


  • Psittacara mitratus mitratus

    (Tschudi, 1844) – The subspecies nominal.


  • Psittacara mitratus tucumanus

    (Arndt, 2006) – Tucumán, Córdoba, and probably Catamarca and La Rioja, Argentina.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern

• Population trend: Stable

The size of the world population Mitred Parakeet It has not been quantified, but this species is described as «common» but of irregular distribution (Stotz et to the., 1996).

The population suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats, Although it has been the subject of intense trade: from 1981 When it was included in the Appendix II, 158,149 individuals were captured in the wild and reported in the international trade (UNEP-WCMC trade database CITES, January 2005).

"Mitred Parakeet" in captivity:

This bird is usually available in pet stores or breeders.

They are known to be very attached to their owners. Very playful, they can also become good conversadoras and are considered the more strong and lively group of Aratinga parrots. The Mitred Parakeet It is good for owners who want a large bird and is easy to care for and handle. Can entertain herself if you give it a lot of toys, but they also enjoy interacting and playing with his human flock.

Alternative names:

– Mitred Parakeet, Mitred Conure, Mitred Parakeet (Mitred) (English).
– Conure mitrée (French).
– Rotmaskensittich (German).
– Aratinga mitrata (Portuguese).
– Aratinga Mitrada, Perico mitrata (español).
– Calacante cara roja (Argentina).
– Buhito menor (Honduras).
– Tiakeru (Quechua).

Tschudi-Johann Jakob of
Tschudi-Johann Jakob of

scientific classification:


– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Psittacara
– Scientific name: Psittacara mitratus
– Citation: (Tschudi, 1844)
– Protonimo: Conurus mitratus


Images Mitred Parakeet:

Aratinga-Mitrada-(9)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(8)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(7)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(6)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(5)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(4)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(3)
Aratinga-Mitrada-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Psittacara

Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife

  • Photos:

(1) – A feral Mitred Parakeet in Fort Lauderdale, Florida By http://www.birdphotos.com (Own work) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Mitred Parakeet (Aratinga mitrata), Inka Trail to Machu Picchu, Peru By D. Gordon E. Robertson (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Mitred Parakeet by vil.sandi – Flickr
(4) – Mitred Parakeet (Psittacara mitrata) by Gregory "Slobirdr" Smith – Flickr
(5) – Member of an escaped flock roughly 35-50 strong in Sunnyvale, CA By Shravans14 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A pair of parakeets in the escaped flock in Sunnyvale, AU. This flock has been around for at least 20 years By Shravans14 (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Wild parrot (Mitred Parakeet) in Redondo Beach. (Aratinga mitrata) by Ingrid Taylar – Flickr
(8) – A pet Mitred Parakeet (also known as the Mitred Conure) By Lee (originally posted to Flickr as Gaspar4) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A wild SoCal parrot (Mitred Parakeet) eating Bottlebrush in Redondo Beach. This bird is part of a local flock that frequents the neighborhood by Ingrid Taylar – Flickr

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Puerto Rican Parrot
Amazona vittata

Origin: Puerto Rico
Character: ----
Life expectancy: 30 to 40 years.
Height: 29 cm..

Puerto Rican Parrot

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

29 cm.. length and 320 g. of weight.

The Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) has the forecrown and lores, red; rest of the head and nape, feathery green grass bordered with black color, giving a strong intricate scaly appearance.

feathers of the the mantle grass-green; back and scapulars with less pronounced dark margins; rump and uppertail-coverts, paler, more green-yellow. The large external coverts they are blue; rest of the coverts color green grass. Primaries and outerweb of the outer secondaries, blue; the innerwebs of the external side and secondary internal, green. Under, the wings They are green and flight feather bluish green.

Underparts green stained yellowish; feathers throat and the chest with dark edges. Upper, the tail is green; below is more yellowish, with its end yellow; both with outerweb blue towards outer feathers. Bill color pale horn; brown the irises; legs pale grey.

Both sexes similar. Immature adult-like, but with the bill light yellow with gray on the basis of upper jaw.

  • Sound of the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Of smaller and with feet smaller and thinner than the species nominal.


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Puerto Rican Parrot"

parrot liberation 2013, in the forest of Rio Abajo
Watch this video on YouTube.

The Puerto Rican Parrot formerly he frequented the main types of natural vegetation (various forest habitats, from mangroves to montane forests) in Puerto Rico, with the possible exception of dry forests in the southern coastal regions.

