The Yellow-faced Parrot(Alipiopsitta xanthops) It is distinguished by the large area of yellow in the head, with green tint nape; orange to the sides of body and upper base of the tail; collar yellowish green, belly almost all yellow, the thighs and green inner core tail green; the back it is usually green with yellow tints.
It inhabits in dry forests, also called deciduous forests, in lowlands, with the presence of palmas Mauritia, Although they prefer water courses.
They can be seen in pairs or flocks of up 50 specimens.
Although little information regarding this is available, it is known that nest in the hollows of the highest trees closed; the laying usually three eggs and the incubation period is 23-24 days.
Food:
It's a species of which there are few studies of their natural habitat. Its main food It consists mainly of fruits and seeds. Very fond of mangoes, usually visit their trees full of fruit.
Distribution:
Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 2.700.000 km2
Inside of Brazil and adjacent area to the east of Bolivia and Horqueta, in the East of Paraguay.
Conservation Alipiopsitta xanthops:
• Current red list category of the UICN: Near-threatened.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
In 1993 two thirds of the Cerrado, This species inhabited, It had been moderate or severely altered by agriculture, heavy livestock, invasive grasses, the use of pesticides and annual burning.
Conservation Actions Proposed:
• Collate sample data and recent records to provide an improved assessment of the distribution and status.
• Estimate the total wild population (Bianchi 2009).
• Assess the impact of habitat loss (Snyder et to the . 2000).
Active, curious and playful. Aggressive with other parrots. They can become very noisy. Prone to obesity
Its reproduction rarely been achieved in captivity. The basic requirement would be to isolate a compatible couple during the breeding season due to increased aggression towards other birds during this period; also require spacious accommodations and a nest box of 25 x 25 x 60 cm. . with input from 8 cm in diameter.
They tend to be aggressive toward their caregivers. The breeding season begins in early May. The implementation is of 2 a 4 eggs, which are incubated during 26 days. The young leave the nest when they are near the 8 weeks of age.
Alternative names:
– Yellow faced Parrot, Yellow-crowned Amazon, Yellow-crowned Parrot, Yellow-faced Amazon (English).
– Amazone à face jaune (French).
– Goldbauchamazone, Schoapapagei (German).
– Papagaio-galego, chorão, curau, papagaio-acurau, papagaio-curraleiro, papagaio-de-barriga-amarela (Portuguese).
– Amazona Chica, Amazona del Cerrado, Loro cara amarilla, Lora chica (Spanish).
(1) – Yellow-faced parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops) green morph, the Pantanal, Brazil By Charlesjsharp (Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Yellow-faced parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops) yellow morph, the Pantanal, Brazil By Charlesjsharp (Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Alipiopsitta xanthops, Yellow-faced Parrot; two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as yellow-faced amazon) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-faced Parrot in Giza Zoo By Hatem Moushir (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Registration in the city of Três Lagoas-MS, urban area. A band landed a foot tangelo to feed By Jairmoreirafotografia (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Illustration does not look like A. xanthops (Yellow-faced Parrot). Fisch’s Papageien monograph discusses this dubious specimen by Francis de Laporte de Castelnau [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Hispaniolan Parrot(Amazona ventralis) has the forecrown Lords color and white (variable extension); the crown and upper cheeks with blue feathers and black colored ends; ear-coverts and lower cheeks, charcoal colored (variable measure); feathers nape and the sides of the neck, emerald green with visible black tips.
Mantle and back green grass with black tips, which become progressively less visible to the bottom; rump green, slightly yellowish; uppertail-coverts brighter yellowish green. greater coverts blue; remaining coberteras grass-green. Primaries and secondaries, blue, darker towards the tips, on the innerwebs. Under the wings, green; flight feather bluish green.
The underparts usually green, slightly yellowish, with most showing very visible black feathers margins (especially in the upper region) but sometimes with some red feathers chin; patch resizable brown in the center of belly; undertail-coverts pale yellow-green. Upper, the tail is green (perhaps a little darker than the rest of the upperparts) with visible yellowish tip and outerweb external feathers with blue margins; undertail, the tail It is yellowish with the bases of the outer feathers red. Bill Pink; cere brownish white; skin bare periophthalmic white; brown the irises; legs pale grey.
There is no sexual dimorphism. Immature as an adult but less blue in the crown and the patch abdominal is paler brown.
NOTE
Some authors consider that the Hispaniolan Parrot It conspecific (belonging to the same species) with the Cuban Parrot. Although closely related, It is believed to be quite different due to differences in hue pronounced plumage.
The Hispaniolan Parrot They are distributed in a variety of forested habitats, from sandy savannas of palm trees in lowland to mountain pine forests and mountain rain forests. Currently most commonly observed in mountain forests on the island Hispaniola, due to continued deforestation, although birds also feed at lower altitudes. Observed above 1,500 m (Hispaniola).
Views in pairs during breeding; outside the breeding season, observed in small flocks, usually up to a dozen birds; much larger meetings, until 500 reported in the nineteenth century birds. Couples and couples with young often identifiable in flocks.
Reproduction:
Nests generally constructed in tree cavities, but also in rock crevices, cactus voids and cavities in coconut. Territorial and very aggressive while playing. The breeding season It covers the months of February to May. Clutch 2-3 eggs.
Food:
They feed on, among others, of seeds or fruits of Caesalpinia, Psidium and Ficus, seeds of oranges wild Citrus, maize and bananas.
