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Golden Parakeet
Guaruba guarouba


Golden Parakeet

Content

Description Golden Parakeet:


Anatomy-parrots

34 cm. of length and a weight of 270 g.

The Golden Parakeet (Guaruba guarouba) has all the head, upperparts, lower andtail , a bright yellow. The greater coverts, primaries and secondaries are dark green (one or two feathers yellow in some birds flying). Underwing-coverts yellow, the bottom of the flight feather dark yellow. Feather shafts of the tail are white.

The bill pale pink, more Brown on the basis of the upper jaw; bare periophthalmic naked whitish; Iris Orange to brownish Orange; legs Rosaceae.

Illustration Aratinga Guaruba

Both sexes similar.

Immature colour olive brown opaque dark green streak. In the transition to adulthood, the head, top of the tail and back They are the last to acquire the bright yellow color of the adult plumage.

Habitat:

Video – "Golden Parakeet" (Guaruba guarouba)

yellow parakeet (Guaruba garouba) - Golden Parakeet - Aratinga guarouba

inhabits the humid tropical forests, avoiding the forests and marshes (seasonally flooded), Although in the immediate breeding period, You can wander through these habitats from the adjacent dry forests.
When is the breeding season, the Golden Parakeet they occupy the forests next to the clear.
Gregarious in all the seasons of the year. Observed in flocks of 3 to 30 birds, Although on a regular basis in groups between 6 and 10.
Forman communal roosts in tree cavities during the non-breeding season, using the holes in the area, alternately in successive nights. The usual and regular use of resting and feeding areas, is suspected to be due to the predictable daily routines. Sometimes seen feeding with other species of parrots.

Reproduction:

Nest at the top of the trunk or main branch of a hollow tree, a height between 15 and 30 m. Nesting tree is usually isolated, but near virgin forests. The old nest of other species It can be used by the Golden Parakeet, expanding its cavity as necessary.

The sexual behavior This species is unusual, and this is one of the most interesting aspects of their biology. With reproduce communally, with several females contributing to the work of the clutch, Although there are also reports of individual couples. Young people at different stages of development sometimes share a same nest.

On the other hand, at breeding sites during the reproductive period, the Golden Parakeet they react defensively to the presence of flocks of the same species, other species of parrots, especially the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), and before the approach of birds of prey.

The normal clutch female is of 2 to 4 eggs (perhaps up to six); 14 reported in a single nest chicks in captive, where the six adults helped in the breeding work. The breeding season, usually, takes place from December to April, and it corresponds to the rainy season

Food:

The Golden Parakeet, generally, feed in the forests of height, Although they will too of some cultivated plants; toreported foods (all the fruits or pseudo-fruits), They include the Palm trees of the genus Euterpe, that feels special canevale, Anacardium spruceanum, Anacardium occidentale, Protium and Tetragastris, Visnia quail, Inga, Byrsonima crassifobia, Carapa guianensis, Cecropia and Oenocarpus bacaba; as well flowers and buds (for example Symphonia), and crops as the corn and mango in some areas.

Golden Parakeet distribution:

endemic to the Amazonia, to the South of amazon in Brazil, from the west shore of the Tapajos River, to the East through the basins of the Xingu River and North of Tocantins to 5 ° N, For, and up to the eastern shore of the Turiacu River in West Maranhão.

Are not observed in the Marajó island and prevents the forests and marshes (for example, immediately to the South of the Amazonia).

Recent records in Rondà´nia and Mato Grosso, far from their known range, They suggest a little-known distribution. Apparently, they are distributed in large areas, but it is not known whether the movements are predictable or related with, for example, the seasonal availability of food.

Rare range-wide and no doubt in decline due to the very wide, fast and continuous deforestation and fragmentation of forests, both in the Amazonia occidental as in the Eastern.

The capture illegal for national and international live bird markets and the hunting for food and sport they pose a serious additional pressures. Protected areas in the range are insufficient and are being violated regularly, for example, with the illegal logging of Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla.

Listed in Appendix 1. In danger of extinction.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: Vulnerable

• Population trend: Decreasing

The threat most obvious for the survival of the Golden Parakeet is deforestation? The construction of the tucuruí dam, which was completed in 1984, displaced 35.000 settlers from their House to adjoining territories and brought rapid deforestation. Prior to the dam construcicón, Wildlife in the lower basin of Tocantins It was considered among the richest and most diverse in the world. It is estimated that you a 117 species of mammals and 294 species of birds were displaced. So what 120 species of amphibians and reptiles were affected.

The population of the Golden Parakeet was initially in a range between 1,000-2,499 individuals, based on an assessment of the known records, descriptions of the abundance and range size. But, recent information suggests that the population may be greater. The species has been recorded in several additional places. (Laranjeiras and Cohn-Haft 2009), and a recent survey along of the Tapajos River by Laranjeiras (2011) indicated that it was as common in the study area as other Psittacidae, not threatened.
On the basis of this information, the population is placed on the band's 10,000-19,999 individuals, that means include c.6,600-13,400 mature individuals.

According to records of International Species Information System There is a population of 213 scattered individuals in different zoos.

Conservation Actions Underway:

CITES Appendix I and II, managed under the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Parrot Taxon Advisory Group and protected by the Brazilian legislation (being proposal as the national bird of Brazil).

– A campaign attacking trade of birds in Bolivia It can help to reduce international trade (AB Hennessey in litt., 2009).

– A population is relatively well protected in the Tapajos National Park, and a remnant population can survive in the Gurupi biological reserve.

Floresta Nacional do Jamari It is poorly protected and suffer the constant pressure of illegal occupants, loggers and poachers (F. Olmos in litt., 1999).

– The conservation of this species in the reserves is problematic because of its apparent nomadism.

Conservation Actions Proposed:

– Conduct studies to find the populations so far unknown, especially in the South and West of its range.

– The de facto protection the Gurupi biological reserve.

– Maintain the integrity of the Tapajos National Park.

– Protect and manage the land between the existing protected areas to facilitate the movements of nomadic.

– To enforce the legal restrictions on trade, especially in domestic markets.

– Further develop the program captive breeding.

"Golden Parakeet" in captivity:

Date back to the first reproductive outcomes of this kind of 1939 in Sri Lanka.

The Golden Parakeet It is probably the most coveted among all the parrots, being the prices demanded by her extremely high. It is very rare and endangered in its natural habitat, and are therefore protected from import.

Birds reserved for breeding are happier in the presence of members of their species. This is due to the nature of the Golden Parakeet, sociable and cheerful, with an intense need for interaction with their peers.

With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived 23,2 years in captivity. It has been reported that these animals can live up to the 60,9 years in captivity, but this has not been verified; the same study reported that these animals can reproduced from the 3 years age in captivity.

Alternative names:

Golden Parakeet, Golden Conure, Queen of Bavaria’s Conure (English).
Conure dorée, Conure ou, Garouba jaune, Perriche dorée, Perruche dorée, Perruche guarouba (French).
Goldsittich (German).
Arara-juba, ajurujuba, arajuba, Ararajuba, guarajuba, guaruba, guira-juba, marajuba, papagaio-imperial, tanajuba (Portuguese).
Aratinga Guaruba, Guacamayo Guarouba, Periquito Amarillo (español).