Its Current small population remainder inhabits the mountain rainforest to 200-600 m. In the lower mountain slopes dominated by trees tabonuco of the species Dacryodes excelsa, in swampy forests at higher elevations characterized by the abundance of Cyrilla racemiflora and areas Sierra palm Prestoea montana.

Observed in pairs or (especially when they fed) in small flocks, having formed, formerly, flocks of several hundred.

Reproduction:

The Amazona Puerto Rican nidifican in large and deep cavities of trees; in the past they put their nests in the limestone hollows, in the west of the island. The amazon of Luquillo usually nest in species Cyrilla racemiflora. They defend their territory aggressively in the vicinity of the nest while playing. The egg laying, between February and April, possibly to coincide with the availability of fruit. Clutch 2-4 eggs (usually three).

Since 2001, all nesting known in the wild they have occurred in artificial cavities (White et al ., 2006).

Food:

The diet of the Puerto Rican Parrot It consists of a variety of fruit, seeds, flowers and leaves, among which include fruit of Prestoea montana and Dacryodes excelsa, flowers of Piptocarpha tetrantha and bracts of Marcgravia sintenisii.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 1.000 km2

The Puerto Rican Parrot It is endemic to Puerto Rico and the former neighboring islands Mona and Snake; there are reports of parrots Vieques and St Thomas, probably belonging to this species. Formerly found in all forested regions Puerto Rico (with the possible exception of dry coastal strip south), but from around 1960 their habitat was limited to the Luquillo forest, in the East.

drastic population decline and rank the mid-nineteenth century. The pre-European population was probably hundreds of thousands of birds. There was a dramatic decline, which it reduced its population to about 2.000 copies in 1937 and in 1950 they were only a 200: a search in 1968 only revealed the existence of 24 birds.

The conservation program, initiated in 1968, It includes captive breeding, the provision of nests, detailed investigation ecology and reproductive biology and the control predators and competitors.

In 1992 the wild population was 39-40 birds 58 in captivity (all in Puerto Rico). Its population has declined, to near extinction, mainly by habitat loss (in 1912 only 1% the virgin forests of the island they remained), the hunting and capture as pets. The continuing threats to the tiny remaining population include impact of hurricanes (wild population halved to 21-23 after the passage of birds hurricane Hugo in 1989), competition with introduced bees Apis mellifera by tree cavities, the loss of broods due to parasitic flies Philornis pici, losses caused by predators and competition for nesting cavities with Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus). The Puerto Rican Parrot, inhabitants of the Culebra island (dubiously separated as subspecies Amazona vittata gracilipes), extinguished early twentieth century, probably because of persecution due to damage of crops and the impacts of hurricanes. existing population protected inside of the El Yunque National Forest.

Description 2 subspecies:

  • Amazona vittata gracilipes †

    (Ridgway, 1915) – Extinct. Culebra Island (Puerto Rico).


  • Amazona vittata vittata

    (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

critical hazard critically endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.

• Population trend: Increasing.

• Population size: 33-47.

Rationale for the Red List category

Once you have done a count of birds, are only 13 Puerto Rican Parrot in the nature, leaving the species on the verge of extinction. The conservation action the population has increased from 1975, but remains critically endangered because the number of mature individuals is still minuscule. If the released birds breed successfully in nature and the figures remain stable or increase, the species can justify a change of state in the future.

Justification of the population

From 2011, the population was between 50-70 individuals divided into two areas, approximately equivalent to 33-47 mature individuals. In 2013, its population had only increased to 80-100 individuals in the nature (64-84 in Down river and 15-20 in The anvil). But, since the released birds are not counted as mature individuals until they have successfully bred in nature (UICN 2011), and the entire population of Down river It is derived from released birds. The total number of mature individuals is uncertain but may well be less than 50, therefore, estimating 2011 of mature is maintained in this figure.

Justification of trend

It is estimated that increase 1-19% has occurred in the last ten years, based on regular accounts of the total wild population.

Conservation Actions Underway

• CITES Appendix I.

• And Recovery Program the species has involved a partnership between the Fish and Wildlife of the United States, the Forest service of the United States and the World Wide Fund for Nature together with Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico (White et al. 2012).

• In 1968 an important intervention was initiated to preserve the species, the provision of artificial nests highly successful, the predator control nest and its competitors, and captive breeding and reintroduction.

• The success of the Newborns parrots It monitored using radio telemetry (Meyers 1996).

