Among 28 and 30.5 cm.. of length and a weight of 232 g..
The Green Parakeet(Psittacara holochlorus) is a medium-sized Parrot with the wings in sharp form and the tail long and stitch. Its plumage is bright green, and can present several pens red or orange in the neck. In general, the underwing-coverts are metallic greenish-yellow color, While the the flight feathers and the bottom sides of the the tail feathers are yellow-olive. Presents a eye ring pale beige and the irises orange, the legs yellowish brown.
The Green Parakeet, as well as their subspecies, avoid moist lowland forests; Instead, prefer deciduous forests and gallery forests, scrub, clear and the edges of the forest.
In East Mexico, mainly seen in upland forest with some movements toward deciduous forests at elevations lower than during the non-breeding season. Registered to 2.100 meters in Mexico (the subspecies “brewsteri” at altitudes between 1,250 and 2,000m).
Views in flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes in groups of more of 100 birds, being larger groupings in places where food is abundant.
Reproduction:
The nests of the Green Parakeet they are located in tree cavities (for example, cavities made by woodpeckers), crack in rocks, holes in buildings or termite mounds. Colonial nesting reported in caves in the East of Mexico.
The breeding season has been recorded in the month of January to the East of Mexico (young in the nest); in April in Tamaulipas, to the South of Mexico.
The clutch most common consists of four eggs.
Food:
Diet Green Parakeet is based on seeds, nuts, berries and fruits; reported foods include the fruits of Myrica mexicana, seeds of Mimosa and corn (they can be destructive with their crops).
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 275.000 km2
Some specimens settled in cities in southeastern Texas; It is not clear if they come from Pet escapes or are wild vagrant who emigrated from the North of Mexico. It is generally not migratory, but you can scroll to get food.
Subspecies distribution:
Psittacara holochlorus brewsteri
(Nelson, 1928) – Mountains of Northwest of Mexico, to the South of Sonora, Northeast of Sinaloa and South of Chihuahua.
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern
• Population trend: Decreasing
The population of the Green Parakeet It is suspected that it is between a slow to moderate decline due to the expansion of intensive farming and capture for the wild bird trade (Juniper and Parr 1998).
The State of conservation, globally, regards it as a kind of Least concern because it is abundant and widely distributed. It is considered one endangered species within the Mexican law by its restricted distribution. Nest boxes they have been provided in the South of Texas nest (Brush 2007).
The world population is estimated at 200.000 mature individuals.
Although it is not as popular as other large amazon parrots, the Green Parakeet is maintained as pet by the local population; have also been exported as pets to the United States. Although there are no accumulated figures, during the period of 9 months between October of 1979 and June of 1980, 327 birds were imported to the United States (Roete et to the. 1982).
While the loss of habitat It is probably the factor affecting the population of the Green Parakeet, their capture for the bird trade It is likely to be negative at the local level.
With the signing of the Wild birds Protection Act of 1991, the Green Parakeet can not be imported to the EE.UU. unless they are part of a breeding program authorized.
The marketing of all the species Mexican species parrots (parakeets, parrots and macaws) is banned in Mexico. Since the year 2008 It is a federal crime to catch, sell, buy this type of animal.
"Green Parakeet" in captivity:
Maintained as pet by the locals although its marketing is prohibited in Mexico.
The illegal trade in parrots and macaws is held thanks to demand from consumers. If the demand for these wild species is reduced, then the offer would be reduced and therefore the illegal capture.
According to sources, a specimen lived 21,8 years in captivity
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Green Parakeet From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds By Richard Crossley (Richard Crossley) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Green Parakeet by Vince Smith – Flickr
(3) – Aratinga verde by G. Lasley/Vireo – audubon.org
(4) – Aratinga verde by G. Lasley/Vireo – audubon.org
(5) – Aratinga holochlora (Psittacara holochlorus) – Bellas Aves de El Salvador –
They live in areas xerophytic vegetation, frequenting desert scrub dominated by cactus, cardón and shrubs or small trees; also frcuentan cultivated areas, until the 450 m. They move in pairs or flocks of up 100 individuals, especially at the time of feed.
Reproduction:
The nesting takes place in tree cavities, cactus or cliffs, in general, between March and August (Sanz and Rodriguez-Ferraro 2006). The average size of clutch is of 3,38 eggs per nest, and most of the eggs survive until the hatching. The incubation lasts a few 26 days and leave the nest 60 days after hatch.
It tends to rest communally in tall trees, with groups of up 700 birds recorded (Juniper and Parr 1998).
Food:
Their diet is composed of Cactus and other fruits. They have been reported in their diet fruits 22 genders. rich flowers nectar, cardón and the urero, which eats fruits, flowers and trunk, fruits and seeds Stenocereus, seeds and flowers guatacaro (Boarreria Sumnensis) and yaque.
Distribution:
Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 11,000 km2
He is currently extinct on Paraguana Peninsula (Briceño-Linares et. To the. 2011). References to the presence of a population of wild parrots in Curacao They are based on a historical source of the century 18 (AO Debrot in some 1999, 2007.); there have been reports from modern 1988 (The farmer 2008, A. Rodriguez-Ferraro in litt. 2012), although it has been suggested that these birds can be released or escaped cages. (Williams 2012).
It became extinct in Aruba towards 1950 (Rojas-Suarez & Rodríguez 2015).
The numbers on the islands seem to fluctuate, but they have increased in Margarita of 750 birds in 1989 (Sanz y Grajal 1998) until around 2000 in 2015 (Rojas-Suarez & Rodríguez 2015).
The population in Bonaire It was estimated in 400 individuals in 2006 (Williams and Martin 2006) and 650-800 individuals in 2012 (Department of Resources and Planning, Bonaire by R. Martin y S. Williams a slightly. 2012).
