24-25 cm.. height.
The Rose-headed Parakeet(Pyrrhura rhodocephala) is a small parrot with the body almost all green and a long tail. The more notorious is the hood pink reddish and the patch red behind them eyes; cheeks until uppertail-coverts green. Primary coverts white, other coverts green except, sometimes, some feathers scattered red-orange in the bend of wing. Outerwebs of them flight feather, Blue with black tips. Undertail-coverts green. Feathers of the throat, the chest and the sides of the neck, of color green olive with tips brownish that give an effect of scaly very dim; belly slightly more green olive that the upperparts, with a pale patch red in the center; the undertail-coverts green; at the top, the tail brownish red color; undertail, red clear.
Bill color pale horn; bare periophthalmic white; brown the irises; legs dark gray.
Both sexes similar.
The immature shows a crown bluish green with scattered red feathers, primary coverts Blue and base green until it tail.
It inhabits mainly in humid forests, secondary, and páramo, between 800 to 3400 m. Resident Although daily make long migrations.
Fly in flocks of 10 to 30 individuals.
Reproduction:
There is little information on reproduction, probably it breeding season between the months of May-June.
Food:
It probably feeds on berries, seeds, fruits and flowers.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 17,000 km2
Is probably resident but perform movements daily to distances considerable. They are distributed in several protected areas, apparently, effective, but the continuous deforestation in its small range must represent a threat to long term.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Stable.
Justification of the population
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but the species is described as quite common (Hilty 2003).
Justification of trend
They suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
– Photos:
(1) – fouragesofsand
(2) – Pyrrhura rhodocephala, Rose-crowned Parakeet by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
– Sounds:
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90 to 100 cm.. of length and a weight of 1,5 to 1,7 kg.
The Hyacinth Macaw(Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is the largest parrot; has a distinctive coloration, mostly blue intense, with different colors. Wings and tail below black. The basis of the bill and periocular ring, naked and yellow. The tail is very long, and its powerful bill Black is deeply curved and pointed.
The species Anodorhynchus glaucus, similar but smaller, extinct in the early 20th century, It may have been present in Bolivia.
The Hyacinth Macaw take advantage of a great diversity of habitats rich in various species of Palm trees with large seeds, of which feeds.
In the Brazilian Amazon avoid areas of more moisture, preferring lowland forests and seasonally wet formations with clear zones. In the drier parts of the northeast of Brazil inhabits areas of Plateau cut by Rocky valleys, steep with closed deciduous woodland, gallery forest and swamps with Mauritia flexuosa.
In the the Pantanal region birds frequent gallery forest with palm trees in areas covered with wet grass.
Apparently performs migratory movements.
Usually seen in pairs, family groups or small flocks (usually up to 10); much larger flocks reported before the decline.
Reproduction:
They nest in large tree hollows, in cracks in rocks from cliffs in the northeast of Brazil or in moriche or aguaje(Mauritia).
They usually put one or two eggs, although only one young usually survives if the second egg hatches a few days after the first, since the smaller calf cannot compete with the larger for food.
The incubation period lasts about a month, and the male will assist his partner while she incubates the eggs.
Young people remain with their parents up to three months of age. They reach maturity and begin to play on the seven years.
The breeding season is from August to December, Maybe a little later in areas of pantanal.
The palm nuts they take them from the own soil or plant (especially after a fire or when available as undigested remains in livestock droppings).
Other fruits that have information are the from the Ficus sp., as well as aquatic molluscs Pomacea.
Birds drink liquid from green palm fruits.
Distribution:
Its distribution includes the Centre of South America, Perhaps in several spacious separate areas.
In the Amazonia in For from the Tapajos River, to the East of the basin of the Tocantins River, extending to the South, possibly to the Northwestern area of Tocantins. At least before present North of the Amazon River (in Amapá, amazon and Roraima, Brazil) and perhaps some specimens can still inhabit, Although there is no known recent records.
