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Cliff Parakeet
Myiopsitta luchsi

Cliff Parakeet

Content

Description:

Cliff Parakeet

26-28 cm.. length and a weight between 120 and 140 g..
The Cliff Parakeet (Myiopsitta luchsi) It has a medium size and is mainly green; the front of the crown, lower face and the chest, They are whitish, becoming bright yellow on the lower chest and the belly; the primaries and tail (medium-sized long), They are bright metallic blue.
Similar Monk Parakeet has less extensive white color crown, pale yellow instead of bright yellow in the belly and the pale gray chest It has a scaling effect that give centers feathers dark.

Bill color horn.

The immature They are similar to adults but with forecrown gray tinged with green.


Taxonomic note:

      This species was described in 1868 by Finsch as Bolborhynchus luchsi, with specimens from Bolivia. Later, the species was transferred to the genus Myiopsitta and the name Myiopsitta luchsi It was used apparently to 1918 by Cory. From 1943, Bond & de Schauensee and they treat it as a subspecies of monachus (Myiopsitta monachus luchsi), approach that has been followed by all modern authors, but Necklace (1997) finally he considers that the morphological characters and their way of nesting are sufficient to raise again species level.

Habitat:

Video – "Cliff Parakeet" (Myiopsitta luchsi)

It shares the same habitat with another endemic parrot, the Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys), although both species do not compete because they feed on different plants.

They found in dry woodland or open fields including fields with trees gallery woods, isolated groups of trees, Palm trees, forests, savannah and scrubland thorny cactus. It is also found in cultivated areas. Visitors from some urban areas. Until 3000 m.

Reproduction:

The breeding season occurs between December and March in crevices in cliffs, constructing a bulky nest branches. Unlike Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), the Cliff Parakeet does not nest commonly, but often the nests are placed immediately adjacent to each other. The female is in charge of making this nest, as well as its maintenance.
Couples are for life. The laying is of 5 to 8 eggs per clutch, and incubation lasts a few 26 days. At six weeks old chicks can now leave their nest.

Food:

It feeds on seeds of various fruits, including those of fruits cactus Neocardenasia herzogiana and seeds of the Acacia furcatispina; It is also known to feed on cultivated corn.

Distribution:

Size of its range (breeding/resident): 148.000 km2

Restricted to xerophytic vegetation, near cliffs in intermountain valleys of eastern Andes of Bolivia, from the southeast of Peace, South of Cochabamba and West Santa Cruz, to the North of Chuquisaca and possibly other areas.

Its range is very similar to the Red-fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys).

Conservation:

State of conservation โ“˜


minor concern Minor Concern โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

โ€ข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

โ€ข Population trend: Unknown.

Justification of the population

The size of the population has not been estimated, but the species has been described as ยซquite commonยป (pit et to the., 1997) and "possibly quite rare" (Juniper and Parr 1998).

Justification of trend

Population trends are difficult to determine due to uncertainty about the extent and severity of threats to the species..
However, like many parrots, They face the traffic of wildlife and wild captivity. Also they suffer direct and immediate consequences of the destruction of their habitat by deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier.

Conservation Actions Underway

The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES.

"Cliff Parakeet" in captivity:

Quite common. Very sociable, but shy with the human being.
It is able to vocalize or imitate words, although this quality is far from possessing the capabilities of some genera of the same family.

Alternative names:

– Cliff Parakeet, Bolivean monk parakeet, monk parakeet, Monk Parakeet (Cliff) (English).
– Perriche des falaises, Conure de Luchs, Conure des falaises, Conure des rochers (French).
– Luchssittich, Bolivien Mรถnchsittich, Bolivien-Mรถnchsittich (German).
– Cliff Parakeet (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Boliviana (espaรฑol).

Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch
Friedrich Hermann Otto Finsch

scientific classification:


– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Myiopsitta
– Scientific name: Myiopsitta luchsi
– Citation: (Finsch, 1868)
– Protonimo: Luchs Bolborrhynchus


Images ยซBolivian Parrotยป:

Videos ยซBolivian Parrotยป:



Species of the genus Myiopsitta

Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– FAUNA – Psittacidae

– Photos:

(1) – Bolivian Parrot, Bolivia, Sud Chichas, Churquipampa by giorgetta.ch
(2) – Bolivian Parrot, Bolivia, Sud Chichas, Cerro Elefante by giorgetta.ch
(3) – Bolivian Parrot, Bolivia, Sud Chichas, Churquipampa by giorgetta.ch
(4) – A couple of Bolivian parrots in their nest located in the chalky wall of Churquipampa where its waters fall almost freely 330 meters to the creek. The female is arranging the main entrance of the nest while the male takes delight in watching her work by giorgetta.ch
(5) – Bolivian Parrot, Bolivia, Sud Chichas, Churquipampa by giorgetta.ch
(6) – Myopsittacus luchsi = Myiopsitta (monachus) luchsi, Cliff Parakeet, sometimes treated as a subspecies of the Monk Parakeet by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Andrew Spencer (Xeno-canto)

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Slender-billed Parakeet
Enicognathus leptorhynchus

Slender-billed Parakeet

Content

Description:

40 to 42 cms. length and 200 to 250 g. of weight.
The Slender-billed Parakeet (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) has the lores, forecrown and a narrow ring feathers around the eyes bright crimson red; cheeks and sides neck, green; feathers of the crown, the nape, the the mantle and back, with dark green margins producing a scalloped effect (more pronounced in the crown, where the feathers are brighter and more emerald).

Scapulars, rump and uppertail-coverts They are green. Primary coverts green with blue suffusion; other coverts green. Flight feathers green-blue above with dark margins in innerwebs near the tips; light gray below. Underwing-coverts brighter yellowish green. Underparts yellowish green with patch dull red in centre of belly. Upper, the long tail red is off; greenish toward the tip; undertail, dull red suffused greyish.

Slender-billed Parakeet

The upper jaw It is dark gray with colored tip horn, the lower jaw is horn; Strait bare periophthalmic grey; irises orange-red; legs grey.

Both sexes are similar.

Immature darker, with the upper jaw shorter, less red in the face little or no red on belly.

  • Sound of the Slender-billed Parakeet.

Habitat:

Video – "Slender-billed Parakeet" (Enicognathus leptorhynchus)

CHOROY PARROT EATING

The Slender-billed Parakeet dwells in wooded areas, mainly Nothofagus and Araucaria, although they can be seen in more open cultivated fields or pastures, especially in winter. Its range is from sea level in winter to 2.000 meters in summer. Usually in flocks, of a few individuals to several hundred, even in breeding season; large communal concentrations sometimes composed of several thousand birds.

Reproduction:

Nests generally treeholes, often at a certain height and several couples using the same tree; very deep holes fill them with twigs to raise the base level. Occasionally nidifican in rock crevices, building the nest with twigs (for example, bamboo thicket This chusquea) if there is no tree cavities available. breeding season in November-December. Clutch 5-6 eggs.

Food:

Its diet It consists of seeds of wild and cultivated plants (They are sometimes considered a pest), including grains and thistles, seed cones araucaria (March April) open with its elongated peaks, acorns, seeds of Nothofagus and bulbous roots. generally place vigilantes while the rest of the birds feed.

Distribution and status:

Distribution area (breeding / resident): 195.000 km2

The Slender-billed Parakeet It is confined to the center Chile, from the South of Santiago through coastal lowlands and valleys on the slopes of hills peaceful, south to the Chiloe Island and maybe Palena River in the North of Aysen; They can also be seen in Isla Mocha off the southwest coast bio bio.

made some movements altitudinal seasonal, with moving from coastal lowlands to the foothills of the hills between spring and autumn bird (September-May).

Quite common, although in recent decades its population has suffered a decline due to, fundamentally, deforestation, his capture and the Newcastle disease.

Less frequent and perhaps only sporadic in the northern and southern ends of its range.

Caught locally as pets, although quite rare in captivity outside Chile.

Conservation:

State of conservation โ“˜


minor concern Minor Concern โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜
  1. Current red list category of the UICN: Least concern.
  2. The population trend: Stable.
  3. Population size : Unknown.

(classified in Appendix II of CITES)

Justification of the Red List of the Category

This species has a range very large, and as a result does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence <20.000 km2). La tendencia de la population seems to be stable, and therefore the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable according to the population trend criterion. (> 30% decrease of more than ten years or three generations). The population size It has not been quantified, but are not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable based on population size criteria (<10.000 individuos maduros con una disminuciรณn continua estima en> 10% in ten years or three generations, or in a particular population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least concern.

Justification of the population

The world population It has not been quantified, but the species according to sources is locally common (pit et to the., 1997).