Gmelin Johann Friedrich
Gmelin Johann Friedrich

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Guaruba
Scientific name: Guaruba guarouba
Citation: (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Protonimo: Psittacus Guarouba

Golden Parakeet images:

Sources:

(1) – Avibase
(2) – Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
(3) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
(4) – Birdlife
(5) – WAZA

  • Photos:

(1) – Golden Parakeet (also known or Golden Conure) at Gramado Zoo, in south Brazil By Ironman br (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Golden Parakeet or the Queen of Bavaria Conure in Burgers Zoo, Arnhem By frank wouters (originally posted to Flickr as goudparkiet) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Two Golden Parakeets at Gramado Zoo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By diegodobelo (Zoo de GramadoUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Golden Parakeet or the Queen of Bavaria Conure). Two captive By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as Golden Conure) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Golden Conure at the Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Bruno Girin from London, United Kingdom (06680018Uploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Golden Conure by Jean – Flickr
(10) – Illustration Guaruba guarouba By Dutton, F. G.; Fawcett, Benjamin; Greene, W. T.; Lydon, A. F.; Lydon, A. F. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

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Golden-capped Parakeet
Aratinga auricapillus

Aratinga Testadorada

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 30 cm.. of length and a weight of 130 g..
The Golden-capped Parakeet (Aratinga auricapillus) It is often treated as the same species as the Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) and Jandaya Parakeet (Aratinga jandaya).

The lores, frontal band and ocular region of this kind are of color red glossy; the crown is bright golden yellow; ear-coverts, cheeks and both sides of the neck, green. The area of the nape and the the mantle are pale green: the back and the top of the rump with different hues of green and tips of red or orange; floor area of the rump and uppertail-coverts, green; the small and medium-sized upperwing-coverts, green; the large coverts and primaries, secondaries, vane outer and tips from them primaries, blue.

Underwing-coverts, orange-red; underside of flight feather grey. The chin and throat yellowish green with orange discoloration on the top of the chest and deep color red pale in the belly; vent, the thighs and undertail-coverts, green. Upper, the tail, of colour brownish with them tips blue, sometimes with the vane external foreign blue feathers; undertail, the tail, grey.

The bill, grey-black; grey, the bare skin of the bare periophthalmic; irises yellowish; legs grey.

Both sexes similar.

Immature It has little or nothing red in the rump, more off the yellow colour of the crown; the top of the chest is greener and less extensive red on the belly.

Subspecies description:

  • Aratinga auricapillus auricapillus

    (Kuhl, 1820) – The species nominal.


  • Aratinga auricapillus aurifrons

    (Spix, 1824) – The upperparts totally green (without red margins on the feathers of the back and Hip top). More green in the upper zone of the chest, lacking Orange dye of the nominal species.

Habitat:

Video – "Golden-capped Parakeet" (Aratinga auricapillus)

aratinga jendaya y auricapilla

They live in forests, as well as in the clearings and edges of the same, including coastal moist Atlantic evergreen forests and inland closed-type deciduous forests. They prefer primary formations.

Scarce or absent grassland with trees or secondary vegetation, including from the vicinity of the remaining original forests. Observed to 2.180 m (Parque nacional do Caparaó, to the South of Holy Spirit). gregarious, usually observed in flocks of 12-20 individuals, more rarely in groups of up to 40.

Reproduction:

There are few details on the reproductive ecology of this species., Although probably nest in the months of November-December.

Implementation size in captivity is of 3-5 eggs.

Food:

Diet Golden-capped Parakeet includes various seeds and fruits. Reported foods include the corn, okra and fruits red sweet unspecified.

considered a pest of crops in some areas before its abrupt population decline.

Distribution:

The Golden-capped Parakeet (Aratinga auricapillus) are distributed in the area South-East of Brazil; from the North of Bay, Eastern part of Goiás and Minas Gerais, Brazil, to the East and South, on the East coast of Brazil (Holy Spirit, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and possibly, Santa Catarina).

The observations in Rio Grande do Sul, apparently they are wrong, although the species can still be found in the extreme east of Mato Grosso from the South.

A single record in 1918 in Paraguay, near the border with Paraná, Presumably coming from some exhaust.

Usually rare and irregular distribution, residents, extinct in many places with their current range defined by the remaining forests.

He greater stronghold population of the species is located in Minas Gerais, Brazil, where the species was considered common in 1987 in several areas. They are very rare or they have become extinct in Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, and scarce in Goiás and Bay.

The decrease in the population is must to the continuous logging of forests and to their captures for the trade of birds.

There are several protected areas with populations of the Golden-capped Parakeet, such as the Monte Pascoal National Park (Bahia) and Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

Rare in captivity, mostly out of Brazil.

Subspecies distribution:

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: Near-threatened

• Population trend: Decreasing

The size of the population of the Golden-capped Parakeet It has not estimated formally and in the absence of sufficient data, it is estimated that you there are more than 10.000 specimens, more or less equivalent to 6.700 mature individuals; But, detailed research is required.

The population the species is suspected that it may be in decline due to the continuous loss of habitat and to his capture to the pet trade.

• There has been extensive and ongoing clearance and fragmentation of suitable habitat for this species., for use as coffee plantations, soybean and sugarcane in Sao Paulo, and livestock in Goiás and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Snyder et to the., 2000).

• The capture for trade, He has probably had a significant impact, since it was relatively common in the illegal Brazilian markets in the mid-1990s. 1980, importing hundreds of birds to Western Germany in the decade of 1980. But, the precise effect is obscured by large numbers of captive-bred birds, that presumably see reduced pressure on wild populations remaining (LF Silveira in litt., 1999).

• Despite its tendency to nest, times, near human settlements, It is apparently not the most favoured species for the pet trade (VT Lombardi in litt. 2011).

• There are no records of persecution in response to crop degradation..

Conservation Actions Underway:

Conservation Actions Proposed:

    • Survey to locate important new populations and define the limits of their current range..

    • Study to determine its population dynamics and dispersal capacity., as well as provide a detailed analysis of their habitat requirements in different sites.

    •Ensure the protection of key reserves.

    • Protect species under Brazilian law.

"Golden-capped Parakeet" in captivity:

Rare in captivity, mostly out of Brazil.

Their life expectancy is about 30 years.

Alternative names:

Golden-capped Parakeet, Flame-capped Conure, Flame-capped Parakeet, Gold-capped Conure, Golden capped Parakeet, Golden-capped Conure (English).
Conure à tête d’or, Conure à tête dorée, Perriche à tête d’or, Perruche à tête d’or (French).
Goldkopfsittich, Goldkappensittich (German).
jandaia-de-testa-vermelha, cara-suja, jandaia, periquito-de-cabeça-vermelha (Portuguese).
Aratinga Testadorada, Maracaná corona dorada, Periquito de Cabeza Dorada (español).
Maracaná corona dorada (Paraguay).

Kuhl, Heinrich
Heinrich Kuhl

scientific classification:


Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Aratinga
Scientific name: Aratinga auricapillus
Citation: (Kuhl, 1820)
Protonimo: parrot auricapillus


Golden-capped Parakeet images:



Species of the genus Aratinga

Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – A Golden-capped Parakeet at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore By Peter so (Golden-capped ParakeetUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

(2) – Picture of a Golden-capped Parakeet in the zoo of Wrocław (Poland) By Nicolas Guérin (messages) (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Golden-capped Parakeet (also known as Golden-capped Conure) in Seattle, Washington, USA By Matthew Wilson (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Two Golden-capped Parakeets (also known as Golden-capped Conures) in Seattle, Washington By Matthew Wilson (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A Golden-capped Parakeet (also known as Golden-capped Conure) in captivity By Patrick Hawks from Sint Maarten (Bird is the wordUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: Douglas Meyer (Xeno-canto)

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Diademed Parrot
Amazona Diadema

amazona autumnalis

Content

Description:

31–35 cm. length and 450-550 g. of weight.

The Diademed Parrot (Amazona Diadema) It is generally green, with black edges to feathers crown, to the mantle and the chest; crown green to nape; the back of the green neck, mauve margin; feathers of the cere and forecrown, red; yellow-green, less yellow in upper cheeks, up to the ear-coverts; secondaries red on the bases, the green rest; tail green; eye ring pale yellow; eyes oranges; bill dark grey.