The continent's population was considered in decline 2003 (Hilty 2003).
Their habitat continues to be lost in the eastern part of the continental mountain range (V. Sanz in some. 2016) and the population of together (is of Venezuela) it is believed that are declining due to poaching and habitat conversion for agriculture (V. Sanz n bit. 2016), so it is likely that the continental population continues to decline.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Unknown.
The population size: 1700-5600 specimens.
It is classified as a endangered specie, It is the main threats capture their young for pet trade, and habitat destruction of nesting and feeding by the extraction of sand for the construction industry.
The recovery of the population of this bird has been the spearhead of Provita's work in Macanao, since its conservation benefits a large part of the biodiversity of the peninsula, as their habitat covers large areas, it is also a charismatic species, that easily attracts the public to conservation efforts.
Source: PROVITA
"Yellow-shouldered Parrot" in captivity:
Rare but increasing due to the successes of captive breeding.
have a participatory personality, inquisitivas and curious to the point of being "nosy" and her gentle nature only adds to her charm. Mild to moderate its ability to speak.
Always playful, enable They require a cage equipped with toys. They worship a bathroom and displayed chatty while bathing under running warm water.
(1) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot. Pet in Venezuela perching on the top of a wooden frame. By John Bäckstrand (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_2721) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon in the Walsrode Bird Park, Germany By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot). Two in the foreground in a cage By TJ Lin [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot. Pet in Venezuela perching on a hand. Shows crown By John Bäckstrand (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_2469) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot. Pet in Venezuela By John Bäckstrand (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_2468) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Amazona barbadensis in the Loro Parque zoo of Tenerife, Spain By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Amazona barbadensis in the Loro Parque zoo of Tenerife, Spain By Bjoertvedt (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot. Pet in Venezuela – side view – a little red and blue seen at edge of wing By John Bäckstrand (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_3117) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Yellow-shouldered Amazon (Amazona barbadensis) also known as Yellow-shouldered Parrot. Pet in Venezuela on the top of a wooden climbing frame. Mainly showing its upper body By John Bäckstrand (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_2723) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Original illustration of the “Green & Yellow Parrot from Barbados”, currently known as Amazona barbadensis – Wikipedia
The Red-tailed Parrot(Amazona brasiliensis) has forecrown, front of crown and lores, red; Subsequent red feathers crown with purple tips; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides neck and throat, mauve-blue; back of the crown and nape, green with black tips.
Upperparts green, some feathers rump with yellow points. The median, greater coverts and secondary internal clearly appear yellow; edge front of the wing
Red and yellow; primaries grey-black, secondaries green, turning blue towards the tips.
Under the wings, brighter yellowish green; flight feather of black and blue color on the basis of innerwebs. Underparts brighter yellowish green, paler in undertail-coverts. Tail green with broad greenish-yellow tips, lateral feathers marked basally with purplish-blue on outerweb and tipped yellowish-green with broad subterminal band red.
Bill pale horn with dark tip; irises orange; legs pink-gray.
Both sexes are similar. The immature It is less extensive in red head, a plumage darker overall and irises darker.
Sound of the Red-tailed Parrot.
taxonomic note:
The molecular study suggests that this species is closest to the Orange-winged Parrot(Amazona amazonica). Previously it thought to form a group with Blue cheeked Parrot (Amazona dufresniana) and Red-browed Parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha), and it has been treated as conspecific with one or both. monotypic.
Habitat:
Video "Red-tailed Parrot"
The Red-tailed Parrot dwells in a restricted area or coastal lowland forest and wetlands with rare species and structural diversity, including moist lowland forests, restinga, freshwater marshes and mangroves. Your preferred coastal habitats have complex channel networks, swamps and wetlands. Trees characteristic of its forest habitat include Luehea and Andira, while the vegetation of the islands, where they sleep and breed, They are dominated by several species Halophyte and formations restinga.
Apparently, some birds are practically living in flooded forests, probably due to increased availability of nests. Sympatric presence and partnership with the Red-spectacled Parrot(Amazona pretrei) in forests Araucaria, probably wrong. Lives in altitudes not exceeding the 300-400 m, Although there are records to 700 metres in Paraná. Forman communal shelters (often in mangroves) during at least part of the year, with more than 750 birds reported at a meeting (1985).
Reproduction:
They nest in the cavity of a living or dead tree, for example, palms Jerivá(Syagrus romanzoffianum) and guanandi(Callophyllum Brasiliense) and occasionally arboreal nests of termites; height generally, but recorded only a nest 1 meter above the floodwater. Usually it played in flooded or swampy areas, including mangroves. breeding season in September to February, in some cases in April. Clutch 5-4 eggs. The eggs are hatch during 27 to 28 days, and the period until nest abandonment is thought to last from 50 to 55 days
Possibly they inhabit the extreme northeast Santa Catarina, adjacent to Paraná, but there are no reliable records. An old record Rio Grande do Sul it seems unlikely. possibly some seasonal movements lower in winter (May-August).
The rapid decline in population in the twentieth century it is due in part to the loss of habitat, with most areas densely settled and totally deforested, the remaining threatened are given by urbanization (for example, in isla Long), the felling of trees nesting and feeding, as well as the Palmas for human use (shipbuilding and food) and conversion of wetlands for water buffalo and rice production (birds also face competition from grazing animals for consumption of fruits Erythrina speciosa). But, direct human exploitation of the species is not now a less serious problem, some related to their hunting for food, although most suffer their capture illegal for trade. A recent study 49 showed that nests 41 of them they were illegally stolen their young, while the 1,27% available habitat was lost only in 1993.