Distribution:
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 99.000 km2
The Hispaniolan Parrot are distributed by the islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Gonâve Island (Haiti), Isla Saona (Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico and probably Culebra (Puerto Rico) in the West Indies. It is found in moderate numbers in parts of the Sierra de Bahoruco, Sierra Neiba and Cordillera Central in Dominican Republic. More restricted and less numerous in Haiti, with the remaining population appears largely in the south.
introduced in Puerto Rico, where the wild population derived from captive birds escaped and at least one consignment of illegally traded birds were released after discovering an attempt to import Puerto Rico. Also wild populations in US Virgin Islands.
Formerly very common in Hispaniola, although there have been during the twentieth century a strong decline in its population, mainly due to the habitat destruction (arising from agriculture and charcoal production). Also persecuted due to crop damage, hunted for food and trapped for sale as pets at local and international level.
In the Decade of 1930 It was limited to the interior mountain forests of the island of largely Hispaniola.
Although still locally common, it is enough rare and rare in the wild.
The population in Puerto Rico It is at least several hundred birds and apparently increasing.
Conservation:
Conservation status ⓘ
Least Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current red list category of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 6000-15000
Justification of the red list category
This species is considered Vulnerable because anecdotal evidence suggests there has been a rapid reduction of the population. The size of the population and the exact extent of the decline are unclear, clarification and may lead to the species be reclassified as near threatened.
Justification of the population
The population size It is preliminarily estimated to fall in the band between 10.000 and 19.999 individuals. This is equivalent to 6,667-13,333 mature individuals, round here 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
No new data on population trends, but it is suspected that the species is declining quickly, as a result of the hunting, the loss of habitat and capture.
Threats
The agricultural conversion and charcoal production have destroyed the most suitable habitat. It is also persecuted as a crop pest, hunted as food and trapped for Local trade and above for international trade cage birds. (Juniper and Parr 1998).
Trapping adults and steal hatchlings from nests to supply the Local pet trade It is a particular concern because in some areas most families own a parrot, and they only live a few years before they have to be replaced (G. Woolmer in some. T. White one bit., 2012). In addition, activities theft nests often they cause destruction of the nest cavity or nest tree, further aggravating the loss of nesting habitat other causes (T. White in a little .
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix II.
• It has initiated a education strategy with community participation to protect species (Vasquez et to the., 1995).
• In 1997-1998, 49 birds bred in captivity were released and you radiographed in East National Park, Dominican Republic (Vilella et al., 1999).
• The Biological Reserve Loma Charco Azul, created in 2009, It has populations of the species. Also, They have carried out recent activities public education and outreach, including some actions of law enforcement, in several communities surrounding the Jaragua National Park, near the border with Haiti.
• In January 2012 there was also a Liberation of 10 parrots raised in captivity which had been confiscated as young chicks nest poachers. These chicks were raised and rehabilitated in National Zoological Park, and released successfully in the grounds of the zoo (T. White in a little ).
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Assess current population size.
• Establish a program comprehensive monitoring.
• Determine the extension remaining habitat.
• Determine the impact of various threats.
• Apply laws and regulations that protect this species and its habitat (Snyder et to the., 2000).
• Promote best practices for keeping birds reducing demand for wild birds and develop a captive breeding program.
• Educate the public about the negative impact of pet trade in native Dominican Republic (T. White in a bit., 2012).
The Hispaniolan Parrot in captivity:
It is easily reproduced in captivity and used as substitute mother to raise the offspring of Puerto Rican Parrot as part of the recovery program for the species (highly threatened).
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, with the objective of ensure their survival long-term.
Alternative names:
– Hispaniolan Amazon, Hispaniolan Parrot, Salle’s Amazon, Salle’s Parrot, San Domingo Amazon, San Domingo Parrot (English).
– Amazone à ventre pourpre, Amazone de Sallé, Amazone d’Hispaniola (French).
– Blaukronenamazone, Haitiamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-hispaniola (Portuguese).
– Amazona de la Española, Amazona Dominicana, Cotorra, Cotorra de la Española (Spanish).
(1) – The parrot Cuca – Cuca The Parrot by Jose Uribe Alney – Flickr
(2) – Hispaniolan Amazon. Two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as DSCN0712) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Couple of parrots Amazona ventralis in the Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic By Yolanda M. Leon (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Hispaniolan Amazon in a cage By Patrick Hawks (originally posted to Flickr as Hispaniolan Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blaukronenamazone (Amazona ventralis) Bávaro, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic By Martingloor (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – BARRABAND, Jacques (1767/8-1809) [Parrot red faced male (Hispaniolan Amazon [Amazona ventralis])] From Natural History of Parrots (by Francois Levaillant, 1801-1805) – Wikimedia
The Cuban Parrot(Amazona leucocephala) has a plumage rather variable, a main color ranging from bright green to olive color,, some birds feathers yellow dispersed in wings and in the back.
Front, fore crown, lores and area around eyes, white; lower cheeks and throat, red-pink; feathers the back of the crown and nape, bluish-green with black margins, giving the whole a heavy barred effect; similar pattern on the sides of neck but with the bluish tint absent; ear-coverts charcoal grey. Feathers of the back and the mantle, green with black distal margins but less intense than in the nape and head; rump and uppertail-coverts, dark green with weak margins to some feathers rump.
Alula, greater coverts and flight feather, blue on the outerweb, gray on inner; remaining coberteras green with dark margins, showing most distinct barring on lesser coverts. Under the wings, green with dark margins, flight feather grey. Breast
green with dark margins to most feathers; feathers on belly with vinaceous base showing green at margins forming a patch variable-sized, barely noticeable in some birds, striking in other; the thighs green or with some vinaceous feathers; undertail-coverts green. feathers tail green with red at base. Bill yellow-horn: irises reddish brown; legs yellowish brown.