Note:

Previously treated as conspecific with the Red-lored Amazon (Amazona autumnalis), It is very similar to the subspecies Amazona autumnalis salvini

  • Sound of the Diademed Parrot.

Habitat:


Anatomy-parrots

It is likely to frequent a variety of habitats from lowland forest species, including edges evergreen forest, as well as modified areas containing scattered trees or plantations (Del Hoyo et al., 1997, pit et to the., 2016).

They are in loose flocks or pairs, are gregarious When feed.

Reproduction:

The laying is of 2-3 eggs. Breeding season, It is supposed to be in early: January-March.

Food:

It feeds mainly from fruits and seeds, even some cultivated species (Del Hoyo et al., 1997), although there are no published data (Del Hoyo et al., 2016).

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 71.800 km2

Endemic low Black river and the northern margin of Amazon River, in the states of amazon and Northwest of For, in Brazil.

Conservation Amazona diadema:

State of conservation ⓘ


Endangered Endangered (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

Rationale for the Red List category

    Based on a model of future deforestation on amazon basin and susceptibility to this new species capture, it is suspected that its population will suffer a very fast along three generations descent from 2002, so it is in danger of extinction.

Justification of trend

    This species is expected to lose between 49 and 55% suitable habitat within its distribution throughout three generations (37 years) starting at 2002, based on a model of Amazon deforestation (Soares-Filho et to the). Given its susceptibility to capture, It is suspected that species decline by 50-79% during this time.
Threats

• The main threat to this species is the accelerating deforestation in the Amazon Basin as land is cleared for ranching and soy production, provided by the expansion of the road network, together with his susceptibility to capture (Soares-Filho et to the. 2011).

• The species is assumed to experience some pressure catch, probably mainly for internal trade, since this species is rare in aviculture (Del Hoyo et al ., 1997, pit et to the ., 2016).

• Proposed changes to the Brazilian Forest Code reduce the percentage of land to a private owner is legally obliged to keep as forest (including, critically, a reduction in the width of forest buffers with perennial vapors) and include an amnesty for owners who deforested before July 2008 (That they would later be absolved of the need to reforest illegally vacated land) (Bird et to the., 2011).

Conservation Actions Underway

• No specific conservation actions are known for this species, although part of their habitat is protected.

• It is distributed in the Jau National Park where it is rare or uncommon (Borges et al ., 2001, Borges & Almeida 2011).

Conservation Actions Proposed

• Carry out surveys to estimate the size of the population.

Monitor deforestation rates in the range using remote sensing techniques.

• Study the level of Trapping threat.

• Increase the area of ​​suitable habitat that receives protection effective.

• Boost changes in laws related to deforestation and forest protection.

The Diademed Parrot in captivity:

Rare in aviculture.

Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well managed captive breeding program and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

Alternative names:

Diademed Amazon, Diademed Parrot, Red-lored Parrot (Diademed) (English).
Amazone à diadème, Amazone diadème, Amazone du Brésil (French).
Diademamazone (German).
Papagaio-diadema (Portuguese).
Amazona diadema (español).


Scientific classification Diademed amazon:

Johann Baptist von Spix

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Amazona
Scientific name: Diademed Parrot
Citation: (von Spix, 1824)
Protonimo: Psittams diadema


Diademed Parrot images.:


Species of the genus Amazona


Sources:

Photos:

(1) – diadem parrot. Red lored parrot. 11 November 2015, Tikal, Guatemala by ze_da_binha
(2) – Diademed Parrot – amazon with tiara – Diademed amazon – amazon tiara By Florin Feneru from Orpington, UK (Diademed Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Red-lored Amazon at Loro Parque, Cross port, Tenerife, Spain. This subspecies is also called the Diademed Amazon By Carlos Urdiales [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Red-lored Amazon at Xcaret Eco Park, Riviera Maya, Mexico. Photographed as it started to rain By Tomasz Wagner from Burnaby, BC, Canada (Parrot – Amazona autumnalis) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Diademed amazon (Diademed Parrot) Loro Parque, Tenerife by Florin FeneruFlickr
(6) – PL. XXXI I Chrysolis diadema (î^wl By Blanchard, Emile; Bonaparte, Charles Lucian; Bourjot Saint-Hilaire, Alexandre; Le Vaillant, François; Souancé, Charles de. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: GABRIEL MILK, XC119110. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/119110

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Yellow-eared Parrot
Ognorhynchus icterotis


Aratinga Orejigualda

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

42 cm.. of length and a weight of 285 g..
The Yellow-eared Parrot or Yellow-eared Parrot (Ognorhynchus icterotis) is a parrot of medium-sized; has the crown green grass with Emerald suffusion; the forecrown with a wide yellow stripe that extends to the lores, upper cheeks and below the eyes up to the ear-coverts; bottom of the cheeks and both sides of the neck green.

The upperparts, upperwing-coverts and flight feather are green grass. Under the wings yellowish green in coverts, yellowish in the flight feather. The underparts yellowish with increasingly darker green dye in the belly, the the thighs and area of the vent.

Aratinga Orejigualda

Upper, the tail green; down off red. The head is large in proportion to the body, with bill thick, blackish. Orbital ring, pale grey; Orange the irises; legs grey.

Both sexes similar.

The immature not described.

  • Sound of the HTTPS://www.mascotarios.org/wp-content/themes/generatepress_child/sonidos/Yellow-eared Parrot.mp3.

Habitat:

Video – "Yellow-eared Parrot" (Ognorhynchus icterotis)

yellow-eared parrot project 10 years - Ognorhynchus icterotis - ProAves

They inhabit in the humid montane forests in the subtropical high and low temperate zones, sometimes frequent partially cleared areas.

Associated to the wax Palms (Ceroxylon quindiuense), Although the dependence of these species is uncertain since the birds remain absent from those areas in which these palms are abundant. Move, generally, in pairs or small flocks and perform migrations altitudinal and latitudinal, not specified, outside the breeding season.

Reproduction:

They fly in stable couples and they always nest in old nests.
There are reports of nests on wax Palms (Ceroxylon quindiuense) to 25 metres in height
child in the month of may in the North of Tolima and conditions of reproductive birds have been seen in the month of March in Huila. Breeding season July to October in Ecuador.

One of the most unique behaviors in reproduction of the Yellow-eared Parrot is the assistance of a third adult ave sharing the duties of parents, conocidos como «ayudantes de cría», they have been observed assisting parents in parenting, feeding and caring for the chicks.

Clutch of four eggs.

Food:

It is known that they feed on las Palmas Ceroxylon quindiuense and Ceroxylon alpinum but it probably takes fruits of all other species of this genus; other reported foods include fruits of the Saurauia tomentosa and Sapium.

The Yellow-eared Parrot they sometimes feed in more open areas, returning the forest to rest.

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 168.000 km2

Its distribution is discontinuous.

Limited to the North of the Andes, in the North of Ecuador and West Colombito between 1.200 and 3.400 meters above sea level, (mostly between 2,500-3,000 m).

With distributed (or distributed) in the three chains of the Andes in Colombia; records in the West of the Andes, from a small area in the South, to the North of Cauca and possibly Valle del Cauca; in the Central Andes, from the western slope of Antioquia, Caldas and Cauca and in the eastern slope, in Tolima and Huila; in the East of the Andes from the West side and the East of the basin in Norte de Santander, on the eastern slope of Cundinamarca and in the header of the Magdalena River Valley, in Huila.

Observed to the North of Ecuador, from Carchi, Imbabura and Pichincha.

It is likely that they led by seasonality, with the evidence that are present in Ecuador in the months of November and Colombia during the rest of the year.

Formerly considered common and in some places even abundant, but now is very scarce and local.

Drastic reduction of its population in the century 20 due to deforestation on a large scale on much of its distribution area and perhaps decrease of species of Quindio wax Palm.

