Content

24-28 cm.. length and 72-94 g. of weight.

The Maroon-bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura frontalis) has a frontal band matte red close with a few more bright red feathers behind cere; lores blackish; feathery cheeks and crown, greyish green blackish tips; ear-coverts olive green.

The upperparts They are green grass with a small area reddish at the bottom of the back. Primary coverts bluish green; wing-coverts grass-green, some feathers sometimes with olive tint. Primaries blue in the outerweb. green in the innerwebs, with dark tips; secondaries, mainly green. Sides of neck, throat and chest, brown oliváceo, feathers subterminally brown and black black tips, giving the whole a scalloped effect; lower breast green with a patch brown in the center of belly; flanks, the thighs and undertail-coverts, green. Upper, green tail in basal half, Shaded bronze to reddish tones on the tips; below, the tail is opaque brown.

Bill grey, sometimes paler in base mandible; yellow cere; bare periophthalmic whitish grey; irises dark brown; legs dark gray.

Both sexes are similar. The incipient brown lacks the belly. Immature paler than adult with irises darker.

Taxonomic note:

Closely related to Blaze-winged Parakeet (Pyrrhura devillei), with which it can be conspecific (populations or races that belong to the same species). It has been suggested that the species may also be conspecific with Green-cheeked Parakeet (Pyrrhura molinae).

• Sound of the Maroon-bellied Parakeet.

• Pyrrhura frontalis chiripepe

  (Vieillot, 1818) – As the nominal, but the upper surface of the tail It is completely green olive. Some orange-red markings on the bend of wing in some birds.




• Pyrrhura frontalis frontalis

  (Vieillot, 1818) – Subspecies nominal.

Video – "Maroon-bellied Parakeet" (Pyrrhura frontalis) Pyrrhura frontalis / red forehead snipe / Marron bellied Parakeet Watch this video on YouTube.

The Maroon-bellied Parakeet They extend through several forest habitats, forests, margins and marshy habitats, including the remaining patches Araucaria (for example, in Rio Grande do Sul). In the Paraguayan Chaco They seem almost confined to coastal areas of growth over the Paraguay River and its main tributaries. In Southeast Brazil They are mainly distributed in the highlands, to 1.400 meters above sea level; in other parts of the lowlands up near 1.000 m, where they are generally tolerant to disturbance, even reaching visit urban parks in the city of Assumption, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and feeding in gardens (Rio Grande do Sul). gregarious, usually in flocks of 6-12 birds (until 40).

They nest in the cavity of the trees. The breeding season It covers the months from October to December. Clutch 5-6 eggs.
The female incubated one for almost 30 days. The young leave the nest after about 45 days, after which they continue to be fed for some time by the two members of the couple.

In Southeast Brazil, Their diet includes pulp of Euterpe edulis, seeds of Schinus, Xylopia, Cecropia, Croton, Miconia, ficus, Psidium and Pinus; flowers of Ambrosia and Vernonia and aryl of Protium; elsewhere, the Araucaria It is a very important food source, for example in southern Brazil; also they feed dried fruits and fruits of Campomanesia xanthocarpa and Podocarpus lambertii; homoptera sheets Persea pyrifolia and fly larvae. The orange and corn crops sometimes they suffer from their visits, but depredations were lower compared to the damage caused by the Parrot Argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) in cornfields.

Size of its range (reproductive / residents): 2.690.000 km2

The Maroon-bellied Parakeet It is endemic in Southeast South America, from the southeast of Brazil to the North of Argentina.

In Brazil They can be observed from south Bay ,through coastal states, until Rio Grande do Sul, and west, in the southeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil and South of Mato Grosso, through Paraguay (extension of records suggests its presence throughout the west end), North of Uruguay and North of Argentina, in Missions, Currents, Formosa, Chaco and sporadically in the past, in the North of Santa Fe (a population in Buenos Aires probably descended from leaks), and southeastern Bolivia.

Resident. Locally common to very common (for example, in Missions) but rare elsewhere (for example Currents) and extinguished in places due to conversion of forests for agriculture.

With He commercialized in large quantities with substantial late eighties exports averaging over 5.000 birds per year. There is a large captive population.

• Pyrrhura frontalis chiripepe

  (Vieillot, 1818) – Central and southern Paraguay, northern Uruguay and northern Argentina.




• Pyrrhura frontalis frontalis

  (Vieillot, 1818) – Subspecies nominal. Southeastern Brazil from southern Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul including southeastern Minas Gerais and south and southeast of Mato Grosso.