Total wild population estimated in 3.600 birds (1995) with rapid decline of several hundreds Predicted. Distribution area probably no more than 6.000 km2, with large parts of this extension susceptible to sea level rise caused by climate change.
protected by national legislation. Live in several areas protected (for example, Isla del Cardoso, Sao Paulo), but in them there is only a very small proportion of birds.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Increasing.
• Population size : 6000-6700.
Rationale for the Red List category
The catch for cage bird trade and loss of habitat are the major threats to this species. Despite the heavy pressure to capture the early nineties, It is believed that the range of the species remained essentially the same, and populations have been stable or declined less steeply than feared, According to a recent estimate that suggests a population increase. Due to its small breeding range and highly fragmented habitat, the species qualifies as Vulnerable.
conservation project "Red-tailed Parrot"
Amazona brasiliensis - Puffin of red-tailed - Red Parrot-tailled
The winter counts in 2015 registered 7.464 and individuals in Paraná 1.712 in São Paulo, with both populations continuing to increase (D. Waugh in some ., 2015). The population It is estimated, therefore, between 9.000 and 10.000 individuals, equivalent approximately to 6.000 to 6.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is suspected that the conservation measures long term have contributed to a recent increase in population at a rate unquantified, although habitat fragmentation and poaching remain significant threats (Waugh 2006).
Threats
In the municipality of Canaanite (a quarter of the distribution of the species) (Freire 1994), has been caught during the breeding period of 1991-1992 for domestic trade and (especially) international with 356 birds. Of 47 controlled nests between 1990 and 1994, six were naturally default and the other 41 stolen by human (Freire 1997). Nest cavities are almost always damaged when the chicks are captured, reducing the number available (Freire 1994). Habitat loss persists for shipbuilding, banana plantations, cattle and buffalo and beach houses (Lalime 1999, Snyder et to the., 2000). They cut the Palmitos for processing in Guaraqueçaba (Lalime 1999). The proposed construction of a bridge to Ilha Comprida increase the pressure of tourism and habitat conversion (Snyder et to the., 2000).
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II and protected by Brazilian law. This species is not considered of conservation concern nationwide in Brazil (MMA 2014). They are distributed within 15 protected areas, but these do not apply locally (Freire 1994, Lalime 1999). The Superagui National Park in Paraná, It is a bastion for the protection of the species (R. Bóçon in litt., 2006). The creation of new reserves is hampered by economic interests (Freire 1994). Several programs are increasing local awareness (Freire 1994, Lalime 1999 , Padua et al. 2001). Conservation projects and protected areas created in the area of ​​distribution of species appear to be paying off, although there are still pitfalls. There are herd books and successful captive breeding programs in the European Union and Brazil (Lucker 1998) and the provision of artificial nests and repair of natural nesting cavities is enhancing reproductive success in the wild (Waugh 2006). Conservation Project of the Amazon Redstart is monitoring the population in Paraná (R. Bóçon in litt., 2006).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct surveys to monitor population trends and support captive breeding programs. Monitoring discount rates for trade. Monitor trade levels. Monitor the rates of loss and degradation of habitat. Apply laws on trafficking, especially in the paths to breeding islands (Lalime 1997, Lalime 1999). effectively protect existing reserves (Lalime 1997, Lalime 1999). formally appoints the Ilha Comprida State Park and Ecological Station Itapanhapina (Snyder et to the., 2000). Expand Superagüi National Park to include Ilha do Pinheiro (Snyder et to the., 2000). Reforest nursery islands (Lalime 1999). Continue and expand awareness efforts (Lalime 1999).
The "Red-tailed Parrot" in captivity:
CITES Appendix I and II and protected by the Brazilian legislation.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a Program well managed captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure long term survival.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
Photos:
(1) – A Red-tailed Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Kee Yip from Union City, California, USA (IMG_4509_P1040018) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A juvenile Red-tailed Amazon which is grasping something in its right foot, probably to chew or eat it By writhedhornbill (originally posted to Flickr as Red tailed amazon) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-tailed Amazon (Amazona brasiliensis) bird Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By http://www.birdphotos.com (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-tailed Amazon at the zoo By Elcio Ferreira [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A Red-tailed Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Chad Bordes (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – CHEYSOTIS ERYTHRURA By Zoological Society of London.; Zoological Society of London. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Approximately from 33 cm.. length, and a weight of 140 g.
The Socorro Parakeet(Psittacara brevipes) is a medium Parrot with the plumage bright dark green, with the crown, the forecrown and lores grass-green, the sides of neck slightly brighter, the head and the neck, sometimes with one or more scattered feathers of orange-red. The upperparts are green grass, slightly brighter in the area of the rump. Upperwing-coverts herb with bluish green in the outside greater coverts. Primaries and secondaries Green in the part superior with tint blue in them vane outer; olive Oliva-Amarillo down. Underwing-coverts green. Underparts grass-green. Above, the tail dark green, by down color yellowish olive.
The bill color horn; eye ring pale beige; irises orange yellow or orange; legs yellowish brown.
Gender-related differences are unknown although the immature has irises Brown color.
NOTE:
The Socorro Parakeet It is often considered a subspecies of the Green Parakeet. But, Howell and Webb They presented evidence that supports the separation of the species from the other subspecies of Aratinga holochlora. They found that the bill of the Socorro Parakeet is larger than, and noticed differences in the color of the skin of the eye ring, also has a Wing formula different, the tenth primary feather It is shorter than the seventh and Green Parakeet is the reverse. Both species also differ in the vocalization, calls of the Green Parakeet they are richer in harmonics that the of the Socorro Parakeet.