Recent records sporadic and the species may now be confined in a few localities in Colombia, including the region of the Munchique national natural park (West of the Andes in Cauca), where some forests remain unchanged, at the front of the Magdalena River Valley, and in the Northwest of the Andes, in Ecuador.

Registered, sporadically, in several protected areas, including the Cueva de los Guácharos National Park, Colombia, and Book ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas in Pichincha, Ecuador.

The total population of the Aratinga Orejigualda is very small and in danger of extinction.

Very rare in captivity and remaining birds could be at risk of capture. Appendix I. critical.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: In danger of extinction

• Population trend: Growing

The current population It is thought that you understand 1.103 individuals. But, a maximum of only 212 individuals have bred in recent years (Fundación ProAves in litt., 2010), therefore, This figure is used for the current population of mature individuals. The rest of the population is assumed cautiously being too young to reproduce.

Due to the intensive action conservation of the population has grown from 81 to 1.103 individuals in 2009, of which 212 they are mature (Fundación ProAves in litt., 2010).

Threats:

– Its distribution area It seems to be strongly restricted by the expansion of exotic forests, Since only occurs in the native forest (CEIA et to the., 2009).

– It has been a considerable loss and fragmentation of habitat (90-93% of Montane forest in Colombia) throughout its area of distribution (Salaman et al the 1999b, Snyder et to the., 2000.); But, several significant areas of habitat are maintained within their historic range, which suggests additional causes of impairment (Krabbe 1998, PGW Salaman in litt., 1999).

– The mortality of the Quindio wax Palm (Ceroxylon quindiuense) It is accelerating and the logging in adjacent areas increases its susceptibility to disease (Krabbe 1998, Salaman et to the. 1999to, Salaman et to the. 1999b, PGW Salaman in litt., 1999).

– The Quindio wax Palm they are incredibly long-lived and slow growing (some more of 500 years of age) (Salaman 2001), and are being exploited unsustainably for use in the celebrations of the Domingo de Ramos within the range of the species.

– In Ecuador, their hunting was prolific as food source (Krabbe and Sornoza 1996, Salaman et to the., 1999b), and capture has had any impact on Colombia, Although the species is very difficult to keep in captivity (Salaman et to the. 1999b, Salaman 2001).

Conservation Actions Underway:

CITES Appendix I and II.

– The traditional breeding place in Ecuador He has bought and is being reforested (Snyder et to the., 2000).

– Surveys were conducted at the beginning of 2008 in Ecuador to determine the status of the species there (O. Jahn in litt., 2007).

– It hopes that an awareness campaign for people who live in close, stop parrots feed hunting (Krabbe 1998).

– In Colombia, awareness to reduce the pressure of the hunting and the impact of the processions of the Domingo de Ramos, It has involved poster campaigns, environmental education, community workshops, radio and school visits (Waugh, 2004).

– In combination with actions on the ground, such as surveys, fencing of sites of play to allow the regeneration of the wax Palm, the restoration of the habitat and the provision of artificial nest boxes (Salaman 2001, the ProAves Foundation in litt. 2012), the size of the population of the species has increased significantly (Waugh's 2004, the ProAves Foundation in litt. 2010, 2012).

ProAves Foundation has two reserves, where this species conservation efforts are focused, about Garden (c.800 hectares) and in Roncesvalles-Tolima (c.10, 000 hectares).

– In 2009, the ProAves Foundation, Loro Parque Foundation, the American Bird Conservancy and other, they established a corridor of more of 16.000 acres (including the acquisition of more of 10.000 acres) for the Yellow-eared Parrot and other threatened parrots on the Cordillera Central of Colombia (ProAves Foundation in litt. 2010, 2012).

– In San Luis of Cubarral, the use of artificial nests started in 2011, and it was reported that the population has increased as a result (by O. Cuts in litt. 2013).

– More information about conservation efforts is provided by Salaman et to the. (2006).

Conservation Actions Proposed:

Search additional subpopulations, with a focus on the definition of the State within the Intag Valley, Ecuador (PGW Salaman in litt., 1999, Snyder et to the., 2000), and prepare maps of habitats of the massif of the The Ruiz-Tolima volcano (Salaman et to the . 1999b).

– Purchase and further protect habitat (Salaman et to the. 1999b, PGW Salaman in litt., 1999, Snyder et to the., 2000).

– Continue with the current program of successful conservation efforts in Colombia, and extend it into any subpopulation identified inside of Ecuador in the future.

"Yellow-eared Parrot" in captivity:

In the news, the Yellow-eared Parrot It is not a bird to keep captive, but you run the risk of being easy prey for poachers, Since It shows no fear toward humans.

In May of the 2000, a nest It was looted to remove a fledgling and use it as pet. But, this practice is apparently not common.

Alternative names:

Yellow-eared Parrot, Yellow eared Parrot, Yellow-eared Conure, Yellow-eared Parakeet (ingles).
Conure à joues d’or, Perriche à joues d’or, Perruche à joues d’or (French).
Gelbohrsittich, Gelbohr-Sittich (German).
Papagaio-de-crista-amarela (Portuguese).
Aratinga Orejigualda, Loro Amarillo, Loro Orejiamarillo (español).
Loro orejiamarillo, Perico de páramo o Catarnica (Colombia).
Loro caripero (Ecuador).

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Scientific name: Ognorhynchus icterotis
Citation: (Massena & Souance, 1854)
Protonimo: Conurus icterotis

Yellow-eared Parrot images:


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Photos:

(1) – Yellow-eared Parrot – Colombia_S4E5367 by Francesco VeronesiFlickr
(2) – Yellow-eared Parrot In the Yellow-eared Parrot Reserve near Jardin, Colombia by Joseph BlowersFlickr
(3) – YELLOW-EARED PARROT Immature by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(4) – YELLOW-EARED PARROTS by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(5) – Reserva Natural de las Aves Loro Orejiamarillo – ProAves
(6) – Ognorhynchus icterotis Syn: Psittacara icterotis By J. Davernes (biodiversitylibrary.org) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Sun Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis

Aratinga Sol

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 30 cm.. length and a weight between 120 and 130 g.
Of great beauty, the Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) has the lores, ocular region and ear-coverts golden yellow, changing to shades red orange glossy; the forecrown, crown and nape are of a rich color yellow brilliant with color orange.

Bright yellow in the the mantle, the back and rump; uppertail-coverts of color yellow with exotic feathers of color blue. Scapulars Green Tips and the vane inner blue; the coverts smaller and medium, of color yellow with variable staining Green; greater coverts with tips of color green beige, primary coverts, blue. Flight feathers, green above, primaries with tips and vane inner blue; grayish brown then. Undertail-coverts yellow (or orange / yellow). The throat Orange with yellow shading at the top of the chest; lower chest and the belly orange; Flanks and area of the vent yellow.

Ilustración Aratinga-Sol

Upper, the tail mainly of color green yellowish with tips of color blue; undertail, of color grey with dye beige.

The bill of color Brown dark to black; the irises dark brown; legs distant.

Both sexes similar.

Immature usually with more muted than adults with the yellow colors of the head and the body replaced by an orange-Green. Lesser and medium uppertail-coverts green.

Habitat:

Video – "Sun Parakeet" (Aratinga solstitialis)

CAP 547. ARATINGA OF THE SUN. care and behavior.

In general, live in Savanna, in dry forests with Palm trees and some times in flooded areas, until 1200 m. Cross the habitats more open only when traveling between the patches of forest. Son Bird social, usually observed in flocks of 30 or more individuals, with aggregations over large in tree fruit.

Reproduction:

It nests in hollow of trees or palms (for example, Mauritia).
Nest with a chick only in the month of February in Suriname. The size medium of laying is of 3 to 4 eggs. These eggs are hatch during 23 to 27 days, that is almost the forty percent more that it from other birds, in comparison with the mass of egg.