Both sexes are similar, but males of the subspecies caymanenis reportedly larger and brighter than females. Usually, the immature show less black borders on the body feathers and less red wine in the belly.
Sound of the Cuban Parrot.
Description 4 subspecies:
Amazona leucocephala bahamensis
(Bryant,H, 1867) – Larger that the nominal species, with slate blue on the back of the crown and more extensive white color head. Pens red wine in the belly, reduced or absent and red at the bottom of the tail less extensive.
Amazona leucocephala caymanensis
(Cory, 1886) – It differs from other subspecies by the turquoise dye in the chest and in the rump and rosacea suffusion (sometimes yellowish) in white feathers head. Plumage Barred yellower and less thick than the nominal species (especially below and on upperwing-coverts), with less white in the head and much less pronounced the patch red wine belly.
Amazona leucocephala hesterna
(Bangs, 1916) – Smaller and darker than the nominal species and that the subspecies caymanensis, Most individuals with red confined to a point under the eye and patch smaller target in the crown, it lacks the rosy tint of the subspecies caymanensis. Patch red wine in the larger belly than the subspecies caymanensis.
The Cuban ParrotThey inhabit in different habitats in different islands. In Cuba They inhabit dense forests; in the Bahamas, in native broadleaf forests and pine forests, and in the Cayman Islands, in dry forests in the plateau ridge and agricultural lands nearby (Bond 1979, King 1981, Sibley y Monroe 1990). Usually in small groups but forages while forming larger groups in places where food is plentiful; couples or family groups in flocks discernable. More usually in pairs during breeding. They sleep communally outside the breeding season.
Reproduction:
The Cuban Parrot make their nests in cavities or palm tree hollows created by termites or woodpeckers. The population of Abaco It is particularly interesting because nests in natural holes in substrate limestone in the soil (O'Brien et al., 2006); there, chicks and adults are completely isolated from the frequent fires in the pine forests They are forming their habitat. Breeding March until mid-summer Cuba and Abaco. The laying usually it comprises between 2 and 4 eggs, the incubation period hard of 26 a 28 days and the chicks remain in the nest between 56 and 60 days.
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 590.000 km2
The Cuban Parrot live in Cuba, Island Pines, Bahamas and Cayman Islands. Formerly observed throughout the island Cuba but it is now difficult to see or are extinct in much of the island. Still locally they distributed throughout the provinces but only remain common in a few redoubts, including peninsulas Zapata and Guanahacabibes and in Sierra de sewage.
You can see in the Isle of Pines (Isle of youth) which dropped dramatically in the twentieth century, especially during the sixties, with most of the population surviving on Lanier Swamp National Park.
Formerly distributed by all the major islands of the Bahamas, but currently extinct, Except in Gran Inagua (spread south, east and north) and Abaco (especially in the southern third). You can visit Little Inagua from Great Inagua.
Mainly in the central and eastern parts of Grand Cayman where habitat loss is less severe. A residual population persists Cayman Brac but it became extinct in little Cayman about 1932.
Mainly resident, but with some seasonal movements, for example in the Isle of youth, where birds possibly (at least once) they moved to the coast from the interior dry non-breeding season.
The decline across the range is due to the habitat destruction and capture of birds Vivas (for use as pets locally and for export).
Poor breeding success Grand Cayman in the seventies it was due to mosquito attacks against the offspring. Birds that nest on the ground in Abaco attacked by wild cats. The hurricanes They can cause shortages of food and nesting sites. It is likely that Bahamas are stable, but generally decreasing. You can not be considered safe in most of its range.
Distribution 4 subspecies:
Amazona leucocephala bahamensis
(Bryant,H, 1867) – Abaco and Gran Inagua, Bahamas, previously in several other islands, but now extinct.
The Cuban Parrot It is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to have suffered a reduction in population in Cuba, which has not ceased, mainly due to the capture and destruction of nesting sites.
• Current red list category of the UICN: Near-threatened.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 13600-23000
Justification of the population
Population estimates for Bahamas and Cayman Islands they are as follows: 2.000 in Grand Cayman in 1995 (Bradley 2000), about 450 in Cayman Brac in 2013 (Marsden, 2013), 8.000-13.000 in Great Inagua, 3.000-5.000 in Abaco and around 10 individuals in new Providence (Bahamas National Trust 2016, S. Cant-Woodside in a bit., 2016). It is estimated that the population of Cuba amounts of 7.000 a 14.000 copies based on estimates recorded population density and the fact that it is likely that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence deal. Therefore, the total population It is estimated in 20.460-34.460 individuals, which is equivalent to 13.640-22.973 mature individuals, round here 13.600-23.000 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is considered that the species is declining mainly due to the capture and destruction of nesting sites. It is considered that the population of the Bahamas It has remained stable or increased. The population of the Cayman Islands It has increased since the species was protected in 1989 (Bradley 20000). It is believed that the Cuban population It has decreased in recent years, mainly due to the poaching (Canizares 2012, M. Canizares in a bit., 2016). Although there is no data on the extent of this decline, the species has been classified as Vulnerable in Cuba (Canizares 2012). Therefore, It is suspected that the total population has decreased 10-20% over three generations.
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix 1.
• Protected in Bahamas under the Wild birds Protection Act (Protection).
• Legally protected in the Cayman Islands from 1989.
• The artificial nests a variety of designs are in use in several locations Cuba and they have been used by more than 1.300 birds (Waugh 2006). The facts of artificial materials have proved more durable (Waugh 2006).
• The volunteers counts in the center of Cuba They have been conducted twice a year since 2009 and more than 1.500 local people are involved in the activity.