A third important population focuses on habitats wetlands of the upper basin of the Paraguay River in the southwest of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and extending into the adjacent area of the East of Bolivia and North end of Paraguay.
Movements General residents but perhaps seasonal in the Amazon in relation to the ecology of the plants on which they feed.
The territory between the three current major distributions, can still be busy even though recent trends given, They seem to indicate that this seems unlikely.
Formerly common in some areas (for example, Mato Grosso). Now they are rather unevenly distributed, with the recent and likely declines continuous in its population due mainly to the illegal trade internal and to the smaller, but significant, international market of live birds. Also hunted for its feathers (especially Pari) and as food. Declining in some areas (for example Eastern Amazonia), because of the alteration or loss of habitat.
Total estimated wild population in 3000 (1.992). CITES Appendix I.
The Hyacinth Macaw It has been subjected to a massive illegal trade. At least 10.000 birds were captured in the wild, in the decade of 1980, with a 50% destined to the Brazilian market (Mittermeier et to the. 1990).
Among 1983-1984, more than 2.500 birds were moved out of Black Bay, Paraguay, with others 600 extra at the end of 1980 (J. Pryor in litt., 1998). Although these numbers are now much smaller, illegal trade continues (for example 10 bird went through a pet market in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, in August 2004 until July 2005, where the birds were changing hands for 1.000 $ US and went to Peru [Herrera and Hennessey 2007]). More recently it has been noted that there appears to be almost no illegal trade in this species in Bolivia (B. Hennessey in litt. 2012).
Through its area of distribution, There is something of the local game for use as food and for its feathers.
In the Amazon, habitat loss has occurred for cattle ranching and hydroelectric power systems in the rivers Tocantins and Xingu.
In the Pantanal, only the 5% trees S. apetala have suitable cavities (Guedes 1993, Johnson 1996). Young trees are used as food for livestock and burned by frequent fires (Newton 1994).
The Gerais is it being quickly transformed by mechanized agriculture, ranching and plantations of exotic trees (Conservation International 1999).
In Paraguay, the preferred habitats of the Hyacinth Macaw are considered seriously threatened (N. Kochalka Lopez in litt. 2013) and the Paso Bravo National Park suffering from illegal logging.
Conservation Actions Underway:
– CITES Appendix I and II, protected under Brazilian and Bolivian law and prohibition of exports from all countries of origin.
– Many landowners in the Pantanal (more and more in the Gerais) they do not allow hunters on their property.
– There are several studies long-term and conservation initiatives (for example. Anon 2004).
– Study of the range, the current status of the population and the scope of the negotiation of the different parts of its area of distribution (Snyder et to the., 2000).
– Assess the effectiveness of artificial nesting boxes (Snyder et to the., 2000).
– To enforce the legal measures that hinder trade.
– Experiment with ecotourism in one or two sites to encourage donors (Snyder et to the., 2000).
"Hyacinth Macaw" in captivity:
Rare up to 1970; then, starting at 1980, increased considerably in number of captive birds due to increased breeding.
Despite the prohibitions, many of these Macaws they are still trading at high prices (10.000 euros or more), due to its beauty and ease to mimic human language.
Rearing this species can be difficult and, Unfortunately, many chicks die each year in inexperienced hands.