State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Red List Category: Least concern

• Population trend: Stable.

Rationale for the Red List category

This species has a extremely large range and, therefore, it does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable at the discretion of the distribution area size (Extension <20,000 km2 combinada con un tamaño de rango decreciente o fluctuante, extensión o calidad del hábitat o tamaño de población y un pequeño número de lugares o fragmentación severa). La tendencia de la población parece ser estable, por lo que la especie no se aproxima a los umbrales de Vulnerables bajo el criterio de tendencia poblacional (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to be close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con un declive continuo estimado> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.

Justification of the population

The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but this species is described as “common” (Stotz et to the., 1996).

Justification of trend

They suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.

Threats

The species has been marketed strongly: from 1981, when it was included in Appendix II of CITES, 52.523 individuals captured in the wild have been recorded in international trade (Trade database of UNEP-WCMC CITES, January 2005).

The species is listed in Appendix II of the CITES.

There is a large captive population. They are intelligent birds, friendly and active. Readily they adapt to human contact and are easy to train. They are among the quietest cotorras, but its powerful high-pitched voices can become very annoying. Like other parakeets, They tend to express emotion with a series of loud cries, chillidos.

– Maroon bellied Parakeet, Maroon Parakeet, Maroon-bellied Conure, Maroon-bellied Parakeet, Reddish-bellied Parakeet, Scaly-breasted Parakeet (English).
– Conure de Vieillot, Conure ou, Perriche de Vieillot, Perruche à oreillons bruns, Perruche d’Azara, Perruche de Vieillot (French).
– Braunohrsittich, Braunohr-Sittich (German).
– cara-suja, periquito, tiriba, Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha, tiriva (Portuguese).
– Chiripepe, Chiripepé, Chiripepé cabeza verde, Chiripepé de cabeza verde, Cotorra Chiripepé, Perico de Vientre Rojo (español).

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Pyrrhura
– Scientific name: Pyrrhura frontalis
– Citation: (Vieillot, 1818)
– Protonimo: Psittacus frontalis

Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – RED-BROWN TIRIBA Botanical Garden of São Paulo By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Maroon-bellied Conure (Pyrrhura frontalis) on a wooden stump. Botanical Garden of São Paulo By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Pyrrhura frontalis Ilhabela-SP By Dario Sanches from São Paulo, Brazil (Maroon-bellied parakeet ( Pyrrhura frontalis)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Maroon-bellied Conure (Pyrrhura frontalis) – São Paulo Forest Garden By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Pyrrhura frontalis – Track dos Tucanos – Tapirai-SP IBA: Paranapiacaba Forest Massif By Jairmoreirafotografia (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr

– Sounds: Gustavo Luz, XC344423. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/344423

Content

24 cm.. in length and 70–80 grams in weight.

The Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida) has the head dark blackish brown with mottled light on nape; ear-coverts creamy white; cheeks pale bluish green.

Upper mantle blue; robe bottom until uppertail-coverts, green. Scapulars green at the base, blue down; lesser wing coverts slightly green tinted olive; median coverts and older, mainly blue; some red at the leading edge of wing . Flight feathers Blue above, secondaries with green in the outerweb; dark gray below. Underwing-coverts bright red. Sides of the neck, the throat and the top chest, mainly brown with some blue marks and points yellowish brown, which gives an overall scaled aspect; The underparts remaining are green with blue on the flanks and the thighs. Upper, the tail mainly brown, green in the basal area and narrow blue tips. Bill black-brown; bare periophthalmic grey; irises dark brown; legs black slate.

The plumages of both sexes are, apparently, similar.

taxonomic history

Confusing taxonomic history: until recently known as Pyrrhura perlata, but that name is actually applied to the known way long as Pyrrhura rhodogaster, currently a synonym for the species Pyrrhura perlata; the current species therefore assumes his next oldest name, Pyrrhura lepida. Forms a pair of species with parapatric Pyrrhura perlata, with which it is sometimes considered conspecific; the recent molecular phylogeny indicated that the closest relatives of these two are the Pyrrhura frontalis and Pyrrhura molinae.

• Sound of the Pearly Parakeet.

• Pyrrhura lepida anerythra

  (Neumann, 1927) – Similar to the species nominal but with the chest, the belly and cheeks green with occasional shades of blue.




• Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens

  (Neumann, 1927) – Similar to the species nominal, but with the forecrown and crown brown, gray throat and upper chest, green on the upper cheeks; bluer in the lower chest

.