• For reforestation and forest enrichment important plant species are used for feeding parrots.
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Discourage catch birds of nature through public education campaigns.
• Promote best practices for keeping birds increase the longevity of captive birds and reduce the demand for wild populations.
• In Abaco, protect vital areas of broadleaf forests.
• In Cuba, make and erect more artificial nests.
• To monitor population trends across its range.
Cuban Parrot in captivity:
Currently international trade Cuban Parrot It is legally prohibited; However, at regional level, the illegal traffic This species is one of the most worrying in Cuba.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-run program of captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.
Alternative names:
– bahaman parrot, Caribbean Amazon, Caribbean Parrot, Cuban Amazon, Cuban Parrot, Rose-throated Parrot, White-headed Amazon, White-headed Parrot (English).
– Amazone à face rouge, Amazone à tête blanche, Amazone de Cuba (French).
– Kubaamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-cuba (Portuguese).
– Amazona Cubana, Cotorra (Spanish).
Origin: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
Character: Active
Life expectancy: 60 years.
Height: 22 a 26 cm..
Content
Description:
22 a 26 cm.. length.
The White-fronted Parrot(Amazona albifrons) has the forecrown white; lores, upper cheeks and ring of feathers around eyes, red; the crown pale blue mingles with the green nape; the feathers with dark margins; sides neck green with narrow black margins. Mantle, back and scapulars, grass-green, sometimes with olive tint; the mantle with indistinct black tips; rump green, perhaps more emerald colors than the rest of the upperparts.
Great coverts and alula, red, other coverts green. The outerweb of the primaries, green, They turn blue at the tips; outerweb of the secondaries, blue; innerwebs of the flight feather, blackish. Under, the wings bluish green. Underparts green with weak blackish edges to feathers on throat and the chest. Upper, the tail It is yellow in the center, outer feathers red at the base, blue in the outerweb. Bill light colored horn, darker at the tip; bare periophthalmic pale grey; irises pale yellow; legs pale grey.
It presents an undistinguished sexual dimorphism. The female It differs from the male in the red face It is limited to the region eye ring and it lacks the red hue in wing coverts. The immature male It looks like female but with red on the primary coverts.
(Miller,W, 1905) – smaller the species nominal. Little differentiated from nominal but the green plumage It is perhaps paler, yellower. Some individuals Coast Pacific show some red on the throat.
Amazona albifrons saltuensis
(Nelson, 1899) – Similar to the nominal but the plumage It is heavily steeped in blue. The blue of the crown It extends to the nape.
Habitat:
This adaptable Amazona uses all kinds of wooded habitats and open field with trees, including semi-evergreen forest semi-humid and seasonal perennially (especially at the edge), pine forests, Gallery forest, agricultural land with open forests, savannah and tropical arid scrub with cactus, tending to more frequent open areas in the Caribbean slope.
Generally they prefer drier forests, but where it is simpátrica with Yellow-lored Parrot(Amazona xantholora), It tends to prefer the more moist and dense vegetation.
In Yucatan the White-fronted Parrot They inhabit coastal coconut plantations while breeding. In altitudes of 900 m (Oaxaca), 1.800 m (Honduras) and 1.500 m (Sonora meridional: register only known outside the tropics).
In pairs during the breeding season but usually gregarious, distributed primarily in small groups, with occasional concentrations of hundreds of birds and some communal roosts (for example, mangroves) with several thousand birds.
The White-fronted Parrot nest in trees, cavities of the palm tree termitarium, sometimes in the cavity excavated by a woodpecker. Trees of the species Bursera simaruba and Caesalpinia gaumeri are among the favorites to nest in Yucatan. Breeding January July, depending on the location.
A clutch contains 3-5 eggs. Only the female incubates. The incubation lasts around 24 days.
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 2.330.000 km2
The White-fronted Parrot They extend Mexico, from the South of Sonora (north to about 28 ° N) along the Sinaloa and West Durango south through the Pacific to Oaxaca and north through Tehuantepec isthmus the Atlantic coast in southern Veracruz and to the East by Tabasco the entire Yucatan Peninsula, including northern Guatemala and Belize.
They are present in southern Chiapas and in the lowlands of the Pacific Guatemala and, reportedly, in West El Salvador, extending through the lowlands of Pacific, arid and Caribbean lowlands Honduras to the Pacific Northwest Costa Rica and Nicaragua (where distribution is not detailed).
Mainly seasonal residents but visitors in some parts of the range (for example, Yucatan, El Salvador western and eastern mountains Guatemala).
Introduced in urban areas Cozumel Island, in the State of Quintana Roo (Mexico). Their presence only in urban areas of the island, the ability of the species to live successfully in urban areas, the abundance of fruit trees and use as a pet by the islanders allows us to suggest that registered individuals are the result of leakage or were released by their owners.
Generally common and together with the Orange-fronted Parakeet(Eupsittula canicularis), It is the largest parrot in the Pacific slope of Central America; although obviously scarce in some areas. The deforestation It is possibly promoting increases in population Caribbean slope of Central America. Captured for pet trade and hunted as food, for example in Yucatan, where recently there has been a population decline due to the persecution of parrots that feed on fruit after loss of wild foods cultivated by Hurricane Gilbert. Its capture It is authorized only during the months of October to February in the states of Warrior, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Sinaloa and Tabasco and from September to January in Veracruz.
Distribution 3 subspecies:
Amazona albifrons albifrons
(Sparrman, 1788) – Nominal. Pacific Coast of Mexico from Nayarit a Oaxaca and South of Chiapas in the lowlands Pacific Guatemala. Birds in the northern Guatemalan lowlands and the arid interior, they can refer to the subspecies Amazona albifrons nana.