Food:

Their diet is poorly documented, Although it probably consists of locally available food, such as different fruits, berries, nuts, sprouts and flowers. Some foods known including pods of legumes, small fruits of the family Melastomataceae, fruits Red's Cactus and possibly berries of the genus Malpighia.

Distribution:

Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 96.600 km2

The Sun Parakeet are distributed in the northeast of South America, from the Monte Roraima in the extreme north of Brazil (a single record in 1848 previously attributed to Venezuela), areas adjacent of it Pacaraima mountains in Venezuela and North of Guyana, to pomeroon river, eastward through Suriname (apparently unknown in the North) and French Guayana until Brazil in Amapá.

Observed also in For and Eastern Amazonas (bounded on the west about Rio Branco and locally to the South of the Amazon, from Santarém to the region of the Canuma River).

Although in general can be considered is usual, records sporadic suggest appearances local of the Sun Parakeet in an extended range of its distribution area.

Maintained locally as domestic fowl and trapped for the bird trade Vivas.

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: In danger of extinction

• Population trend: Decreasing

A well known in the South flock of Guyana has been registered with a maximum number of 200 individuals (Bergman 2009), with other recent records in Roraima (Laranjeiras et to the. 2011). The population is estimated therefore between 1,000-2,499 mature individuals, based on recent records. This is equivalent to 1,500-3,749 birds in total, rounded in 1.500-4.000 individuals.

The population of the Sun Parakeet It is thought that can be in continuous descent, because, probably, continuous pressure which is subjected due to hunting.

THREATS:

Due to the high demand for this species in the pet market, its population has declined dramatically over the last twenty years (J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Have been exported largely from Guyana during this time, which has led to its virtual extinction in that country. Trappers of Guyana and French Guiana have traveled to the border with Brazil to buy these birds for export (T. Arndt in litt. 2007, L. Silveira in litt., 2007).

A fit annual of export of 600 bird was established in Guyana in the years 1980 and it is believed that more than 2.200 they were imported into the United States between 1981 and 1985 (J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Its trade is in course, and because of the ease with which these birds can be attracted to the bait (for example corn) and the long distances that will be traveling, It is easy to catch all individuals in a given area(J. Gilardi in litt., 2007).

Conservation Actions Underway:

    • It is very common in captivity, but it is not known what percentage of this population are hybrids between the Aratinga solstitialis and the Aratinga maculata (Silveira et to the., 2005, LF Silveira in litt. 2012).

Conservation Actions Proposed:

    • Consider listing the species in Appendix I.

    • Stop cross-border trade immediately CITES.

    • Work with the indigenous inhabitants of the Raposa Serra do Sol Indian Land and the Amerindian Community in Karasabai to avoid entrapment and protect suitable habitat.

    • Survey to locate additional important subpopulations.

    • Establish captive breeding lines of purebred birds..

"Sun Parakeet" in captivity:

The Sun Parakeet is known for its quacking very strong in comparison with its size relatively small. It is capable of imitating human beings, but not as well as some larger parrots.
Son popular as pets, due to their bright coloration while they have a very limited ability to speak.

Due to its inquisitive temperament, demand much attention from their owners, and sometimes they can be very noisy.

Alternative names:


Sun Parakeet, Sun Conure, Yellow Conure (English).
Conure soleil, Perriche soleil, Perruche soleil (French).
Sonnensittich (German).
Jandaia-sol, cacaoé, guaruba, Jandaia, jandaia-amarela, quijuba (Portuguese).
Aratinga Sol, Periquito Dorado (español).
Perico Dorado (Venezuela).

Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

scientific classification:


Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Aratinga
Scientific name: Aratinga solstitialis
Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
Protonimo: Psittacus solstitialis


Images Sun Parakeet:



Species of the genus Aratinga

Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

Cover photo:

(1) – Sun Conure or Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) at a bird park in Singapore By Michael Gwyther-Jones (originally posted to Flickr as Singapore) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Image gallery:

(2) – Three Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conure) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. The bird in the middle of the photograph has been wing clipped By Michael Gwyther-Jones from UK (FlickrUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conures) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore By Michael Spencer (originally posted to Flickr as Jurong Bird Park) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore By Michael Spencer (originally posted to Flickr as Jurong Bird Park) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Sun Conures at Jurong Bird Park, Singapore. Wing clipped By Doug Janson (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons

(6) – Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) perching on a branch and eating white flowers at Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand By Brian Gratwicke [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Sun Conures, at Pairi Daiza, Brugelette, Belgium © Hans Hillewaert/, via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A pet Sun Parakeet (also known as Sun Conure) perching on a shoulder. It has been wingclipped By turtlemom4bacon from Orlando, FL, USA [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A Aratinga solstitialis at Baltimore Aquarium, USA By Chris Williamson [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons

(10) – Feeding a Sun Conure, also known as a Sun Parakeet at Discovery Cove, Orlando, Florida, USA By eric from USA (IMG_4596) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(11) – He loves it when you blow on his face and it makes him puff! By Sarah G from Tulsa, USA (Sherbie Sherbie Puffs-Alot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(12) – Wing clipped Sun Parakeets (also known as Sun Conures) at Kobe Kachoen, a bird and flower park located on Port Island in Kobe, Japan By merec0 (originally posted to Flickr as niji) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(13) – Sun Conure, at Pairi Daiza, Brugelette, Belgium © Hans Hillewaert/, via Wikimedia Commons

Photo illustration:

(14) – An adult Sun Parakeet or Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis) . Jacques Barraband [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Tres Marias Parrot
Amazona tresmariae

Tres Marias Parrot

Content

Description:

38-40 cm.. length and 580-650 g. of weight.

The Tres Marias Parrot (Amazona tresmariae) has head and throat yellow.

The upperparts are green. The underparts They are green but more yellowed than upperparts. Thighs yellow. Primaries and secondaries green, violet-blue becoming the tip. should carpal yellow. Speculum red on the basis of the five outer secondaries. The curve wings, pale red, with some yellow.

The tail is green, with yellowish green tip and lateral feathers basically marked with red on the inner band; outermost feathers fringed blue. The legs They are pale gray. The irises It is orange. The bill is horn-colored, gray towards the base of the upper jaw. Cere dark gray.


Anatomy-parrots

Both sexes are similar. The immature They are completely green head, except the yellow patch in forecrown. The curve wings, green. should carpal yellowish green.

Taxonomic note:

It is granted status species by the International Congress of Ornithology.

Habitat:

Video "Tres Marias Parrot"

They have preference by deciduous forests or evergreen, clear, Savanna Woods, pine forests, dense gallery forests; less commonly in dry thorn forests, mangroves or coastal marshes and cultivated areas with scattered trees.

Resident throughout its area of distribution.

Reproduction:

Nest in holes in tree trunks or fallen branches.

Food:

consume outbreaks, leaves news, fruits palm, seeds of Acacia, fruits of Macuna, figs and some fruits of cultivated land.

Distribution:

Endemic to the Marias Islands, on the west coast of Mexico.

Amazon tresmariae Conservation :

State of conservation ⓘ


minor concern Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

The Tres Marias Parrot It has an extremely large range and, therefore, it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable at the discretion of the distribution area size (Extension <20,000 km2 combined with a size decreasing or fluctuating range, extent or quality of habitat or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation).

Even though the population trend appears to be declining, It not believed to be declining fast enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations).

The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed that approximates Vulnerable thresholds under the criterion of population size (<10.000 mature individuals with an estimated continuing decline> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

Usually it regarded as a subspecies of the Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala).

Tres Marias Parrot in captivity:

These birds belong to Appendix I of the CITES, with special protection because they are highly sought.