Justification trend

The population suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.

"Slender-billed Parakeet" in captivity:

Virtually unknown until 1976.

It is a nice and noisy bird, whose docility and cunning behavior have meant it to be hunted down and captured to commercialize as pets, very common but absolutely illegal practice, because they are removed from their natural means of inhabitancy in South Chile, which they can not be replaced in urban areas and in captivity. People who do sell through a network of illegal trafficking. However, it is a rare bird watching in captivity outside Chile.

In captivity, according to sources, a specimen lived 15,3 years.

Alternative names:

– Chilean Parakeet, Long-billed Conure, Long-billed Parakeet, Slender billed Parakeet, Slender-billed Conure, Slender-billed Parakeet, Slight-billed Conure, Slight-billed Parakeet (English).
– Conure ร  long bec, Perriche ร  long bec, Perruche ร  long bec (French).
– Langschnabelsittich, Langschnabel-Sittich (German).
– Periquito Delgado-faturado (Portuguese).
– Choroy, Cotorra Choroy (espaรฑol).


scientific classification:

Admiral Phillip Parker King
Admiral Phillip Parker King

Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Enicognathus
Scientific name: Enicognathus leptorhynchus
Citation: (King, PP, 1831)
Protonimo: Psittacara leptorhyncha

Images Slender-billed Parakeet:



Species of the genus Enicognathus

Sources:

  • Avibase
  • Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
  • Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
  • Birdlife
  • surmagico

– Photos:

  • (1) Enicognathus leptorhynchus (Slender-billed parakeet), Vogelpark Walsrode Taken sometime during 1985 by Rรผdiger Stehn – Flickr
  • (2) Enicognathus leptorhynchus Paso Mamuil by Malal xerofito – Flickr
  • (3) they choroy, recovering after being stoned Austral By Blizzard (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
  • (4) Slender-billed Parakeets rehabilitating in a Parque Tumbes in a large aviary, Talcahuano, Bio Bio Region, Chile. In January 2012, about a 100 parrots were rescued from a pet shop in La Granja, Santiago Province, Chile. They were rehabilitated for about three months before being released to the wild. By Municipality of Talcahuano [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
  • (5) Enicognathus leptorhynchus – thin-beaked conure – Slender-billed conure – long-billed conure Florin Feneru – Flickr
  • (6) A painting of a Slender-billed Parakeet (originally captioned ยซPsittacara leptorhyncha Long-billed. Parrakeet-Maccaw.ยป) by Edward Lear 1812-1888 [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: Ross Gallardy, XC296142. accessible www.xeno-canto.org/296142

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Sinรบ parakeet (sub)
Pyrrhura subandina

Cotorrita del Sinรบ

Content

Description:

21 to 23 cm.. height.

The Sinรบ parakeet (Pyrrhura subandina) It, in general, green, with the forecrown and areas around eyes dark red.

In flight It is very evident dark red stain abdomen, the wings below greyish. The cheeks They have a greenish blue tone, the area surrounding the ear It is yellowish-brown and the breast feathers with design marginalized gray escamado.

Lives or lived in humid jungle, semi-humid, deciduous and gallery forests,low. It nests on trees of considerable size in hollow nests woodpeckers.

endemic to Colombia, in the lower valley of sinu river, Jaraquiel, Murrucucรบ hill, Cรณrdoba.

Expeditions carried out in recent years have failed to sight it.

Estimated population: 0-100; The population trend: possibly extinct

We recommend that you devote to Sinรบ parakeet immediate attention to the conservation of this unique endemic species of the plain Sinu River.

Habitats in the jungle and near the Sinรบ river valley have been extensively altered and lost.

History:

The Sinรบ parakeet It was described by Todd 1917 as a distinctive bird endemic Valley Sinu River, Cรณrdoba Department, Northwest of Colombia. Peters (1937), without evidence or any basis placed the Pyrrhura subandina within the species Pyrrhura picta, and the species immediately fell into obscurity as subspecies. However, Joseph and Stockwell (2002) they restored the status to Pyrrhura subandina as a species, based on a detailed assessment and phylogenetic analyses recent (com. pers. 2003).

DNA analysis has shown that the population of the Sinรบ parakeet (Pyrrhura subandina) It is probably different (monotype) (Joseph & Stockwell 2002), although at present it remains a subspecies of the Pyrrhura picta pending further studies (SACC 2007).