From this page we strongly preserve these beautiful birds in their natural environment, sincerely not us seems reasonable to his tenure as a pet.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrots, Parrots and macaws (Neotropical)
– Photos:
(1) – Hyacinth Macaw also known as Hyacinthine Macaw at Disney’s Animal Kingdom Park by Hank Gillette [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Hyacinth Macaw at Brevard Zoo, Florida, USA By Rusty Clark from merritt usland FLA (Brevard Zoo Hyacinth Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Hyacinthine Macaw at Melbourne Zoo, Australia By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Anodorhynchus_hyacinthinus_-Australia_Zoo_-8.jpg: Erik (HASH) Hersman [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Hyacinth Macaws at Stone Zoo, Stoneham, Massachusetts, USA By Eric Kilby (originally posted to Flickr as Squawking Heads) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Hyacinthine Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) By Ana_Cotta (originally posted to Flickr as ARARA) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Hyacinth Macaws, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus at the Aquarium of the Americas in New Orleans, Louisiana By Derek Jensen [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A pair of Hyacinth Macaws and thier nest in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil By Geoff Gallice from Gainesville, FL, USA (Hyacinth macaws) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A Hyacinth Macaw preening at the Aquarium of the Americas, New Orleans, USA By Quinn Dombrowski (originally posted to Flickr as Dainty) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus by Hans – Pixabay
(10) – Illustration Guacamayo Jacinto By Lear, Edward [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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Red-billed leiothrix
Leiothrix lutea
Gaj album-cc
Content
Distribution
The Red-billed leiothrix It is in Japan, from China. They live in the wild in the mountainous regions of Southeast Asia, to the South of the range of the Himalayas in the North and the South of Indochina. It has a preference for wooded areas.
Some populations have been introduced in Japan and Hawaii where only live from the years 80 of the 20th century,There are also several colonies in Europe of birds breaks present in Portugal, France and Spain where it is recognized as an invasive species due to its establishment in the Collserola mountain range, next to the urban center of Barcelona.
The invasive nature of this species has led to the prohibition of importation, sale, reared and released into the environment in Japan
Physical characteristics
The japanese nightingale measured between 13 and 15 cm.. Your body is robust, the upper part is gray-green. The very round head of the same color. His eyes are black and round. The throat is bright yellow, becoming orange on the chest. The legs are short and strong an amarillo-pardo color, the Orange beak, thin, rugged.
These birds are very curious. Love to see the person who feeds them. They live to almost 1200 meters above the level of the sea in its natural habitat,
The wings are short and strong, with the rounded edges and small feathers of red and grey color, Black at the tip of the tail.
Very resistant to harsh weather conditions.
The sexual dimorphism it is not obvious, It is known with certainty by the song and the color of the chest in the female which is usually less intense. Another small difference is the width at the end of the queue, in the male it is of 1,5 cm in black, in the female this width is of 0,5 cm.. The female does not sing, emits small sharp noises.
Character and skills
The Red-billed leiothrix has many qualities, has a beautiful singing, mellow and pleasant without despising their plumage colorful.
In an Aviary it coexists with ease with other species that live in your House such as the Canaries, exotic small and finches. You will never see any aggression between them.
He is passionate about bathing and washing several times a day with joy.
Individually they can pleasantly live in a cage of 60 cm in length by 30 cm of width by 40 height cm. A couple of isolated re-sell without difficulty in a crate outside of 1 m in length by 1 m wide by 1,5 height m, situated ‘hanging’ under the canopy of a leafy tree and with an internal equipment of branches where able to weave the nest. An outdoor-indoor aviary is much more suitable for the breeding of these animals, but it will not be overcrowded and the other inhabitants should have protected nesting corners.
Food
This so-called Mockingbird has a very varied diet. It is mainly an insectivore, and it has a preference for insects, molluscs and snails. She loves the tender shoots and ant eggs. He is also fond of the fruit (sweet), citrus, apples, Pears, strawberries …. It also feeds on seeds, birdseed, oats, Niger, not to mention the pasta for insectivores and mealworms.
Nesting
Its nesting extends from May to July. The eggs (3 or 4 accounted for by the) be incubarán during 14 days. The young leave the nest quickly (13 days), Although parents continue feeding them for a while.
Images "Red-billed leiothrix"
Videos "Red-billed leiothrix"
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The Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) It, in general, green, with the forecrown and areas around eyes dark red.
In flight It is very evident dark red stain abdomen, the wings below greyish. The cheeks They have a greenish blue tone, the area surrounding the ear It is yellowish-brown and the breast feathers with design marginalized gray escamado.
Lives or lived in humid jungle, semi-humid, deciduous and gallery forests,low. It nests on trees of considerable size in hollow nests woodpeckers.
endemic to Colombia, in the lower valley of sinu river, Jaraquiel, Murrucucú hill, Córdoba.