Alternative names:

Panama yellow-crowned amazon, Tres Maria Yellow-headed Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, Tres Marias Parrot, Yellow-headed Parrot (Tres Marias Is.) (English).
Amazone à tête jaune (forme des Tres Marias), Amazone de Três Marias, Amazone des Tres Marias (French).
Gelbkopfamazone-tresmariae, Tres-Marias-Amazone (German).
Tres Marias Parrot (Portuguese).
Tres Marias Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, amazona de Tres Marias, Amazona cabeciamarilla de tres marias, Loro de las islas María (español).


Scientific classification Amazona tresmariae:

Edward William Nelson
Edward William Nelson

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Amazona
Scientific name: Amazona tresmariae
Citation: Nelson, 1900<

Tres Marias Parrot images:


Species of the genus Amazona



Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr

Photos:

(1) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA perching on a zoo keepers left hand By Derrick CoetzeeCamera location47° 33′ 11.72″ N, 122° 04′ 50.26″ W View this and other nearby images on: Openstreetmap – Google Earth 47.553255; -122.080628 [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Amazona tresmariae in a cage at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park By Derrick Coetzee from Seattle, USA (Tres Marias Amazon in cage 2) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA. There are two with a woman zoo keeper By Derrick Coetzee [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Tres Marias Amazon in cage by D CoetzeeFlickr
(5) – Yellow-headed Parrot of the Tres Marias Islands by (c) Juan Cruzado Cortés – naturalista.mx

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Golden-plumed Parakeet
Leptosittaca branickii


Aratinga de Pinceles

Content


Anatomy-parrots

Description:

Approximately from 36 cm.. of length and a weight of 150 g.
The Golden-plumed Parakeet (Leptosittaca branickii) has the crown, most of the forecrown, the cheeks, the sides of neck and ear-coverts grass-green; close frontal band on bottom of the forecrown orange, extending towards the upper lores; a feature yellowish stripe at the lower lores extending below the eyes to then join in a loop of yellow the part located behind the eyeball.
Upperparts green. above the wings green. Underwing-coverts greenish yellow; underside of feathers opaque yellow flight.

The underparts green, slightly more yellow than the upper, with a large yellow and orange patch at the bottom of the chest.

Upper, the tail of color green with red off on them vane inner; below its long and acute tail opaque reddish.

The bill color horn; cere grey; bare orbital skin pale whitish-grey; Orange the irises; legs grey.

Both sexes similar. The immature not described.

NOTE: Some authors include the species within the genus Aratinga. But, the facial feathers they are distinctive and monotypic, so the gender Leptosittaca is justified for this species.

Habitat:

Video – "Golden-plumed Parakeet" (Leptosittaca branickii)

Near endemic, Golden-plumed Parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii, White River (manizales)

These birds are found in high altitude formations, between 2,400 and 3.400 m, Sometimes you can see them at altitudes lower, about 1.400 m. With distributed in temperate zones, stunted forests, cloud and tree growth limits. Sometimes they cross cleared areas to visit residual plots.

Its distribution is possibly linked to the trees Podocarpus, at least in the Azuay province and parts of Colombia, Although more studies are needed to confirm this.
The Golden-plumed Parakeet make altitudinal movements day towards the Moors, returning to the lower forests for sleep; in the Puracé national natural park This pattern is reversed, and birds perch on community in paramo areas (above 3.000 m), descending to feed during the day.

In general, in flocks (at least outside of breeding season) of up 20 birds (sometimes more).

Reproduction:

The Golden-plumed Parakeet nests on trunks of Palm wax (Ceroxylon quinduense) and encenillo (Weinmania sp.). Played during the first half of the year. Birds in breeding conditions during the month of February, Colombia, and birds mating in August, Ecuador.

The female lays 2-3 eggs they are incubated both during 28 to 32 days. Only the female incubates during the day., while at night, both dealt with the work. The chicks leave the nest 64-68 days after birth and are fed by both parents, While they are in the nest.

Food:

They feed on coniferous seeds, especially of cones of Podocarpus, as well as the seeds and fruits of some plants, among them included the Rosacea, Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Brunelliaceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae, Croton, Styrax subargentea, otodectes nitida, Ficus and the corn cultivated. Sometimes it can be powered from leaves.

It forages generally in the canopy (birds frequently moving among the trees), sometimes in the layer of shrubs and fields.

Distribution:

The natural habitat of the Golden-plumed Parakeet It is discontinuous and runs from the North of the Andes from Colombia to the South of Peru.

The species is known in three areas of the Colombian Andes:

In West Cerro Munchique and at the borders of Tolima, Risaralda, Quindio and Caldas; in the Center from the North of Caldas until Cauca, including the Volcano Puracé; in the East, to the East of Nariño.

It has been reported from six or seven areas in Ecuador, including the province of Imbaburato in the North and the mountains of Chilla on The Oro Province, high mountains in the Azuay province and Morona Santiago province, as well as various locations in the Loja province in the South.

In Peru are distributed from the Amazonas Department and South of Departments of Cajamarca through Department of San Martin, Freedom, Department of Huánuco and Junin Department until Guzco.

Seasonal and nomadic, unusual and very local, especially in Colombia, in where the drastic decrease of birds is due to the deforestation; in Ecuador It scarce, possibly more common in the southeast, but absent in apparently suitable habitats in the Eastern Andes. In Peru, where is deforestation less severe, It may be more widespread. Your local observation is unpredictable and may be linked to the fructification of your favorite plants.

They are observed (Although perhaps non-resident) in many protected areas, including the Puracé national natural park in the center of the Andes of Colombia, the Podocarpus national park in the South of Ecuador and the Manu National Park, Peru.

VULNERABLE.

Conservation:

State of conservation ⓘ


Vulnerable Vulnerable (UICN)ⓘ

• Red List category of the UICN current: Vulnerable

•Population trend: Decreasing

You suspect a rapid descent and ongoing in the population of the Aratinga of brushes based on the destruction, degradation and fragmentation of their habitat to large scale.

Currently its population It is estimated within a range between 1.500 and 7.000 mature individuals.

The habitat loss and fragmentation It has been significant throughout its range, with between the 90% and the 93% lost mountain forests in Colombia. In the Peru the loss of habitat is less (Salaman et to the. 1999b, PGW Salaman in litt., 1999).

Logging of the Quindio wax Palm for the services of the Palm Sunday It is a serious problem in some parts of Ecuador. (1999b Salaman et to the.).

The road construction is continuous through many areas of dwarf and humid forests in Peru, causing a severe loss of habitat in areas such as Málaga (H. Lloyd in litt., 2007).

In Colombia, are persecuted as corn pests and as pet birds (1999b Salaman et to the.).

Many protected areas they are affected by the burning and grazing Moor, settlements, cleared for agriculture, logging, Narcotics and the extraction of gold (Wege and Long 1995, Salaman et to the., 1999b).

Conservation Actions Underway:

Appendix II of CITES.

Is known of many protected areas (Wege and Long, 1995), including the national parks Los Nevados and Cave of the Guacharos in Colombia, and the Podocarpus national park in Ecuador (PGW Salaman in litt., 1999, Clements and Shany 2001).

The reserves, Ucumari Regional Natural Park, Puracé National Park (Colombia), Huashapamba native forest (Ecuador) and the Rio Abiseo National Park (Peru) they are apparently well protected (Wege and Long 1995).

In Ecuador, an organized campaign by Birds and conservation and Fundación Jocotoco with the support of the Government is aimed at reducing the unsustainable exploitation of the Quindio wax Palm. The Fundación Jocotoco you have installed nest boxes your reservations, that they are being used (even in preference to the natural cavities) for this and other species of parrot (D. Waugh in litt., 2010).

Conservation Actions Proposed:

Assess their condition from Peru (Flanagan et to the., 2000).

Establish the degree of dependence of the Quindio wax Palm in different regions (Sornoza Molina and Lopez-Lanús 1999).