Most commonly observed in forests of species such as Bumelia socorrense, Guettarda insularis, Ilex socorroensis, with trees of at least 8 metres in height. Usually, above 500 m (especially on the South side of Socorro island), because in most of the rest of its distribution area, in the lower elevations, It has lost its vegetation preferred because of the sheep pasture.
Registered at low altitudes, 4 m, where the native forest (in canyons), near the sea level, especially in tall trees of Croton masonii, Conocarpus erecta and Ficus.
Usually, in flocks of up to 40 birds, rarely come to the 100 specimens. They gather in numerous flocks on the branches of the guayabillo, in smaller flocks (until 6) or only in pairs during the breeding season.
Son social, even there is care collective nests, They show strong fidelity to nesting sites, based on observations of re-use of nests.
Reproduction:
They nest in tree cavities, especially of the species Bumelia socorrense. the size of the clutch It is unknown, but the breeding It is thought that it can begin in the month of November. The young are altricial.
They aim to feed in the tips of the trees or the highest branches, Although also has observed them are home on the floor
Distribution:
Endemic, It is only in the Socorro island in the The Revillagigedo Islands archipelago off the West coast of Mexico. Estimated population in 400-500 birds in 1992 (approximately nine birds per km² of suitable habitat). considered common, but recent decreasepossible n due to loss of preferred habitat (still present in about 22% of the island) and the resulting erosion of the sheep that graze in excess. Predation by feral cats can also be a threat.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Red List category of the UICN current: In danger of extinction
• Population trend: Decreasing
Threatened in the Mexican official standard NOM- 059-ECOL-2001, but in Danger of extinction in the NOM-O59-SEMARNAT-2006 that is not yet published. CITES Appendix II
The Socorro Parakeet (in danger of extinction; It is only in the Socorro island and this species the habitat destruction threatens, as well as the introduction of cats, sheep and rodents.
Estimated population in 400-500 birds in 1992.
"Socorro Parakeet" in captivity:
The species, unlike most continental psittacines, does not face problems of extracting pups for the pet market.
Alternative names:
– Socorro Parakeet, Green Parakeet (Socorro), Socorro Conure (English).
– Conure de Socorro, Perruche de Socorro (French).
– Socorrosittich, Socorro-Grünsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-socorro (Portuguese).
– Aratinga de Socorro, Perico de Socorro, Perico mexicano (español).
– Perico de Socorro (Mexico).
30 cm.. length and an approximate weight of 370 g..
The Vinaceous Parrot(Amazona vinacea) has the lores and forecrown bright red; cheeks and crown green with black tips to some feathers head; elongated feathers on the sides of neck, the nape and the upper mantle, green at the base, subterminally light blue and black tip. The rest of the the mantle, back and scapulars, green with some feathers showing indistinct black tips; uppertail-coverts pale green.
Wing coverts green with red variable and / or yellow in leading edge of wing and the carpal area. Primaries pale bluish-green; Secondary green with blue tips, the base outerweb of the three outer secondaries, red, forming a small looking-glass. Under the wings, green. Throat and chest with shades that vary from strong wine brown to pale blue with a strong vinous diffusion; subterminal dark band at the tips of the feathers gives scalloping pattern; Belly green or yellowish green sometimes with vinous dissemination; undertail-coverts brighter yellowish green. Tail green with yellow green tip; the base lateral feathers in red innerwebs, in purple outerweb. The upper jaw It is red at the base with pale tip, horn-colored lower, reddish at the base; irises orange to reddish brown; legs grey.
Both sexes are similar. The immature It has the green suffusion in chest and the less extensive red on the head (confined to the base upper jaw).
Sound of the Vinaceous Parrot.
Habitat:
Video – "Vinaceous Parrot"
Purple-breasted Parrot in Itamonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
The Vinaceous Parrotinhabit in tropical and subtropical evergreen mixed forests; in the Brazil in humid coastal forests, in the East of Paraguay They can be found in forests Araucaria angustifolia and Euterpe edulis. The extent of the ecological dependence of this species on coniferous trees (Araucaria and Podocorpus) It is not clear, but the Araucaria angustifolia It is clearly important in Missions, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarinaand possibly it was related to the previous distribution further north in southeast Brazil.
Mainly observed in the lowlands, but there are reports of birds seen in hills 1.500-2.000 meters in the southeast of Brazil, where the best forest remnants persist. Usually in pairs or small groups with larger meetings (up to approximately 30) in July-August. In pairs during breeding (usually around September).
Reproduction:
The Vinaceous Parrotnidifica in holes in large trees with obvious preference for the Araucaria angustifolia, including rarely cracks in the cliffs. With reproduce the May in loose colonies. breeding season during the months of September to January. Clutch 2-4 eggs.
After the breeding season (February to July), the species congregate in large groups and community shelters.
Food:
The specific foods of the Vinaceous Parrot include flowers and fruits of Euterpe edulis (which apparently it is important seasonally in East Paraguay), seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, fruits of cocoons of Achatocarpus and new leaves Eucalyptus and seeds of Pilocarpus. It has been reported damagor cause in crops of oranges, but with the current low density of this species, It is unlikely to produce a serious economic impact.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (player / resident ): 1.230.000 km2
The Vinaceous Parrot It is endemic in Southeast South America.
There are some seasonal movements and post-breeding dispersal, possibly in relation to the food supply (for example, seed availability coniferous trees), with invasions scale reported in Paraguay in the past. Declines in the number of birds occur in Rio Grande do Sul January, with all its people disappeared by March and return in April for the rest of the year.
Formerly abundant and widespread but now there has been a contraction dramatic of its range and population, mainly due to the habitat destruction scale, the expansion of agriculture and floods caused by large hydroelectric dams. also trapped for a long time for bird trade.