• All the rest of the habitat is protected in the El Yunque National Forest (above the Caribbean National Forest) (Snyder et to the., 2000) and in the Rio Abajo State Forest (T. White in a little.

• The population is monitored to help inform management decisions.

• The predator control exotic mammals (Entrapment and toxic bait) It has proven to be a highly profitable way to preserve the species (Engeman et al. 2003, 2006, R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

• Catch data have shown that the Luquillo Forest It has between densities black rat studied highest in the world and optimal strategies have been devised rat bait for application during the nesting.

• Los economic analysis based on empirical costs of production of parrots raised in captivity showed very high cost-benefit ratios for predator management, estimating that preventing a loss of parrot each 4-12 years more than makes up all forms of predator management (for all species) intervention time (Engeman et al., 2003).

• Hay two captive breeding centers, one The anvil which it was established for the first time 1973 with a new facility built in 2007 and one in Down river built in 1989 with the first birds transferred The anvil to Down river in 1993 (White et al 2012).

• About 280 birds are currently in captivity in Down river and The anvil (T. White one bit., 2012).

• Captive birds are being managed to preserve the greater genetic diversity possible.

• A release technique known as precision release was tested with six birds in 2008. This involves the release of a small number of captive-reared subadult parrots into each active nest immediately after chick rearing., and it aims to promote the immediate and close interaction between wild parrots and birds released (T. White in a bit., 2005, 2008).

• Nearly 100 birds have been released the aviary Down river in an attempt to establish a second population, which may be helped by a lower annual precipitation in the site, lower levels of predation and a change in management techniques (T. White in a little. ).

• Although the after release mortality remains high, there has been a successful breeding and the size and range of the flock is increasing (Breining 2009, Valentin 2009, T. White in a little.)

• The newly established population in Down river It is located around the site Aviary of Down river and it is believed that the presence of captive birds encouraged released birds to establish their population close (White et al., 2012).

• Forty specimens were released in The anvil between 2000 and 2004, eight 2008 and six birds in 2010 (Velez-Valentin 2011). In 2013 plans were made to establish a third population on the island in the Maricao State Forest (West of Puerto Rico) (Anonymous 2014).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Continue to monitor population trends.

• Follow the fate of released birds.

• Maintain the integrated conservation management program.

• Improve synchronization of breeding of wild and captive birds to increase the number of captive-bred chicks that can be fostered by wild parents. (Thompson 2004).

• Integrate control of exotic mammal predators (black rat, small Indian mongoose, wild cats) in the management program and monitor existing conservation predator populations to study the effectiveness of these measures (R. M. Engeman in some. 2012).

The Puerto Rican Parrot in captivity:

According to sources, A copy of Puerto Rican Parrot lived 10,1 years in captivity. But, considering the longevity of similar species, likely maximum longevity is underestimated in this species. In fact, it has been reported that They can live up to 27,2 years in captivity, what it is plausible but has not been confirmed. Taking into account that the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala), closely related, You can live up 50 years (Wilson, et to the., 1995), an age close to the latter figure may be possible for the Puerto Rican Parrot.

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

– Puerto Rican Amazon, Puerto Rican Parrot, Red-fronted Amazon, Red-fronted Parrot (English).
– Amazone à queue courte, Amazone de Porto Rico (French).
– Puertoricoamazone, Puerto-Rico-Amazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-porto-rico‎ (Portuguese).
– Amazona Portorriqueña, Amazona Puertorriqueña, Cotorra de Puerto Rico, Cotorra Puertorriqueña (español).


scientific classification:

Pieter Boddaert
Pieter Boddaert

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Amazona
– Scientific name: Amazona vittata
– Citation: (Boddaert, 1783)
– Protonimo: Psittacus vittatus


Images Puerto Rican Parrot:

Amazona-vittata-(9)
Amazona-vittata-(8)
Amazona-vittata-(7)
Amazona-vittata-(6)
Amazona-vittata-(5)
Amazona-vittata-(4)
Amazona-vittata-(3)
Amazona-vittata-(2)

Parrots in the world

Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Amazona vittata – Photo via Good Free Photos
(2) – A Puerto Rican Amazon By Pablo Torres of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (PRParrot_cototrapuertorriqueña byPablo Torres) [Public domain or CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie ofU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A pair of Puerto Rican Amazons See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican Parrot by Tom Mackenzie) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Amazona vittata – Author: Mike Morel, USFWS – pixnio
(8) – Flying Parrot, blue feathers visible By Tom MacKenzie [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Puerto Rican Amazon at Iguaca Aviary, Puerto Rica By Tom MacKenzie of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (Puerto Rican parrot 1) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Eric DeFonso, XC173411. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/173411

▷ The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

Orange-fronted Parakeet
Eupsittula canicularis

Origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Character: Social
Life expectancy: 30 years.
Height: 20,5 cm..