Develop a network of mountain protected forest. Protect the Nevado del RuizNevado del Tolima and Cordillera de Chilla in the The Manu National Park (Jacobs and Walker 1999, PGW Salman in litt., 1999, López-Lanús et al., In press).

"Golden-plumed Parakeet" in captivity:

Very rare in captivity, Some examples in Colombia.

Alternative names:

Golden-plumed Parakeet, Branicki’s Conure, Golden Plumed Conure, Golden plumed Parakeet, Golden-plumed Conure, Golden-plumed Parrot (English).
Conure à pinceaux d’or, Perriche à pinceaux d’or, Perruche à pinceaux d’or (French).
Pinselsittich, Pinsel-Sittich (German).
Papagaio-de-bochechas-douradas (Portuguese).
Aratinga de Pinceles, Cotorra Moteada, Perico Paramuno, Catanica de páramo (español).
Loro paramuno, Perico Paramuno (Colombia).
Perico de Mejilla Dorada (Peru).
Perico cachetidorado, Cotorra moteada o Loro de mejillas doradas (Ecuador).


scientific classification:

Jan Sztolcman
Jan Sztolcman

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Leptosittaca
Scientific name: Leptosittaca branickii
Citation: von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894
Protonimo: Leptosittaca branickii


Golden-plumed Parakeet images:


Sources:

Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws

Photos:

(1) – Golden-plumed Parakeet in Tapichalaca Reserve, Ecuador By markaharper1 [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Leptosittaca branickii – Golden-plumed Parakeet by ProAves ColombiaFlickr
(3) – GOLDEN-PLUMED PARAKEET by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(4) – GOLDEN-PLUMED PARAKEET by Bryant OlsenFlickr
(5) – Leptosittaca branickii – Golden-plumed Parakeet by © Carl Downing – NeotropicalBirds
(6) – Leptopsittaca branickii via Wikimedia Commons

Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

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Brown-throated Parakeet
Eupsittula pertinax

Aratinga Pertinaz

Content

Description:


Anatomy-parrots

Of 17 to 20 cm. length between 76 and 102 g. of weight.
The Brown-throated Parakeet (Eupsittula pertinax) it is a polytypic species. Its fourteen subspecies are distinguished by the mix yellow and Brown on his face and throat.

In the case of the Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa, the lores previous, the frontal area, underside of cheeks, both sides of the neck and ear-coverts, are dark brown; dark stripes visible on the cheeks; the feathers of the ocular region are of color orange-yellow; the crown greenish blue. Upperparts olive green. Lesser and medium coverts green; bluish green the primaries and greater coverts. Primaries and secondaries green up, Blue dark on the tips, Blue them vane outer in the secondaries; by down dark grey. Underwing-coverts brighter yellowish green. The throat and the top chest dark brown; the underparts Matte yellowish green with an orange patch in the central area of the belly. For above, the tail is of color green blue, bluer towards the tip; undertail greyish-yellow.

Eupsittula pertinax

The bill brownish-grey; bare periophthalmic yellowish white; irises yellow, legs grey.

Both sexes similar, without sexual dimorphism, where males are larger than females.

The youth they tend to lack intense yellow, that is alive in individuals adults. Its forecrown is dark greenish blue. The throat and the chest are greenish, while the belly is green with a bit of orange or yellow.

Description subspecies Eupsittula pertinax
Subspecies
  • Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa (Linnaeus) 1758 – See description.

  • Eupsittula pertinax arubensis (Hartert) 1892 – Cara and throat color opaque marron-oliva. Narrow yellow line on the eyes. Crown greenish blue.

  • Eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys (Massena & Souance) 1854 – Similar to the aeruginosa subspecies, but darker.

  • Eupsittula pertinax chrysophrys (Swainson) 1838 – Similar to the subspecies margaritensis and venezuelae but with the forecrown a pale yellowish brown.

  • Eupsittula pertinax griseipecta (Meyer de Schauensee) 1950 – Similar to the aeruginosa subspecies, with the cheeks, the throat and top of the chest, Gray-olive, veins in the cheeks absent. The crown Green with little blue.

  • Eupsittula pertinax lehmanni (Dugand) 1943 – Is similar to the aeruginosa subspecies, but with yellowish feathers around the eye more extensive; the Blue head limited with the forecrown and less blue in the flight feather.

  • Eupsittula pertinax margaritensis Cory 1918 – Forehead whitish, the cheeks and ear-coverts color oliva-marron with forecrown greenish blue.

  • Eupsittula pertinax ocularis (Sclater,PL & Salvin) 1865 – Patch distinctive yellow below and behind the eyes (absent in the immature). Forehead and crown green color with tint blue in some birds. Throat, top of the chest, the cheeks and lores warm brown; ear-coverts slightly darker.

  • Eupsittula pertinax paraensis (Sick) 1959 – Similar to the aeruginosa subspecies, but with the irises of color red and the vane outer of primaries and secondaries blue.

  • Eupsittula pertinax pertinax (Linnaeus) 1758 – The nominal. Extensive but variable amount of yellow color in the forecrown, the cheeks, the throat and lores. It may be more off or more Orange under and behind the eyes. Crown Green with only a few light blue indications.

  • Eupsittula pertinax surinama (Zimmer & Phelps,WH) 1951 – Similar to the subspecies margaritensis but with narrow frontal band orange-yellow color, orange-yellow colour around the eyes extending towards the cheeks and yellowish-green (not brown) the throat.

  • Eupsittula pertinax tortugensis (Cory) 1909 – Similar to the aeruginosa subspecies but larger, orange-yellow color on both sides of the head and underwing-coverts more yellowish.

  • Eupsittula pertinax venezuelae (Zimmer & Phelps,WH) 1951 – Similar to the subspecies margaritensis but more pale and yellow on the underparts.

  • Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia (Bonaparte) 1850 – Clearer (almost sallow) the head the species nominal, with yellow tones ranging from a variable on the front of the crown and nape.

Habitat:

Video – "Brown-throated Parakeet" (Eupsittula pertinax)

Brown-throated Parakeet Eupsittula pertinax / dirty face parakeet

The Aratinga Pertinaz occupies all kind of fields wooded open of the Savannah, transparent areas of dry scrubland full of cactus and acacias, forests of mangrove, tropical forests (where is the most abundant parrot species often), gallery and white sand forests, Mangroves of Rhizophora, edges of moist evergreen forests, and agricultural areas with palms and other trees.

Move at altitudes on the 1.200 m or more, Although they tend to stay below the 1.200 m. This Aratinga also lives in artificial clearings such as public parks or gardens..

In general, observed in flocks or pairs, forming larger groups where food is abundant and in communal roosts.

Reproduction:

The Brown-throated Parakeet It monogamous. With plays After the season of rains, in general from February to April. Birds very social, assess potential mates in large communal roosts. Also used strong calls in select to your mate / to.

Its breeding season It begins after the rainy season, and varies geographically between the months of February and September. Between February and April in Goal, Colombia; from February to April in Venezuela and any time of the year in Suriname, Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire.

When the conditions are favorable this species You can reproduce several times a year. Son colonial and have been observed up to seven pairs nesting next to each other.

Nest in the cavities of trees, artificial nesting boxes, or in arboreal termite. There are reports of nests made in cracks in rocks. The nests they are very simple, without any plant covering and the eggs, often, they are placed on the floor of the cavity nude. The number of eggs in a nest varies from two to seven.

The female is the primary incubator, with one incubation which can last thirty-six to thirty-seven days in the wild. The chicks they leave the nest after 50 days. The young join their parents and form small family groups that last until the parents begin a new breeding season..