Expeditions carried out in recent years have failed to sight it.
Estimated population: 0-100; The population trend: possibly extinct
We recommend that you devote to Sinú parakeet immediate attention to the conservation of this unique endemic species of the plain Sinu River.
Habitats in the jungle and near the Sinú river valley have been extensively altered and lost.
History:
The Sinú parakeet It was described by Todd 1917 as a distinctive bird endemic Valley Sinu River, Córdoba Department, Northwest of Colombia. Peters (1937), without evidence or any basis placed the Pyrrhura subandina within the species Pyrrhura picta, and the species immediately fell into obscurity as subspecies. However, Joseph and Stockwell (2002) they restored the status to Pyrrhura subandina as a species, based on a detailed assessment and phylogenetic analyses recent (com. pers. 2003).
DNA analysis has shown that the population of the Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) It is probably different (monotype) (Joseph & Stockwell 2002), although at present it remains a subspecies of the Pyrrhura picta pending further studies (SACC 2007).
There is no information on the ecology of the Sinú parakeet or current status. The species has never been reported alive and its range has been extensively deforested (Salaman obs. pers.)
At the beginning of 2004 Paul Salman He visited the four sites type; two are entirely deforested, While Quimari and the Cerro Murrucucú still have some fragmented forests. No evidence of any Pyrrhura It was obtained by observations and interviews with the local community. In May of 2004, a researcher at ProAves spent three months exploring in search of this species throughout the Murrucucú hill but their results were not favorable. The lack of recent records of this species and its restricted and unprotected range give reasons for concern about their survival and current status.
Reference: Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. 2002. Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitologia Neotropical 13: 1-8.
The Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) was last reliably recorded in 1949. Almost nothing was recorded about their habits. Not found during searches on 2004 and 2006 (ProAves Colombia 2008). He may be extinct, but if it still survives, this bird will be seriously threatened by habitat loss and hunting associated with the armed conflict in the region; The future of this Pyrrhura It looks bleak.
* Subspecies included within the species Pyrrhura picta.
The most notorious of the White-necked Parakeet(Pyrrhura albipectus) It is the yellowish-white or white that goes from the cheeks to chest.
Crown dark stripes pale gray on the back; frontal band reddish thin; cheeks escalations of yellow and green and ear-coverts Orange; collar full white and chest yellow; belly and remaining upperparts green. Wings Greens with primary coverts red and carpal area, and primaries Bluish; tail long and pointy green, red opaque at the bottom.
The immature lacks the frontal band and has paler the ear-coverts.
Lives mainly in humid primary forest, foraging on fruit trees, preferably along rivers, Although he tolerates areas open and intercepted, from 900 to 2000 m (usually between 1400 and 1800 m).
Make altitudinal movements following the fruiting. Flies in flocks of 12 to 50 individuals. It bathes in pools or between rocks covered with MOSS.
Reproduction:
There is little evidence about its reproduction, possibly from May to July. A young clerk was seen in September (Snyder et to the., 2000).
Food:
The diet includes fruit, seeds and flowers Vine, mainly taken in the canopy.
Distribution:
Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 19.600 km2
Confined to three areas in southeast Ecuador and recently also it has been found in northern Peru.
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as Vulnerable because it dwells in a few places and has a small range in which the habitat (and presumably the population) it is decreasing.
Justification of the population
The total population it may be only a few thousand birds, by what is placed in the band 2.500-9.999 individuals. This is equivalent to 1.667-6.666 mature individuals, rounded here to 1.500-7.000 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is suspected that the species is falling slowly, on the basis of continuous habitat destruction.
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix II.
• The Podocarpus national park It is an important site for the conservation of the species. A revised management plan has been designed for the area and a public awareness campaign highlights the importance of the park (Snyder et to the. 2000).
• The White-necked Parakeet It is also found in the reserve Tapichalaca of 3.500 acres of the Fundación Jocotoco, where they are used successfully artificial nesting boxes (Waugh 2009).