Orange-fronted Parakeet

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

20,5 cm. length and 80 g. of weight
The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) It has in forecrown a wide band orange-red which extends over the lores and the part front of it crown; the rest of the crown is blue, fading from nape up to the upperparts in a shade of green grass.

Upperwing-coverts green. Flight feathers, at the top, blue on the outerweb; spiked green and black borders innerwebs; undertail, grey. Underwing-coverts brighter yellowish green. Throat, the sides of neck and the chest a shading pale yellow and pale olive oliváceo in belly and in the undertail-coverts. Upper, the tail green with blue tip; undertail, pale yellow olive.

Bill color pale horn; cere whitish; bare periophthalmic whitish: irises pale yellow; legs grey-brown.
Both sexes are similar. The immature has a front patch Orange much smaller and irises brown.

  • Sound of the Orange-fronted Parakeet.

Description 3 subspecies:

Orange-fronted Parakeet

  • Eupsittula canicularis canicularis

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – Subspecies nominal.


  • Eupsittula canicularis clarae

    (Moore,RT, 1937) – Similar to the species nominal but with the frontal band Orange smaller, lores Blue and sides of the lower jaw dark gray.


  • Eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum

    (Lesson,PA, 1842) – Similar to the species nominal but the sides of the lower jaw They are gray and belly It is yellower.

Habitat:

Video – "Orange-fronted Parakeet" (Eupsittula canicularis)

orange fronted parakeet / aratinga canicularis
Watch this video on YouTube.

They inhabit in fields slightly woody or open areas with scattered trees lowland ASAL, including thorny deciduous forests and tropical forests; the Orange-fronted Parakeet They are more abundant below 600 m, even they reach 1.500 meters in the high arid lands of central Honduras after breeding, forming flocks near the 50 birds, sometimes many more.

The Orange-fronted Parakeet They are well adapted to partially clear habitats, reposing in plantations Palma and handle, often near cities. Communal roosts have been observed in the company of the White-fronted Parrot
(Amazona albifrons) in riparian forests Guatemala. Usually arboreal.

Reproduction:

An active termitero, usually Nasutitermes nigriceps, It is the preferred place to nest construction of Orange-fronted Parakeet; Several couples sometimes dig holes next few other; also they use tree cavities (for example, hole made by woodpeckers).

Reproduction March to May in Oaxaca, Mexico; January-may in El Salvador; during the dry season in Costa Rica.
The laying is of 3 to 5 eggs). Only the female incubates. The incubation lasts around 30 days. The chicks leave the nest to 6 weeks.

Food:

In its natural habitat the the diet of the Orange-fronted Parakeet includes seeds of Ceiba and Inga, fruits of Ficus, Bursera and Brosimum, and flowers of Gliricidia and Combretum. Sometimes they invade causing farmland damage in maturation corn and the banana.

Distribution and status:

Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 1.490.000 km2

They live in the shed peaceful of Central America, from northwest Mexico to the Northwest of Costa Rica. The Frentinaranja Aratinga can be seen from Sinaloa and West Durango, south along the lowlands of Mexican Pacific until Chiapas and Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, until Costa Rica, lthough there is a recent contraction of their distribution in the northwest.

Habitat in the mountains of Caribbean It is limited to Comayagua Valley in the Honduran central highlands. Resident very common; Partially nomadic after breeding when birds can move to higher altitudes.

What introduced species They are located around the city of Miami (Florida), around town New York City and in the South of Texas, around town Santa Ana (United States).
They can also be seen in City of Mexico.

The capture for trade in live birds apparently led to a decrease in their number, as well as the contraction of the scope of its population in Costa Rica and possibly elsewhere; however the volume for international trade bird cage is small.

Distribution 3 subspecies:

  • Eupsittula canicularis canicularis

    (Linnaeus, 1758) – Subspecies nominal. shed peaceful Southwestern Mexico, from the Tehuantepec isthmus and Chiapas through the west region Central America to the Northwest of Costa Rica.