There is no information on the ecology of the Sinรบ parakeet or current status. The species has never been reported alive and its range has been extensively deforested (Salaman obs. pers.)

At the beginning of 2004 Paul Salman He visited the four sites type; two are entirely deforested, While Quimari and the Cerro Murrucucรบ still have some fragmented forests. No evidence of any Pyrrhura It was obtained by observations and interviews with the local community. In May of 2004, a researcher at ProAves spent three months exploring in search of this species throughout the Murrucucรบ hill but their results were not favorable. The lack of recent records of this species and its restricted and unprotected range give reasons for concern about their survival and current status.

    Reference: Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. 2002. Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitologia Neotropical 13: 1-8.

The Sinรบ parakeet (Pyrrhura subandina) was last reliably recorded in 1949. Almost nothing was recorded about their habits. Not found during searches on 2004 and 2006 (ProAves Colombia 2008). He may be extinct, but if it still survives, this bird will be seriously threatened by habitat loss and hunting associated with the armed conflict in the region; The future of this Pyrrhura It looks bleak.

* Subspecies included within the species Pyrrhura picta.

Sinรบ parakeet (Pyrrhura subandina)



Especies del gรฉnero Pyrrhura

Sources:

– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws.
– eLibrary
– proaves
– Extinct Birds by Julian P. Hume, Michael Walters.

Photo: Parrots, Parrots and macaws Neotropical

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Golden-winged Parakeet
Brotogeris chrysoptera


Catita Alidorada

Content

Description:

Golden-winged Parakeet

18 cm.. height.
The Golden-winged Parakeet ((Brotogeris chrysoptera)) has a tail short and finished in tip, bill Of course, body almost all green.

Its main characteristic is to have wing a patch orange or gold and the end blue (more visible on the fly). Crown bluish, forecrown and throat orange.
The eye ring is whitish and without feathers; the irises is of color Brown dark and the legs flesh-colored.
The immature is distinguished by not having the Golden wing patch.

Subspecies description
  • Brotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera

    (Linnaeus, 1766) – The nominal.


  • Brotogeris chrysoptera chrysosema

    (Sclater,PL) – Golden parakeets. Its plumage is generally more yellow. L0s adults have yellow-orange the forecrown and the regions between them eyes and the peak, on the sides of the head. There is a patch in the chin orange. The primary coverts are yellow. Son bigger the species nominal.


  • Brotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis

    (Gyldenstolpe, 1941) – Codajรกs Golden parakeets. Similar to subspecies nominal, but the frontal band is more pale and of color brown reddish. The patch of the chin is a yellow-brown color.


  • Brotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons

    (Friedmann, 1945) – Black River Parakeets. Similar in appearance to the subspecies Brotogeris chrysoptera tuipara, with the exception of the frontal band orange, which is minimal or absent.


  • Brotogeris chrysoptera tuipara

    (Gmelin, 1788) – Parakeets Tuipara. It also seems to refer to the species, with the exception of its plumage that is usually more yellow. adults have a frontal band fine of color orange and a patch Orange in the chin. The lateral feathers with edges yellow. They are also bigger that the subspecies nominal.

Habitat:

Video – "Golden-winged Parakeet" (Brotogeris chrysoptera)

It inhabits in humid forest and savannah, more common to 300 meters although it has reported to them 1200 m. You in groups small of 8 to 16 individuals not reproductive time, It is common to see more than 100 consuming fruits in the canopy. Noisy when flying and silent when they feed on.

Reproduction:

Nest on trees, in hollows and termite mounds. Breeding season in November, February and April.

Food:

With feeds of the nectar of the flowers, fruit, figs, berries and seeds.

Distribution:

Size of the distribution (reproduction / resident): 3.110.000 km2

Its population is distributed between the East of Venezuela, Guyanas, Center and East of the Brazilian Amazon.

Subspecies distribution

Conservation:

State of conservation โ“˜


minor concern Minor Concern โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

โ€ข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

โ€ข Population trend: Decreasing.

Justification of the population

The size of the world population It has not been quantified, but this species is described as ยซcommonยป (Stotz et to the., 1996).

Justification of trend

It is suspected that this species has lost 20,7-24,8% of habitat suitable within their distribution during three generations (15 years), on the basis of a model of Amazon deforestation (Soares-Filho et to the., 2006, Bird et to the., 2011). So, It is suspected that will decrease in <25% durante tres generaciones.