• Current red list category of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Increasing.
Justification of the red list category
• This species has a very large range and therefore it is not close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of size range (Extent of occurrence below 20,000 km2 combined with a size decreasing or fluctuating range, extension / quality habitat or population size and a small number of places or severe fragmentation).
• The trend of the population appears to be increasing and, therefore, the species does not approach the thresholds Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (Wholesale 30% decrease in ten years or three generations).
• The population size is very large and, therefore, not approaching the thresholds for vulnerable under the criterion of population size (less than 10.000 mature individuals with continuing decline estimated a higher percentage of 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specific population structure).
• For these reasons, the species is evaluated as the least concern.
Justification of the population
• Partners in Flight estimated that the total population of 500.000-4.999.999 individuals (A. Panjabi in a bit., 2008).
Justification of trend
• It is suspected that the population is increasing as habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat.
The White-fronted Parrot in captivity:
Due to the decline of these birds in the wild, especially in the Mexican populations, the White-fronted Parrot is now, unlike other times, offered for sale only rarely. In addition, among birds received by importers, the males generally far outweigh the females so it is difficult to find a partner.
According to many observations, the White-fronted Parrot captured still quite shy and unsociable, especially if they were mature when they were trapped. The birds immature, which can be stained by the yellowing of his crown, relatively well sympathize with their caregivers and are easily adapted to a life in a cage or aviary. It is said to have some talent to imitate.
According to sources, the first hatchlings in captivity They were born in 1949 in the United States by I.D. Putman; the second in 1977 on German Federal Republic by H. Müller (Walsrode) and a third set in Switzerland in 1979; Since then several European poultry producers have reported success breeding. The latest report came in 1985 from the bird park Metelen Heide in Muen-sterland (Western Germany). there a clutch five eggs produced four offspring in mid-June 1984 after an incubation period of 28 days. The young left the nest after about 70 days, but they were still actively cared for and fed, mainly by the parent, for a few weeks more.
Its price in the European market round 1000 EUR. generally silent the Amazons largest. It can be noisy just before and during the breeding season.
These birds can become aggressive in the breeding season and can attack the caregiver. The nest boxes are better positioned to nest inspection can be performed from outside the aviary. The inspection of the nest is best when adult birds are out of the nest, however captive breeding has rarely been achieved between individuals.
Susceptible to intestinal infections during the acclimation period.
Their life expectancy can overcome the 50 years.
Alternative names:
– White-fronted Parrot, Spectacled Amazon, Spectacled Parrot, White fronted Parrot, White-browed Amazon, White-browed Parrot, White-fronted Amazon (English).
– Amazone à front blanc, Amazone à lunettes (French).
– Weißstirnamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-testa-branca (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Frente Blanca, Amazona Frentialba, Cotorra Frentiblanca, Lora frentiblanca, Loro Frente Blanca, loro frente-blanca, Loro Frentiblanco, Cotorra Guayabera (Spanish).
– Cabeza de Manta, Loro Manglero, Cocha, Cocho, Cucha (Mexico).
The New Parrot Handbook by Werner Lantermann,Matthew M. Vriends
Photos:
(1) – White-fronted Amazon By David Oliva (originally posted to Flickr as Cotorro 007) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Weißstirnamazonen im Tiergarten Schönbrunn By spacebirdy(also known as geimfyglið (:> )=| made with Sternenlaus-spirit) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or FAL], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – white-fronted amazon (Amazona albifrons) By Christoph Anton Mitterer (Flickr: P8155550) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – White-fronted Amazon Amazona albifrons pair perching in a tree at Guanacaste, Costa Rica By Steve Jurvetson (originally posted to Flickr as love birds) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – White-fronted Amazon, (Amazona albifrons). A pet parrot on a perch. Red feathers on this parrots shoulders indicate that it is a male By ➨ Redvers (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Weißstirnamazonen im Tiergarten Schönbrunn By spacebirdy(also known as geimfyglið (:> )=| made with Sternenlaus-spirit) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or FAL], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A captive White-fronted Amazon in Copán Ruinas, Copán, Honduras By Troy from Charlottesville, USA (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A White-fronted Amazon – upper body by sumba [CC BY 2.0 of], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – A pet juvenile White-fronted Amazon in Poole, Dorset, England By Kyle Payne from England (Odd Looking Seagull) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – White-fronted Amazon, Amazona albifrons, Remove alone B. Planet Earth – Flickr
The Diademed Parrot(Amazona Diadema) It is generally green, with black edges to feathers crown, to the mantle and the chest; crown green to nape; the back of the green neck, mauve margin; feathers of the cere and forecrown, red; yellow-green, less yellow in upper cheeks, up to the ear-coverts; secondaries red on the bases, the green rest; tail green; eye ring pale yellow; eyes oranges; bill dark grey.
It is likely to frequent a variety of habitats from lowland forest species, including edges evergreen forest, as well as modified areas containing scattered trees or plantations (Del Hoyo et al., 1997, pit et to the., 2016).
They are in loose flocks or pairs, are gregarious When feed.
Reproduction:
The laying is of 2-3 eggs. Breeding season, It is supposed to be in early: January-March.
Food:
It feeds mainly from fruits and seeds, even some cultivated species (Del Hoyo et al., 1997), although there are no published data (Del Hoyo et al., 2016).
Distribution:
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 71.800 km2
Endemic low Black river and the northern margin of Amazon River, in the states of Amazon and Northwest of For, in Brazil.