  • Eupsittula canicularis clarae

    (Moore,RT, 1937) – Sinaloa and West of Durango ell towards south to Michoacán, Mexico.


  • Eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum

    (Lesson,PA, 1842) – lowlands peaceful South of Mexico, from the east Michoacán until Oaxaca. The range in relation to the Eupsittula canicularis canicularis, is uncertain

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ

minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Stable.

Justification of the Red List of the Category

This species has a very large range, and therefore does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence <20.000 kilómetros2 combinado con un tamaño gama disminución o fluctuante, hábitat medida / calidad, o tamaño de la población y un pequeño número de localidades o fragmentación severa). The trend of the population appears to be stable, and therefore the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable according to the population trend criterion. (> 30% decrease of more than ten years or three generations). The size of the population is very large, and therefore does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con una disminución continua estimada en> 10% in ten years or three generations, or a specified population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least concern.

Justification population

Partners in Flight estimate the total population in 500,000-4,999,999 individuals (A. they Panjabi in a little. 2008).

Justification trend

The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.

"Orange-fronted Parakeet" in captivity:

Becoming less common. Its population has declined in many areas because of its capture for the illegal pet trade.
Protected by the Appendix II of CITES.

Alternative names:

– Half-Moon Conure, Half-Moon Parakeet, Orange fronted Parakeet, Orange-fronted Conure, Orange-fronted Parakeet, Petz’s Conure (English).
– Conure à front orange, Conure à front rouge, Conure de Petz , Perriche à front rouge, Perruche à front orange, Perruche à front rouge, Perruche de Petz (French).
– Elfenbeinsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-testa-laranja (Portuguese).
– Aratinga Frentinaranja, Conuro Frente Anaranjada, Perico de Frente Anaranjada, Perico Frente Naranja, perico frente-naranja, Perico Frentinaranja, Periquito Centroamericano, Periquito naranjera (español).
– Perico frentinaranja (Costa Rica).
– Periquito naranjera (Honduras).
– perico frente naranja, perico frente-naranja, Perico Frentinaranja (Mexico).
– Perico Frentinaranja (Nicaragua).


scientific classification:

Carlos-Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Eupsittula
– Scientific name: Eupsittula canicularis
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Protonimo: Psittacus canicularis

Images Orange-fronted Parakeet:

Aratinga-Frentinaranja-(5)
Aratinga-Frentinaranja-(4)
Aratinga-Frentinaranja-(3)
Aratinga-Frentinaranja-(2)

Parrots in the world

Especies del género Eupsittula
  • Eupsittula nana
  • —- Eupsittula nana astec
  • —- Eupsittula nana nana
  • —- Eupsittula nana vicinalis
  • Eupsittula canicularis
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis canicularis
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis clarae
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum
  • Eupsittula aurea
  • Eupsittula pertinax
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax arubensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax chrysophrys
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax griseipecta
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax lehmanni
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax margaritensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax ocularis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax paraensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax pertinax
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax surinama
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax tortugensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax venezuelae
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia
  • Eupsittula cactorum
  • —- Eupsittula cactorum cactorum
  • —- Eupsittula cactorum caixana

    • Sources:

    – Avibase
    – Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife

    – Photos:

    (1) – Orange-fronted Parakeet or Orange-fronted Conure (Aratinga canicularis) also known as the Half-moon Conure. Photo taken in a front garden, San Diego, USA By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Aratinga_canicularis_-pet-4.jpg: awnisALAN [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (2) – A wild Orange-fronted parakeet (Aratinga canicularis) along the beach of the Gulf of Papagayo (Papagallo), Costa Rica. The parakeet was seen in a group of 3 birds feeding on seeds of this tree By Cwood1 Charlene Wood (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (3) – Orange-fronted Parakeet or Orange-fronted Conure (Aratinga canicularis) also known as the Half-moon Conure. Photo taken in a front garden, San Diego, USA By awnisALAN (originally posted to Flickr as [1]) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (4) – Two Orange-fronted Parakeets in Costa Rica By Don Faulkner (Orange-fronted ParakeetUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (5) – A pair of Orange-fronted Parakeets in Rincón de la Vieja Volcano National Park, Costa Rica By Brian Ralphs from Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, UK (Orange-fronted ParakeetsUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (6) – Iconographie des perroquets :.Paris :P. Bertrand,1857.. by Biodiversity Heritage Library – Flickr

    – Sounds: Bernhard Kroeger, XC67365. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/67365

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