• It is also located in the Ichigkat Muja- Condor Range National Park (F. Angulo 2012 a bit.).
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Conduct surveys to assess species distribution and total population size.
• Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation within its range.
• Manage the Podocarpus national park so that endangered species are better protected.
"White-necked Parakeet" in captivity:
It is not easy to find it in captivity.
Alternative names:
– White-necked Parakeet, White necked Parakeet, White-breasted Conure, White-breasted Parakeet, White-necked Conure (English).
– Conure à col blanc, Perriche à col blanc, Perruche à col blanc (French).
– Weißhalssittich, Weisshals-Sittich (German).
РTiriba-do-pesco̤o-branco (Portuguese).
РCotorra Cuelliblanca, Perico de Pecho Blanco (espa̱ol).
– Perico de Cuello Blanco (Peru).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
– Photos:
(1) – Ingrid Grunwald, IBC943789. Photo of White-necked Parakeet Pyrrhura albipectus at Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador. Accessible at hbw.com/ibc/943789.
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White-cheeked turaco
Turaco leucotis
Origin: Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan
Character: Dynamic and curious
Life expectancy: 8 to 10 years
Height: 42 to 43 cm..
Photo: fotosricardo-h
Content
Characteristics
This striking bird is native to Africa (area of Ethiopia) and reaches a size of 42 to 43 cm..
It has bright green feathers, with a dark crest on the head, may stands at will, the Underwing coverts are blue like the tail, While the primaries are intense red, and in general only be appreciated with the bird in flight. The beak is orange-red, like the ring around the eyes. In front of the eye they have "white cheeks" and two oblique white marks on the neck..
Has several other anatomical features of interest. First of all, they have strong feet and you can turn your fourth finger of the foot forward or backwards to get a better grip on its perch. In second place, the chickens of this species have claws on their wings, a strange and evocative anatomical feature for a bird that almost seems to be reminiscent of its ancient cousin, the Archaeopteryx. The chicks emerging from these claws at the time of leaving the nest.
Most of these birds have green plumage and is the result of a combination of structural coloration and pigments.. They are unique since only the Turacos, among all the birds, they produce a Green pigment, turacoverdin, It is the color of their feathers.
Character and skills
This beautiful and energetic African bird is a very popular bird in the United States and the United Kingdom., they can even be hand fed by what you become very mansas pets.
Another curiosity, and one of the things by which this bird strikes is by singing, which, It resembles the squeal of a wild monkey.
Images "White-cheeked turaco"
Videos "White-cheeked turaco"
â–· The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians
17 to 19 cm.. height.
The Mountain Parakeet(Psilopsiagon aurifrons) is distinguishable by the face yellow and the belly yellow with dye-Green, bill pale, wing
with extreme blue (notorious is when closed), tail long. Bill and legs color clear. Iris black.
The female with face green and belly yellow-green.
Treated above as Bolborhynchus aurifrons.
(Berlioz & Dorst, 1956) – With very little or nothing of yellow and very little dimorphic sexual, they resemble females of the subspecies nominal and robertsi. The females sometimes have the bill grey;
Psilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi
(Carriker, 1933) – It has yellow only in the forecrown, sides bill, throat with green dye, and belly green with yellow line on the sides.
Psilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris
(Burmeister, 1860) – With mask facial blue sky and no sexual dimorphism
Habitat:
Video – "Mountain Parakeet" (Psilopsiagon aurifrons)
It is found in variety of ecosystems, forest in gallery, Puna and crops, from 1000 to 2900 m (sometimes from sea level up to 4500 m). It is possible to carry out local migration after reproduction. gregarious.
Reproduction:
Sometimes They nest colonially, in cracks or holes in inaccessible Rocky escarpments. breeding station: From October to December, North of Chile, February/March, Argentina.
Food:
It feeds on shoots, seeds, vegetables and fruits.