Conservation Amazona diadema:
Conservation status ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current red list category of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Justification of the red list category
Based on a model of future deforestation on Amazon basin and susceptibility to this new species capture, it is suspected that its population will suffer a very fast along three generations descent from 2002, so it is in danger of extinction.
Justification of trend
This species is expected to lose between 49 and 55% suitable habitat within its distribution throughout three generations (37 years) starting at 2002, based on a model of Amazon deforestation (Soares-Filho et to the). Given its susceptibility to capture, It is suspected that species decline by 50-79% during this time.
Threats
• The main threat to this species is the accelerating deforestation in the Amazon basin as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soybean production, provided by the expansion of the road network, together with his susceptibility to capture (Soares-Filho et to the. 2011).
• It is assumed that the species undergoes some pressure catch, probably mainly for internal trade, since this species is rare in aviculture (Del Hoyo et al ., 1997, pit et to the ., 2016).
• The proposed changes to Brazilian Forest Code reduce the percentage of land to a private owner is legally obliged to keep as forest (including, critically, a reduction in the width of forest buffers with perennial vapors) and they include an amnesty for owners who deforested before July 2008 (That later they would be absolved of the need to reforest vacant land illegally) (Bird et to the., 2011).
Conservation Actions Underway
• No specific conservation actions for this species are known, Although part of their habitat is protected.
• It is distributed in the Jau National Park where it is rare or uncommon (Borges et al ., 2001, Borges & Almeida 2011).
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Carry out surveys to estimate the size of the population.
• Monitor deforestation rates in the range using remote sensing techniques.
• Study level Trapping threat.
• Increase the area of suitable habitat that receive protection effective.
• Boost changes in laws related to deforestation and forest protection.
The Diademed Parrot in captivity:
Rare in aviculture.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a program well managed captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.
(1) – diadem parrot. Red lored parrot. 11 November 2015, Tikal, Guatemala by ze_da_binha
(2) – Diademed Parrot – amazon with diadem – Diademed amazon – amazon tiara By Florin Feneru from Orpington, UK (Diademed Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Red-lored Amazon at Loro Parque, Cross port, Tenerife, Spain. This subspecies is also called the Diademed Amazon By Carlos Urdiales [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A Red-lored Amazon at Xcaret Eco Park, Riviera Maya, Mexico. Photographed as it started to rain By Tomasz Wagner from Burnaby, BC, Canada (Parrot – Amazona autumnalis) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Diademed amazon (Diademed Parrot) Loro Parque, Tenerife by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(6) – PL. XXXI I Chrysolis diadema (î^wl By Blanchard, Emile; Bonaparte, Charles Lucian; Bourjot Saint-Hilaire, Alexandre; Le Vaillant, François; Souancé, Charles de. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Origin: Brazil, Peru, Guyana, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
Character: Excitable
Life expectancy: 40 a 50 years
Height: 38 a 41cm.
Content
Description
38-41 cm.. tall and 370g. weight.
The Festive Parrot(Amazona festiva) has the cheeks and sides neck Green with strong blue diffusion; lores and a close frontal band red; feathers above and behind them eyes blue; Front rather yellowish green. Crown Green but darker; Feathers of the nape of color green with a band terminal dark. Mantle, scapulars, top of the back and uppertail-coverts dark green; Rump and the greater part of the low back bright red. Primary coverts Violet Blue. Other coverts dark green.
Edge carpal of the wing
and margin of the outerweb of the primaries, blue; innerwebs black; secondaries dark blue-tipped, secondaries more interior Green. Underwing-coverts green. Chin and throat blue; Breast
and belly green; coverts infra-flows brighter yellowish green. Tail green, of paler green yellowish at the tip; Trace reddish at the base of some feathers.
The bill color cuerno-marron; Iris yellow, legs dark grey.
Both sexes are similar.
Immature have irises dark and show a less intense color in the head. Its back low is practically Green; some of the pens outside of it tail they have a red base.
The Festive Parrot they attend primary and secondary lowland forests, mainly várzea, swamp forest and River Islands, also igapó (permanently flooded forest), usually are found near the water and can prevent forests of Earth firm, Although also reported in Gallery forests and savannas with scattered trees.
Observed in cocoa plantations in Brazil. At altitudes of 500 metres in Colombia and 100 metres in Venezuela. Usually in small flocks with larger meetings occasionally reported. Flocks of up to 50 birds are about Leticia between the months of May-June. Tend to gather is by the afternoon and in the evening in products communal.
Reproduction:
It nests in hollow of trees dead between mayo to June.
A breeding pair averages 3 eggs in each clutch of eggs and the incubation period is usually about 28 days.
Food:
Usually in numerous flocks, little of its power is known.
Distribution:
The Festive Parrot found in the North of South America mainly as two large populations disjunct in the basins of the Amazon and Orinoco.
A population occupies the Northwest of Guyana (very few records) and Venezuela in southern Apure in the Meta River and a half Orinoco to Delta Amacuro.
The second extends from parts of the lowlands of the East (Colombia including the lower part of the Casanare River, lower Meta River and Rio Vaupes towards the South through the Amazon of Ecuador (where birds are reported in Rio Napo, but few recent records) and northeast of Peru, and further to the East through the West of Brazil, from Rio Branco, Rio Negro and bottom of the Madeira River up to the Basin Amazon East in Amapá and For and at the mouth of the Amazon on Ilha Mexiana (where is its status uncertain).
Probably in its greater part resident, Although sporadic Bird on the edge of its distribution area in Ecuador and Guyana, They suggest seasonal movements outside their range, obviously low in Guyana and local in Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, but more common in parts of the Amazon Western in Brazil and locally the Amazona more common in some areas of Colombia (for example by of Leticia).