Are distributed in several protected areas, but none is large enough to maintain a viable population. The former strongholds in eastern Paraguay They are subject to rapid deforestation, with a recent reduction in its scope and numbers and now probably confined only in Alto Paraná and Ganindeyu.
A census 2007 yielded a minimum of 253 copies in Argentina.
It is perhaps the Amazona more common in populations of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná (several populations of more than 100 birds), in the South of Brazil, and the low number persists in Minas Gerais, Brazil and Sao Paulo, within an estimated total of 1.500-2.000 birds.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size: 600-1700.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as endangered due to recent population estimates Brazil They indicate that the world population is very small and has suffered a rapid decline due to loss and fragmentation of habitat, aggravated by the trade. It is necessary to clarify whether Brazilian subpopulations exceed 250 specimens.
Justification of the population
Based on estimates 1.500 to 2.000 individuals in Brazil (G. Bencke in some. 2009), 220-400 in Paraguay and 253 in Argentina (K. Cockle in some. 2009), it is estimated that the total population is within the range of 1.970 -2.650 individuals and is probably positioned within the band 1,000-2,499. This is equivalent to 667-1.666 mature individuals, rounded here to 600-1.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
rapid and continuous population decline is suspected because of the Poaching of nests, the habitat destruction and persecution as a pest Of crops.
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix I and II and protected by the Brazilian legislation.
• Nationally considered Vulnerable in Brazil (Urben-Filho et al . 2008, MMA 2014), and Critically Endangered in Argentina and Paraguay.
• Small populations are found in numerous protected areas (Wege and Long 1995, F. Olmos in some ., 1999).
• In the Argentina, two young provincial parks are used by the species, but they offer only partial protection because parrots use habitat outside the park for most of its life cycle, including, critically, the reproduction.
• In the Argentine stronghold of the species between San Pedro and Saint Rose, environmental education is underway to reduce the capture of chicks, and the population has been monitored since 2005 (Selva de Pino Paraná in litt project., 2007).
• It has been achieved successful captive breeding.
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Monitor large populations (in March Argentina).
• Study reproductive biology and demography throughout the species' range and develop structured captive breeding programs to counter the high level of poaching of wild populations..
• Protect the general Carneiro (Santa Catarina), Itaipu (Alto Paraná), RNP Itabó Rivas (Canindeyú), Estancia Golondrina (Caaguazu) and forests outside reserves Rio de Janeiro (Snyder et to the ., 2000) and between San Pedro and Saint Rose in Missions.
• Invest in permanently trained park rangers and resolve land tenure problems in Brazilian and Paraguayan reserves. (F. Olmos in some ., 1999, Cockle et al. 2007).
• Apply laws against the trafficking of species on the roads that connect the Monte Pascoal National Park with South Brazil (Snyder et to the ., 2000), in places where the species is captured and at borders and ports Paraguay and Argentina.
• Increase local public awareness to reduce nest theft and promote conservation of nesting sites..
• In Argentina, provide technical support to promote soil conservation, to avoid clearing forests for crops on small farms.
The Vinaceous Parrot in captivity:
The Vinaceous Parrot noted for its easy to imitate the human voice, better and clearer than the Amazona aestiva. Small easily they learn to speak.
Two decades ago, before placement in the Appendix 1 CITES Convention, this species was available in aviculture. It never was imported to Europe in a large number, but nevertheless often it offered for sale. Its price was higher than other species of Amazona available at that time, because of its amazing looks and his talent as an imitator. As the trade in wild birds was coming to an end, the captive population decreased markedly. While this species has been willing to breed for those that provide adequate breeding and have enough individuals to allow natural selection of the mate., captive breeding has been very disappointing, considering the number of birds that were previously available.
In the current avicultura, it seems that there are still a significant number of birds kept in Europe. A survey of amazon parrots in the European zoos, made in 1993 and published in 1994 by the EAZA, he listed in 59 species Vinaceous Parrot conserved in 11 zoological collections: of this, only three, Loro Parque (Spain), Walsrode Bird Park (Germany) and Beauval (France), had recorded breeding successes. It's known, However, that a significant number of Vinaceous Parrot They are held by private poultry farmers Europe and if these owners are willing to work in cooperation with EEP plan that can be started for this species, then the known captive population Europe could be big, enough to be considered as a viable.
The population of this species in captivity is similar to that of other species of the genus Amazona. In Loro Parque a couple is kept in an aviary in the exhibition area of ​​the park, and several more couples are kept in breeding cages suspended in their breeding outside exhibition. Suspended breeding cages are approximately 300 cm long x 95 cm width and height. Each cage has the nest-box placed against the outer rear panel, and there is a cut in the wire hole to allow birds to enter the nest-box. With the nest located outside of the cage, this eliminates the need to enter the service or inspect the nest-box.
The feeding of these birds is done twice a day. To the 7 Morning receive their main dish containing a mixed salad prepared with the following elements: – Apple, pear, tomato, beet, Carrot, alfalfa, lettuce, Peppers, papaya and other fruits and vegetables seasonally available; In addition, They are also used, when available, various fruits that are grown in the park, as nopal cactus plants and berries palmera pindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana). A second smaller dish meal in the morning provides birds commercial pellets dietary, and during the breeding season each pair is also given segments of its own supplement “pastel” that is made fresh every day. The evening meal is given to 3:00 pm, with a mixture of nuts, seeds and beans cooked.
The Vinaceous Parrot It was raised for the first time Loro Parque in 1990, when one pigeon was raised hand. The couple proved to be very unreliable when it came to the incubation their eggs, why he has always resorted to artificial incubation or host and breeding. This couple Vinaceous Parrot He received on subsequent occasions eggs more common species to give them the opportunity to prove that they are good parents, but so far they remain unreliable.