Distribution:
Size of the distribution (reproduction / resident): 820.000 km2
Can be found in the Centre and South of the Andes, from Peru until Argentina and Chile.
(Burmeister, 1860) – The sheds Andean of the Northwest Argentine, between Catamarca and Córdoba, and South of Chile
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Stable.
This species has a very large range, and therefore not it approaches the threshold of Vulnerable on the criterion of size of the area.
The trend of the population seems to be stable, and therefore, the species is not approaching thresholds for vulnerable under the trend of criterion.
For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least concern.
"Mountain Parakeet" in captivity:
It´s rare in captivity. They are very susceptible to stress and disease, so many die during the process of acclimatization. It is good to acclimatize it in a large aviary with other birds. Prone to deficiency of vitamin D3.
Need of hiding places so that they may disappear from view.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
– Photos:
(1) – Mountain Parakeet; two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as mountain oarakeet) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Two Mountain Parakeets seen between Uquia to Yavi, Salta, Argentina By Ron Knight from Seaford, East Sussex, United Kingdom (Mountain ParakeetUploaded by snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The Yellow-crested cockatoo(Cacatua sulphurea) It is distinguished by its long, thin yellow erectile crest, that curves forward, and extending upward, above the nape, when it folded. The front of his crown and main feathers crest, are white. The rest of your plumage It is also white, except in yellow suffusion ear-coverts, under the wings and in the innerwebs of the undertail-coverts. The bases of the hackles and underparts, They are yellowed; some birds show a slight yellow tone, particularly on chest and the belly. The bill It is black; eye ring pale bluish; irises dark brown; legs grey. The female is similar to the male but with the irises reddish and slightly smaller.
The young birds They show both sexes irises dark taupe, although females They begin to acquire the red coloration in the first year. The bill and legs immature are also lighter.
(Oberholser, 1917) – Similar to the parvula, but largest.
Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata
Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata
(Fraser, 1844) – Slightly larger than the nominal, with one crest orange & ear-coverts orange yellow. Additional research may provide a basis for improving this subspecies to a specific status..
Cacatua sulphurea parvula
(Bonaparte, 1850) – Similar to the nominal species, but with the ear-coverts paler and less yellow on yellow feathers underparts. the size of the bill in this subspecies it increases clinically towards the west.
They inhabit at the edges of the forest, wooded areas, farmland, cocoteros, semi-arid areas and forests until the 800 m (locally 1.200 m).
The Yellow-crested cockatoo usually they found in pairs or small groups of up to ten individuals, although they may meet in larger flocks to feed on fruit trees. They can form flocks with Eclectus Parrot(Eclectus roratus).
They tend to be noisy and visible, but can be difficult to spot when moving silently in the canopy, and they are more often in flight. The groups who leave their resting places in the montane forest areas frequently displace forage at lower altitudes including cultivated fields. Pairs may hover conspicuously above the forest canopy searching for fruitful trees, allowing a reasonably close approach when resting on a branch.
The crest It is generally stands when landing, or when an individual is making calls from a perch. Like most of the Cockatoos They enjoy a bath in the rain.
Reproduction:
Specimens of Yellow-crested cockatoo on the island of button in State reproductive during the months of September and October, although Nusa Tenggara the breeding It occurs in the months of April and May. The female It lays two or three white eggs in the hollow of a tree, and incubation lasts around 28 days with both parents participating. Chicks they leave the nest to 10 weeks and are dependent parent for about two months.
Food:
They feed in trees and soil. Its diet It includes seeds, corn (Zea mays) of cultivated fields, fruit, berries, egg yolks, flowers and nuts (including large coconuts (cocos nucifera)).