Pursued to the trade in live birds in parts of its area of distribution (for example, Peru). Its swampy habitat is not much in demand for agriculture, by what does not seems to have a contraction apparent large scale of its population.
Distribution of subspecies:
Amazona festiva bodini
(Finsch, 1873) – East of Colombia to the basin of the Orinoco of Venezuela
• Current red list category of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
While it has declined locally, It remains fairly common throughout a large part of its distribution area, and may even be close to cities as Manaus and Iquitos.
The size of the world population It has not been quantified, but this species is described as “rare”
As a result, is considered of least concern by BirdLife International and the IUCN , Although it was categorized as vulnerable in 2012, because of patterns of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and the susceptibility to hunt, predicts that the population will decrease quickly during the next three generations.
Festive Parrot in captivity:
Very rare in captivity.
His temperament is extremely excitable. Males tend to be aggressive. Good to excellent imitator.
It feeds on the sunflower seeds or other provided you ,fruit, vegetables etc..
(1) – Festive Amazon at Loro Parque, Teneriffe By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Festive_Amazon_BW. JPG: Berthold Werner (Festive_Amazon_BW. JPG) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Festive Amazon at Tulsa Zoo, USA. This subspecies is known as Bodinus’ Amazon By Christopher G from Tulsa Oklahoma, USA (Amazon Parrot) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A pet Festive Amazon By Tutu … F. Lopes (originally posted to Flickr as ♠) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Two Festive Amazons in an aviary at a bird park in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. They are the subspecies Amazona festiva bodini, common name Bodinus’ Amazon. They are probably jostling for room on their perch By Remiz [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Festive Parrot By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Amazona_festiva-8.jpg: frank wouters [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Image from http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book1700_08832.html
The Tres Marias Parrot(Amazona tresmariae) has head and throat yellow.
The upperparts are green. The underparts They are green but more yellowed than upperparts. Thighs yellow. Primaries and secondaries green, violet-blue becoming the tip. should carpal yellow. Speculum red on the basis of the five outer secondaries. The curve wings, pale red, with some yellow.
The tail is green, with yellowish green tip and lateral feathers basically marked with red on the inner band; outermost feathers fringed blue. The legs They are pale gray. The irises It is orange. The bill is horn-colored, gray towards the base of the upper mandible. Cere dark gray.
Both sexes are similar. The immature They are completely green head, except the yellow patch in forecrown. The curve wings, green. should carpal yellowish green.
They have preference by deciduous forests or evergreen, clear, Savanna Woods, pine forests, dense gallery forests; less commonly in dry thorn forest, mangroves or coastal marshes and cultivated areas with scattered trees.
Resident throughout its area of distribution.
Reproduction:
Nest in holes in tree trunks or fallen branches.
Food:
consume outbreaks, leaves news, fruits palm, seeds of Acacia, fruits of Macuna, figs and some fruits of cultivated land.
Distribution:
Endemic to the Islas Marias, on the west coast of Mexico.
Amazon tresmariae Conservation :
Conservation status ⓘ
Least Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current red list category of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
The Tres Marias Parrot It has an extremely large range and, therefore, it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable at the discretion of the distribution area size (Extension <20,000 km2 combined with a size decreasing or fluctuating range, extent or quality of habitat or population size and a small number of places or severe fragmentation).
Although the population trend appears to be declining, It not believed to be declining fast enough to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations).
The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed that approximates Vulnerable thresholds under the criterion of population size (<10.000 mature individuals with an estimated continuing decline> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Usually it regarded as a subspecies of the Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala).
Tres Marias Parrot in captivity:
These birds belong to Appendix I of the CITES, with special protection because they are highly sought.
Alternative names:
– Panama yellow-crowned amazon, Tres Maria Yellow-headed Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, Tres Marias Parrot, Yellow-headed Parrot (Tres Marias Is.) (English).
– Amazone à tête jaune (forme des Tres Marias), Amazone de Três Marias, Amazone des Tres Marias (French).
– Gelbkopfamazone-tresmariae, Tres-Marias-Amazone (German).
– Tres Marias Parrot (Portuguese).
– Tres Marias Parrot, Tres Marias Amazon, amazona de Tres Marias, Amazona cabeciamarilla de tres marias, Loro de las islas María (Spanish).
Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Photos:
(1) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA perching on a zoo keepers left hand By Derrick CoetzeeCamera location47° 33′ 11.72″ N, 122° 04′ 50.26″ W View this and other nearby images on: Openstreetmap – Google Earth 47.553255; -122.080628 [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Amazona tresmariae in a cage at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park By Derrick Coetzee from Seattle, USA (Tres Marias Amazon in cage 2) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Amazona tresmariae at Cougar Mountain Zoological Park, USA. There are two with a woman zoo keeper By Derrick Coetzee [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Tres Marias Amazon in cage by D Coetzee – Flickr
(5) – Yellow-headed parrot Tres Marias Islands by (c) Juan Cruzado Cortés – naturalista.mx
The St. Lucia Parrot(Amazona versicolor) has the lores, cheeks and forecrown, bright blue; crown, ear-coverts and lower cheeks, paler blue with iridescent emerald suffusion from some angles; dark tips to feathers on head.