No offspring were produced in 1991, but the couple tried again in 1992, when he carried out another manually raising and other raised squab. In 1993, when the same pair joined again, the clutch of eggs was transferred to a pair of Red-crowned Parrot(Amazona viridigenalis), which they proved to be excellent foster parents and raised chicks born. The same technique was used in 1994, but only one egg clutch proved to be fertile and the chick was raised successfully by Red-crowned Parrot.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– THE VINACEOUS AMAZON Amazona vinacea AT LORO PARQUE – First Published in The Avicultural Magazine Vol. 103 No. 2
– Photos:
(1) – Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) – San Francisco Zoo, California By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Vinaceous Amazon in captivity at the Rare Species Foundation Programme, Florida, USA By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Amazona_vinacea_-RSFP-8a.jpg: Ruth Rogers [CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Vinaceous Amazon at the Walsrode Bird Park, Germany By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Vinaceous Amazon; two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as Copy of DSCN3375) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – flying. Picture taken in Morretes By Leandro Govoni Lacerda (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Vinaceous-breasted Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Kee Yip from Union City, California, USA (IMG_4509_P1040019) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Pigeons neck Amazone (Amazona vinacea) Shot in Palmitospark Gran Canaria By Martingloor (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) – San Francisco Zoo, California By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Amazone vineuse, Bioparc Doue-la-Fontaine By Melvin TOULLEC (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
– Sounds: (Xeno-canto)
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Red-necked Parrot (Amazona arausiaca) | By mikko.pyhala
Content
Description:
40 cm.. length and 650 g. of weight.
The Red-necked Parrot(Amazona arausiaca) has the lores, forecrown, front of crown, orbital area and upper cheeks, bright blue; back of the crown, nape and sides neck, with dark blue or blackish margins.
Mantle, back and scapulars, green with narrow faint dark margins giving subtle barred effect. Wing coverts green; carpal edge brighter yellowish green. Primaries green with blue tips; the three outer secondaries, red at the base, yellow and blue at the tips; four secondaries yellow and blue tips. The remaining secondary they are green. Under the wings, the coverts green; flight feather Bluish.
Chin and top of the throat, blue; the bottom throat and, sometimes, upper region chest, with patch resizable bright red; remaining chest and of the belly, green; undertail-coverts, brighter yellowish green. Tail bright green in the center, their outer feathers green tip yellowish green and red marks on the basis of the innerwebs. Bill horn; iris orange; legs grey
Both sexes are similar. It is thought that the immature It is similar to adult but with irises brown. The young fledglings They are significantly smaller than of adults during its first year.
The Red-necked Parrot inhabits the canopy mountain rainforest, preferring forest areas with trees Tabonuco(Dacryodes excelsa), especially among 300-800 m (the highest density is found and altitudes 500-600 m) although occasionally they reported to 1.200 meters and formerly was a regular visitor (August October ) of the Coast zones.
Usually in small flocks or pairs; more numerous flocks feeding areas, outside the breeding season. Communal roosting in traditional sites, for example in large trees Dacryodes excelsa or Sloanea berteriana, They are using from year to year (but not necessarily all year).
Reproduction:
Nests in a large tree cavity with most nests reported in Dacryodes or Sloanea. breeding season February-June. low productivity probably just a clutch every two years and usually only one young per nest.
Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 190 km2
The Red-necked Parrot It is endemic to the Dominica Island in the Lesser Antilles. Formerly it spreads through the mountainous interior, including the northern peninsula. Contraction range from about 1950 with the existing population centered Morne Diablotin (1.447 m, the highest mountain Dominica) which it may have always been his main strength but whose southern slopes birds have been absent from the hurricane 1992.
small populations, reportedly, in the north of the peninsula (where apparently they are resident) and in the eastern center of the island. They can remain very small populations in the south. Recent sporadic observations of birds in low-lying areas of the north and east; other towns in the south suggest the gradual recolonization of the parts of the former range.
mainly residents but maybe (at least once) some regular seasonal foraging movements and some November-January nomadism. Although historical accounts tell of the abundance of this species, the drastic contraction in range and population have occurred since the mid-twentieth century with its gradual retreat in the most remote forests of northern and eastern. The decline is due to the loss of habitat, the hunting and capture bird cage.
The small existing population It is especially vulnerable to the loss of food plants and nesting sites due to hurricane damage. Although the effects of habitat loss may have been especially severe because of the preference of birds through the forests of low level (which it has been under pressure) They tolerate any disturbance and returned to the old feeding areas recently after conversion to plantations of fruit trees. The hunting It was probably the greatest threat to the seventies. Capture for local pet trade now under control due to a successful education campaign.
The population 1977 It was at least 350 birds (probably), but halved by the effects of hurricanes between 1979 and 1980. A Recovery since then 350 estimated birds 1990 and evidence of further increases to more than 500 in 1992. The remaining habitat is partially protected in the North Forest Reserve, but does not include neighboring critically important areas for conservation. Completely protected by national legislation.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Increasing.
• Population size: 850-1000.
Rationale for the Red List category
The conservation actions He has helped this species to recover a population down from 1980. Still rated as vulnerable because its population is still very small and its range of small extent and restricted to a single island. But, if future declines in habitat available, could be reclassified as danger of extinction.
Justification of the population
Estimating population most recent is 850-1,000 mature individuals (PR Reillo a slightly. 2012), more or less equivalent to 1.200-1.500 individuals in total.
Justification trend
The population size has increased possibly only 150 birds in 1980, possibly even 1.200 birds currently, based on recent surveys and density estimates (PR Reillo in some. 2016). There is no new data on the evolution of the population, but the species is supposed to still rising.