• Pyrrhura lepida lepida

  (Wagler, 1832) – Nominal.

The Pearly Parakeet, usually, inhabits moist terra firme forests. The species has been observed in forest edges, clear areas and second growth.

They are seen in flocks of up to ten birds, particularly in places where food is plentiful.

They nest hollow logs. The laying is of 3-4 eggs incubados during 23 days; the hatchling needs close to 7 weeks for independence.

probably catkins, small fruits and flowers.

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 585.000 km2

The Cotorra Pulcra is endemic to Northeast Brazil, to the South of the Amazonia. Observed around the basin Xingú and its tributaries, from the Pracui River and the left bank of Tocantins River, and from Belem and the Capim River, in For, east to around Sao Luis in maranhão, and from northern maranhão to the East of Rosary, although apparently no longer in some coastal areas, where according to sources, They were formerly quite common.

Today are rare and extinct in many parts of their former range (for example, North of maranhão) due to large-scale deforestation, although they are, apparently, tolerant habitat alterations.

The coerulescens subspecies It is near extinction due to the almost total loss of their habitat. The species is found in protected areas but its integrity is compromised by the illegal logging.

• Pyrrhura lepida anerythra

  (Neumann, 1927) – Alto Xingu tributaries, from the Pracui River and the left bank of Tocantins River




• Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens

  (Neumann, 1927) – North of maranhão to the East of Rosary)




• Pyrrhura lepida lepida

  (Wagler, 1832) –Nominal. Bethlehem and Capim River in For, to the this to Sao Luis in maranhão

Note:

Pyrrhura lepida is the new name of the taxon Pyrrhura perlata, whose name has been shown to be applied first to an immature bird of that species, Crimson-bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura perlata).

State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ

• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.

• Population trend: Decreasing.

• Population size : 6700 individuals.

Rationale for the Red List category

From a model of future deforestation in the Amazon basin, While shows some tolerance degraded landscapes, It suspected that the population of this species decline rapidly over the next three generations and, therefore, It has risen to Vulnerable.

Justification of the population

The population is preliminarily estimated at the number of at least 10.000 individuals, approximately equivalent to 6.700 mature individuals. This requires confirmation.

Justification of trend

It is suspected that this species has lost between 47 and the 64,5% of habitat suitable within their distribution during three generations (18 years) starting from a model of deforestation Amazon (Soares-Filho et to the ., 2006, Bird et to the ., 2011). But, because the species seems to have some degree of tolerance to habitat degradation (A. Lees in litt ., 2011), It suspected to decline by 30-49% during three generations.

Threats

Despite an apparent tolerance of some degradation of the habitat, It is perhaps close to extinction in coastal areas of northern maranhão, due to the large scale deforestation (Juniper and Parr, 1998). They are distributed within protected areas, but its integrity is compromised by the illegal logging (Juniper and Parr 1998). Deforestation in the Amazon basin is expected to increase as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production, provided by the expansion of the road network (Soares-Filho et to the. , 2006). The proposed changes to Brazilian Forest Code reduce the percentage of land that a private owner is legally required to keep as forest and include an amnesty for owners who deforested before July 2008 (That they would later be absolved of the need to reforest the illegally cleared land) (Bird et to the., 2011).

Rare in captivity.

It is a bird Vulnerable nationally in Brazil and protected by CITES Appendix II; each captive specimen of this species that is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.

– Pearly Conure, Pearly Parakeet (English).
– Conure perlée, Perriche perlée, Perruche perlée (French).
– Blausteißsittich (German).
– tiriba, tiriba-de-barriga-vermelha, Tiriba-peróla, tiriba-pérola (Portuguese).
– Catita cola granate, Cotorra Pulcra, Cotorra Ventrirroja (español).

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Pyrrhura
– Scientific name: Pyrrhura lepida
– Citation: (Wagler, 1832)
– Protonimo: Sittace lepida

Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida)

Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife

– Photos:

(1) – Pyrrhura lepida by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(2) – Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens Neumann, 1929 – Huub Veldhuijzen van Zanten / Naturalis Biodiversity Center [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida) also known as the Pearly Conure in aviculture. A pet parrot By manginwu (originally posted to Flickr as my name is twoday.) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Tiriba-perola [Pearly Parakeet] by Helio Lourencini – Flickr
(5) – Tiriba pearl (Pyrrhura perlata) – www.avesilvestre.com.br
(6) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr

– Sounds: GABRIEL MILK, XC212988. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/212988