Hindneck neck, nape and upperparts, yellowish-olive, many feathers with visible black tips, giving the whole a barred effect strong, especially in the upper region. Wing coverts yellowish green olive. Primary coverts dyed blue, rest with black tips to some feathers. Primaries blue; bases of external secondarys forman speculum red, blue tips; secondary internal green and blue at the base to the tips. Underwing, yellowish green with blackish tips to some feathers; flight feather bluish green. Chin and throat, bright blue with blackish tips to feathers; tips of feathers on lower throat and top of the chest, bright red forming a patch distinct red patch or mottled red area; chest and belly rather yellowish-green, blackish tips and brick red in the subterminal area of some feathers, giving scalloped appearance with scattered rusty patches; the thighs and undertail-coverts, green-yellow. Tail bluish green in the center, outer feathers green with large yellowish green tips and hidden red bases. Bill grey; irises orange; legs grey.
Mainly they inhabit the canopy montana primary rainforest, but they make inroads into areas of secondary growth to feed. Reported flocks of up 20 birds. living forms community.
Reproduction:
They nest in tree hollows. Nests observed in trees Dacryodes excelsa, Pouleria and Tetracera caribaeum. Breeding season in February-August. Clutch usually two eggs, Although, usually, only one young per nest thrives.
Food:
Its diet includes flowers and fruits of Clusia, Fruits of Talauma dodecapetala, Acrocomia irenensis, Pouleria, Dacryodes excelsa, Sloanea massoni, Byrsonima martinicensis, Miconia mirabilis, Pterocarpus officinalis and Euterpe globosa; also they have been seen feeding on bananas after the hurricane and presumably due to the depletion of natural food sources. Absence of common areas from August to November possibly linked to the lack of fruitfulness of Clusia.
Distribution and status:
Size of the area of distribution (raising / resident): 230 km2
Confined to St. lucia in the Lesser Antilles, now in the central and southern mountains, although you were formerly widespread everywhere where the rainforest grew. The species has suffered a contraction of the range since the nineteenth century and now It occupies an area of only 65-70 km2 from Millet and Mont Lacombe in the North, until Mont Beucop and Calfourc in the East, Piton Pig, St Piton, St Desrache and Big store in the south to Morne Gimie in the west and Mont Houlemon in the Northwest. The results of studies on the species suggest that the southwestern part of this area is the most densely populated of parrots, while relatively few live in the northeast.
Plentiful mid-nineteenth century, but decreasing rapidly to very little in the early twentieth century. Subsequently they recovered, with an estimated population of 1.000 birds in 1950. They declined again sixties, mostly due to hunting; observations in 1977 They estimated that there were more than 100 birds. steady increase since then with an estimated population of 300-350 birds in 1990.
The threats main arise from habitat loss and its hunting for food and pet trade as. Forestry practices that lead to the removal of mature trees (favorite breeding sites) could pose additional pressure. They seem to be less susceptible to hurricanes than their counterparts in Dominica, but this may be due to conservation efforts rather than any intrinsic ability to withstand the effects of severe storms.
Can compete for nesting sites with Pearly-eyed Thrasher(Margarops fuscatus), which it has increased considerably since 1950.
Amazona versicolor Conservation:
Conservation status ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current red list category of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: In increased.
• Population size : 230-330
Justification of the red list category
Conservation action may have saved this species from extinction. The numbers are now increasing and there is some evidence of a small extension of the range. However, the habitat area apparently adequate (but vacated) It may be waning. If this begins to affect the habitat occupied, the species can be described as danger of extinction. In the news, its small population size and small size on one island are calling it Vulnerable.
Justification of the population
The population is estimated at 350-500 individuals, approximately equal to 230-330 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
No new data on population trends, so it is assumed that the species continues increasing.
Threats
The human population St. lucia It is growing at a considerable rate, increasing the pressure on the forest and resulting in habitat loss(Copsey 1995). The selective logging of mature trees You can significantly reduce breeding sites (Juniper and Parr 1998), and hurricanes, the hunting and the trade pose new threats. There have been recent efforts to raise the moratorium on hunting within forest reserves, which seriously threaten this species (J. D. Gilardi in litt., 1999).
Conservation Actions Underway
Coat of arms of Saint Lucia
Appendices I and II of CITES. This protected by national legislation (J. D. Gilardi in litt., 1999).
Education programs and awareness have made this bird in a National symbol.
This has eliminated successfully hunting (Juniper and Parr 1998), helped by a moratorium on hunting within forest reserves (J. D. Gilardi in litt., 1999).
In 1975 program was established captive breeding, and in 1995 He had developed a total of 19 young birds (Copsey, 1995).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Maintain the moratorium on hunting within all forest reserves. Conduct a studyor basic food and breeding ecology. Designate the remaining habitat protected areas. Reassess the objectives of the program captive breeding.
St. Lucia Parrot in captivity:
Extremely rare; currently only it found in the Jersey Zoo
Appendices I and II CITES. This protected by national legislation.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a well-managed program captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, with the objective of ensure their survival long-term.
Alternative names:
– Blue-masked Amazon, Blue-masked Parrot, St Lucia Amazon, St Lucia Parrot, St. Lucia Amazon, St. Lucia Parrot, St.Lucia amazon, Versicolored Parrot, Versicoloured Parrot (English).
– Amazone de Sainte-Lucie, Amazone versicolore, Amazone versicolore de Sainte-Lucie (French).
– Blaumaskenamazone, Blaustirnamazone (German).
– Papagaio-de-santa-lúcia (Portuguese).
– Amazona de Santa Lucia, Amazona de Santa Lucía, Amazona de Sta. Lucia (Spanish).
(1) – Saint Lucia Parrot(Amazona versicolor) by Josh More – Flickr
(2) – Chrysotis bouqueti (a.k.a. Amazona versicolor, the St. Lucia amazon, or the St. Lucia parrot) by Joseph Smit [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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