Threats
The loss of habitat in the lower elevations has been caused mainly by clearance for agriculture (Collar 1997). Although replanting fruit crops has benefited the species (Reillo y Durand 2008), the frugivorous diet of the Red-necked Parrot, conflict is causing local farmers (Douglas 2011). Damage caused by hurricanes has also been important: another hurricane the magnitude of Hurricane David could reverse recent population increases. Hunting and illegal trade are now low-level threats, but the illegal wildlife trade throughout the Caribbean is a constant concern and there is increasing pressure from illegal wildlife trade centered in Europe (PR Reillo in some. , 2016).
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II. It is fully protected by national legislation. Much of the remaining habitat is in the northern and central forest reserves, national parks and Morne Trois Pitons and Morne Diablotin, but adjacent areas, critically important, They are not protected (Juniper and Parr 1998). Since 1980, It has benefited from the joint efforts of government and non-governmental organizations to protect their habitat and sensitize the local population of the needs of this species. Research methods have recently improved to maximize ecological information acquired, while minimizing the disturbance of birds, and the study has provided important information on nesting behavior and parental care. Similarly, census methodologies have improved to give more accurate estimates of population size and density (Reillo y Durand 2008). The population is monitored annually. A recent doctoral thesis project examined the interaction of species with fruit crops in Dominica (PR Reillo in some. 2012).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue the implementation of the protection of national parks Morne Diablotin and Morne Trois Pitons and forest reserves in central and northern. Continue to monitor the population each year. To investigate the effects of nest site (and the food) competition between this species and Imperial Parrot (Amazona imperialis). Continue to prohibit the trade in this species, exports of ex situ captive breeding, and importation of non-native parrots as pets in Dominica (PR Reillo in some. 2012).
Red-necked Parrot in captivity:
CITES Appendix I and II. It is fully protected by national legislation.
Alternative names:
– Bouquet’s Parrot, Dominican Blue-faced Amazon, Dominican Blue-faced Parrot, Jacquot, Red necked Parrot, Red-necked Amazon, Red-necked Parrot (English).
– Amazone à cou rouge, Amazone de Bouquet (French).
– Blaukopfamazaone, Blaukopfamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-colar-vermelho (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Cuello Rojo, Amazona Gorgirroja, Amazona gorjirroja, Jaco, loro de cuello rojo (español).
(1) – Red-necked Amazon (Amazona arausiaca) – Author: mikko.pyhala – HBW
(2) – Red-necked Amazons at the Parrot Conservation and Research Centre Botanical Gardens, Roseau, Dominica By Andrew Szymanski (originally posted to Flickr as DSCF0031) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-necked Amazons at the Parrot Conservation and Research Centre Botanical Gardens, Roseau, Dominica By Amazona_arausiaca_-Roseau_-Dominica_-aviary-6a.jpg: Andrew Szymanskiderivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Amazona arausiaca Sunday, West Indies by Don Faulkner – Flickr
(5) – BARRABAND, Jacques (1767/8-1809) [Parrot Bouquet (Red-necked Amazon, Amazona arausiaca)] From Natural History of Parrots (by Francois Levaillant, 1801-1805) – Wikimedia
(6) – Natural history of parrots /. In Paris :chez Levrault … ;an IX (1801)-an XIII (1805).. by Biodiversity Heritage Library – Flickr
31 cm.. length.
The Tucuman Parrot(Amazona tucumana) It is mostly green, with black borders on the feathers, giving the whole a scalloped appearance.
Relatively large and stocky have the forecrown red and eye rings white. Has also patch Red in the wing-coverts (most notoriously in flight); thin yellow line on shoulder almost half of wing
; the primary wing feathers They have the blue tips, and the thighs They are orange-yellow. The tail It is short and feathers yellow.
The bill It is yellowish to pinkish, and eyes adults are orange-yellow. The legs They are pale gray.
As he male as the female They are similar in appearance, but the immature They are generally green in full, with the thighs green than orange and less red on the forecrown. Another key difference between adult and immature is that eyes young people are gray.
Taxonomic note:
Until a few years ago it was considered a subspecies of the Red-spectacled Parrot(Amazona pretrei) (Fjeldså y Krabbe 1990), but now they are recognized as separate species, although closely related to each other and, In addition, with the Vinaceous Parrot(Amazona vinacea), who possibly form a basal group to all other parrots of the genus (Russello y Amato 2004).
It is found in open forests Andean mountain forests Yungas, particularly in areas with Alnus acuminata or Podocarpus parlatorei, as well as other species of Alnus, Podocarpus and Nothofagus. This species It is in elevations of between 1.600 and 2.600 metres in the breeding season, but during the non-breeding season they descend to lower elevations of about 350 m. Right now, sometimes you can enter inhabited areas.
Often gathers in large flocks, often numbering more than 200 individuals.
Reproduction:
The Tucuman Parrot They breed between November and January or February, building usually your nest in a hole in a tree Alnus or Podocarpus. The normal size clutch is three to four eggs, although they have been reported sunsets from one to five eggs. The incubation lasts around 26 to 29 days, usually it is the female that the male incubates and which feeds, and the main source of food for chicks come from seeds and flowers Podocarpus parlatorei. Young they leave the nest usually after seven to nine weeks.
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 86.200 km2
The Amazona tucumana It is located in northwest Argentina and in southern Bolivia, where it is known in 12 locations departments Tarija, Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz(A. Maccormick in some. 2005, R. Hoyer in some. Slightly., 2012).
A recent study of the situation and distribution of the species Argentina registered 6.015 individuals (Rivera et al., 2007) and estimated that the Argentine population amounted to about 10.000 birds, but around 20.000 They were exported from Argentina in the mid 80, suggesting that there may have been a substantial population decline.