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.360.000 km2
The Yellow-crested cockatoo They are confined Indonesian, where they can be seen in the lowlands Isla Celebes (virtually extinct in the north), islands in the Flores sea, in Nusa Tenggara and isolated islands Masalembu in the Java Sea.
introduced in Singapore and Hong Kong. The species is found in both wooded areas and cultivated and is scarce throughout its range. It is estimated that the world population total is less than 40.000 birds and is decreasing. Although populations of the nominal subspecies and of the subspecies parvula may still be close to 10.000 specimens, the citrinocristata subspecies It has an estimated population between 800 and 7.200 only individuals, having declined by 80% between the years 1986 and 1989, while the distinctive subspecies abbotti It is now represented by only nine individuals in nature.
Although habitat loss is clearly a factor in Sumba, where distribution appears to be linked to the extent of primary forest (is only about 15% the original forest), trade is the main threat to the species as a whole. Trade data show that exported almost 100.000 birds in years 1980-1992. The export citrinocristata subspecies It was banned in 1992 by local authorities, and 26 birds were confiscated in September of that year. There are probably at least 50 individuals of each subspecies in public collections and more than 2.000 in private aviculture, although the numbers for the subspecies abbotti They are unknown.
(Fraser, 1844) – Sumba, where it can be seen in the remaining forest around left, or east of the island, where it may still be locally common; an expedition of the Manchester Metropolitan University found it common in the remaining forest areas in 1990, with the greatest discovery of birds, a group of five birds, found in primary forest near Tabundung
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Its crashing fall It is almost entirely attributable to the unsustainable exploitation for domestic and international trade. Logging to the conversion of forests for agriculture as well as the use of pesticides for land and large-scale.
Justification of the population
Based on recent surveys in various parts of the range of the species, C. Trainor in some (2007) It has been estimated the world population in less than 7.000 individuals: 3.200-5.000 en Sumba (though perhaps only 562 in 2012, Burung Indonesia en preparación), 500 en Komodo, 200-300 en Timor Leste, 200-300 en Sulawesi, 20-50 in West Timor, 40-70 Flores, 50-100 en Sumbawa, 100 in Rinca and other 700 birds in total. The best data is located in the band 2.500-9.999 individuals, equivalent to 1.667-6.666 mature individuals, rounded here to 1.500-7.000 mature individuals.
Conservation actions and research in progress
CITES Appendix I (2005). It has developed and adopted a recovery plan cooperative and has prepared an update 2012 (D. Mulyawati in some. 2012). The populations are found in various protected areas, It is the most important Rawa Aopa Watumohai (55 copies in 2011 [Waugh 2013]) and National Parks Caraente (en Sulawesi), supporting up 100 individuals (transgressed 2006) , Reserva Natural de Wildlife en Pulau Moyo, Komodo National Park and two national parks in Sumba: Manupeu-Tanadaru y Laiwangi-Wanggameti. Nini Konis Santana National Park declared in Timor has a 100 estimated birds (Trainor et al., Without date) . In Rawa Aopa Watumohai nests they have been protected from predators by removing vegetation pendant necklaces and installation of plastic around the tree trunks nesting (Waugh 2013). Moratoriums on international trade are in effect, although it is likely that a large proportion of trade is a national. Several subpopulations of Sulphur-crested Cockatoo have increased in Sumba between 1992 and 2002, due to conservation efforts (including local education, ecotourism and law enforcement), although densities remained below those typical for other cockatoo species (Cahill et al ., 2006) . Capture for trade has declined dramatically in Sumba through a variety of awareness and protection measures of the community (D. Mulyawati in some. 2012).
Following the surveys of 2008 and 2009, the Indonesia Parrot Project and Konservasi Kakatua Indonesia have started meetings with community leaders and villagers in Masakambing and Masalembu, as well as with the military and local police, to raise awareness and gain support for Sulphur-crested Cockatoo conservation (Metz et al. Al., 2009) . A conservation program-awareness-pride has also begun to involve adults and school Archipelago Masalembu (Metz et al. , 2009, Translating et al., 2009) And in Southeast Sulawesi (Anon., 2012). A "village regulation" was written to catch, possess or transport the species and initiate measures to reduce habitat destruction and employ a former village chief to guard and protect nests and study Sulphur-crested Cockatoos (Translating et al., 2009) . Moronone community in Rawa Aopa Watumohai NP, where four members of the village have been hired as Forest Wardens (Anon., 2012), have established similar community-based regulations. The guards protect the species against poachers and perform monitoring activities (Waugh 2013). The pest status of the species can be addressed by planting crops to compensate for losses and to act as a "sacrifice culture", for example, sunflower fields are used to attract the species out of other crops (Waugh 2013). Mangrove restoration is also being used to increase nesting habitat available (Waugh 2013). a repeat of the population census is planned abbotti , together with studies on its biological history and ecology (Metz et al., 2009) .