Food:

The Brown-throated Parakeet consuming a wide variety of food, including, for example, in the Northwest of Venezuela seeds of Cassia, Peltophorum, Lagerstroemia and Cedrela, fruits of Muntingia, Swietenia, Psidium and Solanum as well as flowers of Tabebuia, Delonix, Eryihrina and Gliricidia.

Sometimes it causes damage to crops (for example, of millet and handle), of corn in Colombia and in fruit plantations of the Netherlands Antilles. Despite being considered pests in some areas, the Brown-throated Parakeet they are not strongly persecuted.

They feed in very vocal groups that often include macaws and amazon parrots.

Distribution:

The Brown-throated Parakeet are distributed to the North of South America, Panama and the islands of the Southern Caribbean.

In Panama are present in the slope of the peaceful, rarely on the side of the Caribbean, even in the canal area. But, they occupy the lowlands of the Northern Caribbean and northeast of Colombia, from the East of the Sinu River up to the Guajira peninsula, including the Center and low Magdalena valley, and observed at elevations more low in the East of the Andes and the lowlands of the South of the Alto Orinoco, to the North of Vaupés.

Probably can be observed in all Venezuela, extending to the Margarita Islands, Turtle (Venezuela), Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); introduced in St Thomas, virgin islands, in the 19th century.

Its distribution extends through of the Guianas and the North of Brazil, from Roraima until Amapá, as well as discontinuously in the upper part of the basin of the Tapajos River, For and in the basin of the Black river, amazon.

In spite of his uneven distribution, usually common to abundant, in many places it is the most common parrot (for example in localities of Guyana), locally common in Panama and reportedly very common in black rivers and Branco, Brazil.

Your area of distribution possibly be increasing due to deforestation. In general resident with local seasonal movements (for example, in the region of Santa Maria, Colombia) the availability of food and the dispersion of the areas of reproduction-related.

Distribution subspecies Eupsittula pertinax
Subspecies
  • Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa (Linnaeus) 1758 – North of Colombia, Northwest of Venezuela and the upper part of the basin of the Rio Branco, in the Northwest of Brazil

  • Eupsittula pertinax arubensis (Hartert) 1892 – Aruba

  • Eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys (Massena & Souance) 1854 – Region of Black river and, possibly, Solimões River, North of Brazil; There are no details about its area of distribution

  • Eupsittula pertinax chrysophrys (Swainson) 1838 – Southeast of Venezuela, Guyana Interior and North of Roraima, Brazil.

  • Eupsittula pertinax griseipecta (Meyer de Schauensee) 1950 – Valley of the sinu river, North of Colombia. Range in relation to the aeruginosa subspecies unclear

  • Eupsittula pertinax lehmanni (Dugand) 1943 – It is from Colombia and possibly Venezuela.

  • Eupsittula pertinax margaritensis Cory 1918 – Islands Margarita and The friars, Venezuela. the birds of the Paria Peninsula in the North of Venezuela, they can be of this subspecies; see the subspecies venezuelae

  • Eupsittula pertinax ocularis (Sclater,PL & Salvin) 1865 – Pacific slope of Panama.

  • Eupsittula pertinax paraensis (Sick) 1959 – High of the Tapajos River and Cururu River, For, Brazil.

  • Eupsittula pertinax pertinax (Linnaeus) 1758 – The nominal. Curaçao and introduced in St Thomas

  • Eupsittula pertinax surinama (Zimmer & Phelps,WH) 1951 – French Guiana and Suriname through the coast of Guyana to Delta Amacuro, Northeast of Venezuela.

  • Eupsittula pertinax tortugensis (Cory) 1909 – Turtle Island, Venezuela.

  • Eupsittula pertinax venezuelae (Zimmer & Phelps,WH) 1951 – North and Central Venezuela. Areas of contact with other little-known Venezuelan subspecies: see aeruginosa, surinama and chrysophrys.

  • Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia (Bonaparte) 1850 – Bonaire

Conservation:

• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern

• Population trend: Growing

The Eupsittula Pertinax (Pit and neck of 2014) was considered, previously, belonging to the genus Aratinga.

The subspecies Griseipecta, endemic of the sinu valley in Colombia, There have been since 1949 and is likely to be extinct (T. Donegan in litt. 2011).

The size of the population world of this kind not has been quantified, but it is described as "common» (Stotz et to the. (1996). Is considered as the Parrot more abundant in the land low for the Caribbean, Plain in Colombia, Guyana, North of Suriname and the three islands of the Netherlands Antilles.

A density of five to eighty and nine birds by kilometer square is has estimated in the regions of the Northwest of Venezuela.

It is believed that populations on the continent are increasing their range in response to an increase in the conversion of the forest into farmland.

This species is often captured with commercial purposes, but not has been consequences serious, with the exception of the subspecies Aratinga pertinax margaritensis and Aratinga pertinax tortuguensis.

The Aratinga pertinax tortuguensis It is also vulnerable to severe climate changes. (Juniper and Parr, 1998;. Pit, et to the, 1997)

"Brown-throated Parakeet" in captivity:

The Brown-throated Parakeet has a average vinein the nature of about ten years. But, When live in captivity with the proper supervision, they have come to live up to twenty-five years.

common in the industry of the pet because, mainly, to your behavior affective. Captured for the pet trade and occasionally as food.

Pretty noisy, both in the nature as in captivity. With certain skills for repeated whistles and words short.

Alternative names:

Brown-throated Parakeet, Brown throated Parakeet, Brown-throated Conure, Caribbean Parakeet, Curacao Conure, Curacao Parakeet, St. Thomas’s Conure (English).
Conure cuivrée, Conure de Saint-Thomas, Perriche cuivrée, Perruche cuivrée (French).
Braunwangensittich (German).
Aratinga de-cara-parda, aratinga-de-bochecha-parda, periquito-de-bochecha-parda (Portuguese).
Aratinga Pertinaz, Perico cara sucia, Perico Carisucio, Perico Gorgicafé, Periquito de Cola Corta, Periquito Gorgimoreno (español).
Loro carisucio, Perico Carisucio (Colombia).
Perico Gorgicafé (Costa Rica).
Perico Cara Sucia (Venezuela).


Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

scientific classification:

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Eupsittula
Scientific name: Eupsittula pertinax
Citation: (Linnaeus, 1758)
Protonimo: Psittacus pertinax

Brown-throated Parakeet Images:


Especies del género Eupsittula
  • Eupsittula nana
  • —- Eupsittula nana astec
  • —- Eupsittula nana nana
  • —- Eupsittula nana vicinalis
  • Eupsittula canicularis
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis canicularis
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis clarae
  • —- Eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum
  • Eupsittula aurea
  • Eupsittula pertinax
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax arubensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax chrysophrys
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax griseipecta
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax lehmanni
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax margaritensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax ocularis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax paraensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax pertinax
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax surinama
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax tortugensis
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax venezuelae
  • —- Eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia
  • Eupsittula cactorum
  • —- Eupsittula cactorum cactorum
  • —- Eupsittula cactorum caixana

  • Sources:

    Avibase
    – Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife
    Animal Diversity Web

    Photos:

    (1) – Aratinga pertinax By Genes Luna (Flickr: IMG_0309.jpg) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (2) – Aratinga pertinax xanthogenia By gailf548 (originally posted to Flickr as Young Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (3) – Eupsittula pertinax arubensis By Alexander Yates (originally posted to Flickr as Aruba Parakeet) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (4) – Brown-throated Parakeet (Aratinga pertinax venezuelae) in Cagua, Estado Aragua, Venezuela By Cristóbal Alvarado Minic [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (5) – Aratinga pertinax aeruginosa By Aratinga_pertinax_-Colombia-8a.jpg: anthrotectderivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (6) – Eupsittula pertinax By Leizelt, Balthasar Friedrich; Wilhelm, Gottlieb Tobias [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    Sounds: Peter Boesman (Xeno-canto)