After inclusion in the Appendix I of the CITES, international trade was cut, although the continuous local exploitation. But, It does not appear that the stocks have recovered, and loss of habitat is of concern, particularly in Argentina, where their habitat is highly degraded and there are only a few remains of small forests and isolated. Threats to habitat are less severe in Bolivia, but the species has declined there and is projected to continue to do so (A. Maccormick in a bit., 2005).
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 6000-15000.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as Vulnerable, as it is experiencing rapid population decline due to the loss of habitat and capture for the bird trade.
Justification of the population
A recent study of the situation and distribution of the species Argentina registered 6,015 individuals and Argentina estimated that the population was approximately 10.000 birds (L. Rivera in a bit., 2004). It also, 1.643 individuals were recorded at several sites in Bolivia during another recent study (Rivera et al., 2007). The total population is thus situated in the band 10.000-19.999 individuals (L. Rivera in a bit., 2012). This is equivalent to 6,667-13,333 mature individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
The results of the survey, observations on habitat loss and the local occurrence of the species, and catch and trade data suggest that the population is suffering rapid population decline (L. Rivera in some.)
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix I, although the convention is not respected in Bolivia (AB Hennessey in litt., 2012).
• Present in several protected areas, including the El Rey National Park, Argentina, mainly in the non-breeding season (L. Rivera in some. 2012).
• A species conservation action plan is currently being developed for each of its native countries. (L. Rivera in a bit., 2012).
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Apply the local trade ban (L. Rivera in a bit., 2012).
• Evaluate the current population size.
• Produce a species action plan.
• Conduct additional research to clarify the scope of the current threat of trade.
• Effectively protect core areas of remaining habitat; review their habitat requirements and complement nesting sites using boxes where appropriate (AB Hennessey in some. 2012).
• Address unsustainable use of resources and illegal activities in protected areas..
Parrots Gender Amazona are among the most recognizable and sought-after pet birds. Their colorful plumage and ability to imitate the human voice have made them highly sought after for centuries, and one unfortunate consequence of this is the threatened status of most species. (Russello y Amato 2004). In the Red list of Threatened Species International Union for the conservation of nature, 16 parrot species of this genus are included either as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered (IUCN 2010). In the same way, 16 species are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
The Amazona tucumana It is a species that should only be kept in captive with the sole purpose of achieving their reproduction and subsequent insertion into the wild.
Alternative names:
– Tucuman Parrot, Alder Amazon, Alder Parrot, Tucuman Amazon(English).
– Tucumanaamazone, Tucumanamazone(German).
– Amazone de Tucuman(French).
– Papagaio-tucumă(Portuguese).
– Amazona Alisera, Amazona Tucumana, Loro alisero(español).
– Loro alisero(Argentina).
– Loro alisero(Bolivia).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– RIVERA, Luis; POLICE, Natalia y BUCHER, Enrique H. Ecology and conservation of the Alder Parrot (Amazona tucumana). Hornero [online]. 2012, vol.27, n.1 [aforementioned 2017-01-29], pp. 51-61 . Available in: . ISSN 0073-3407.
– Photos:
(1) – Tucuman Parrot (Amazona tucumana) by birdsandbirds
Origin: Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua
Character: shy
Life expectancy: 35 to 40 years.
Height: 28 cm..
Content
Description:
28 cm.. length and 130 g. of weight.
The Red-throated Parakeet(Psittacara rubritorquis) they have a plumage, in general, green, with yellow tones in the underparts; orange-red in the throat and on the front of the neck, with yellow-orange feathers scattered; variety of pens of color red orange scattered in the part low of them cheeks and both sides of the neck; blue tint on primary coverts and vane outer of the flight feather; underwing-coverts brighter yellowish green; below, the flight feather yellow color without brightness.
The bill color horn. Bare area of the eye ring grayish brown. The irises orange.
The male and female are similar.
The immature with the throat red, absent in the cheeks and both sides of the neck. The irises brown.
The Red-throated Parakeet is located in altitudes that range between the 600 and 1.800 m, in a variety of wooded areas, Save the rainforest.
They can be observed in humid forests, Open with weeds and growing areas areas in Guatemala; forests of Pinus sp in Nicaragua.
Is in flocks outside the breeding season, and couples during courtship and nesting season. Larger congregations are produced when food is abundant.
Reproduction:
The nesting takes place in tree cavities, cracks in rocks, holes from woodpeckers, holes in buildings or in tree termite mounds.
The breeding season is between the months of January and August and the laying tends to be of 3-4 eggs.
Food:
With feeds seed, nuts, berries and fruits. It can also feed on cultivated seeds and corn..
Sometimes, considered a pest to crops.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 139.000 km2
Distributed by the Eastern Highlands of Guatemala and El Salvador (apparently only a record) to the South by Honduras to the North of Nicaragua.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern
• Population trend: Stable
The size of the world population It has not been quantified, but this species is described as “quite common” (Stotz et to the. 1996).
The population of Red-throated Parakeet suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Red-throated Parakeet (Aratinga rubritorquis) also called Red-throated Conure at Macaw Mountain Bird Park and Nature Reserve, Copan, Honduras By Lauri Väin [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Red-throated Parakeet (also called Red-throated Conure) at Macaw Mountain Bird Park, Copan Ruinas, Honduras By Sarah and Jason (originally posted to Flickr as IMG_6987) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Two Red-throated Parakeets at Kakegawa Kacho-en, Kakegawa, Shizuoka, Japan By Takashi Hososhima from Tokyo, Japan (Green with envyUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Psittacara rubritorquis by Psittaciformes .NL – pinterest
(5) – Psittacara rubritorquis by Bellas Aves de El Salvador
(6) – Conurus rubritorquis by Joseph Smit [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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