Proposed Research and Conservation Actions
Carry out further studies (including Roti, but also more studies on Alor and Pantar) to identify the most appropriate action for conservation areas and to periodically monitor key population surveys repeating ago 8-10 years. Provide relevant support for protected areas and conservation initiatives within its range and protect nests when possible. Strengthen the protection of forest Poronumbu, Sumba, declaring Nature Reserve (Translating y Agustina 2012). Strengthen control, the enforcement and monitoring of trade and establishing greater management of captive populations. Improve law enforcement in designated protected areas and other key areas for trade, including ports, markets, etc. Promote widespread community conservation initiatives. These may include, en la isla de Pasoso, Sulawesi Central, work to protect the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo should involve all five families living on the island and introduce community involvement programs for children and adults on several other islands where the species occurs (Translating y Agustina 2012). The recommendations formulated specifically for the protection of the species in the Komodo National Park consisted of carrying out an annual monitoring, maintain regular patrols, sensitize local communities and studying human activities and impacts within the park (Imansyah et al ., 2005, Benstead 2006) . Conduct ecological research to clarify options for management and conservation. Other objectives should be to study the abundance and distribution of nest holes and water sources.. The provision of artificial sources of water near the nesting sites, that is to say, water ponds, It is essential for the species on the island of Komodo and may also be necessary to protect the nests of young Komodo dragons in Komodo (Translating y Agustina, 2012).
"Yellow-crested cockatoo" in captivity:
The male Yellow-crested cockatoo It is especially aggressive with the female, sometimes to kill her. This phenomenon is known in many cockatoo species..
among the white cockatoos, this is somewhat difficult to breed in captivity. As a pet can be a formidable partner provided it has been raised for that purpose and to provide much attention.
It is very difficult for them to disconnect in the presence of their owners and entertain themselves without seeking continuous interaction.
Great ability to imitate human sound within the world of cockatoos.
Note: Because of its status, CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, only controlled captive breeding is recommended in an attempt to recover this species in the wild.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Cacatua sulphurea by Charles Lam – Flickr
(2) – Citron-crested Cockatoo(Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata) in the Walsrode Bird Park, Germany By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A Yellow-crested Cockatoo at Auckland Zoo, New Zealand By Ashleigh Thompson (originally posted to Flickr as Captain) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, Citron-crested Cockatoo. Photograph of upper body and crest By Ruth Rogers (originally posted to Flickr as Citron Cockatoo) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Citron-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata). The glass between the camera and this parrot makes the picture just a little bit blurry By Alexander Tundakov (originally posted to Flickr as White Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Photo of Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (wings clipped) By Snowmanradio, with permission from Tropical Birdland, Leicestershire, England. (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) at the KOBE Oji Zoo by opencage.info
(8) – Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (wings clipped) By Snowmanradio, with permission from Tropical Birdland, Leicestershire, England. (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) by Darren – Flickr
(10) – Yellow-Crested Cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea by Sek Keung Lo – Flickr
(11) – Cacatua sulphurea by Charles Lam – Flickr
(12) – Cacatua sulphurea by Charles Lam – Flickr
(13) – Cacatua sulphurea by Pichon Charles Lam – Flickr
(14) – A painting of a Yellow-crested Cockatoo, also known as the Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, (originally captioned «Plyctolophus sulphureus. Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo») by Edward Lear 1812-1888. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Minor Concern ⓘ
(UICN)ⓘ
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