"Golden-winged Parakeet" in captivity:

Rare in captivity. They are birds a bit nerve until you are acclimatized to its owner. They can be housed in an Aviary with other parrots.

Alternative names:

– Golden-winged Parakeet, Golden winged Parakeet, Golden-winget parakeet, Tuipara Parakeet (English).
– Toui para (French).
– Braunkinnsittich (German).
– periquitinho, Periquito-de-asa-dourada, periquito-de-asas-douradas, tuipara-de-asa-dourada, tuipara-de-asa-laranja, periquitinho, periquito-de-asas-douradas, tuipara-de-asa-dourada, tuipara-de-asa-laranja (Portuguese).
– Catita Alidorada, Periquito de Alas Amarillas (espaรฑol).
– Periquito Ala Dorada (Venezuela).

Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Psittacidae
– Genus: Brotogeris
– Scientific name: Brotogeris chrysoptera
– Citation: (Linnaeus, 1766)
– Protonimo: Psittacus chrysopterus


Images "Golden-winged Parakeet"



Species of the genus Brotogeris

Sources:

– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Parrot Book, Parrots and macaws Neotropical

– Photos:

(1) – animalphotos
(2) – Modern accepted name (2012) is Brotogeris chrysoptera By William Swainson, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Zoological Illustrations, Volume I.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

– Sounds: controles-canto.org

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Glossy black cockatoo
Calyptorhynchus lathami


Glossy black cockatoo

Content

Description

46 to 51 cm.. height and between 400 and 500 g. of weight.
The Glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) is the smallest of the 5 black cockatoos and is restricted to the East coast of Australia (a population isolated also is reproduced in the Islands Kangaroo).
The male is brown-black color with a small crest rounded and bright Scarlet spots in the tail. The female shows spots irregular in color yellow in it head, The Scarlet patches in the tail they are permeated by narrow black bars and edges of pale yellow on the underparts of the wings.
The immature they are similar to the females, but they lack the yellow markings on the head and show different yellowish tones in the feathers, the chest and in the belly.

Subspecies description

  • Calyptorhynchus lathami lathami

    (Temminck, 1807) – The nominal.


  • Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus

    (Mathews, 1912) – Medium-size ones 48 cm. length and 510 to 515 weight g, with a wing of approximately 90 cm.. The of adults they are mainly black, dark brown in the head, the neck and the bottom of the body, and Red panels (in males) or orange-red with bars Black (in females) on tail. The female adult is also conspicuous in the head. These patches are absent from most males., Although they can be expressed faintly in a few individuals (Higgins 1999).

    The immature are similar in appearance to the male adult, but have small stains yellow in it head; spots or bars yellow in the chest, belly and flanks; yellow or orange spots on the wing (mainly on the bottom); Red or orange-yellow panels with black bars at the tail; One bill pale grey (instead of dark); And a ring of skin around the eye pale grey (instead of grey dark) (Higgins 1999, L. Pedler 2007, com. Pers.).


  • Calyptorhynchus lathami erebus

    (Schodde & Mason,IJ, 1993) – The only difference with the nominal species resides in that has the bill shorter.

Habitat:

Video – "Glossy black cockatoo" (Calyptorhynchus lathami)

Glossy-black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami ) HD Video clip 1/3

Areas forested frequently dominated by casuarinas of which are highly dependent for its food. These are small shrubs commonly known as the Sheoaks, wood for beef (Beefwood) or Australian pine. These shrubs are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions.

They are also distributed in open humid forests, difficult terrain where deforestation has not been too great. They have an imperative for natural tree cavities to nest.

Reproduction:

Forman couple during all the life. The couple has relationships throughout the year. This type of family of them parrots prefers to nest in cavities natural of the eucalyptus, whether dead or in full vitality. The nest usually placed at an altitude that ranges between the 3 and 30 meters above the ground. The cavity is filled with leaves and branches. Sometimes, together with other breeding pairs, they share the same tree year after year.

In New South Wales the season extends from March to August. The spawning It consists of a single egg white. It is the female that takes charge of most of the tasks.: It prepares the nest and incubates herself. Never leave the nest until the small is reached the age of one week. In most cases, the male provides the female with food and assistance until the young can fend for itself, normally four months which remains with them until the next breeding season.

Food:

It feeds almost exclusively on the seeds several species of She-oak (Casuarina and Allocasuarina). You can also sometimes eat larvae of wood-boring. They feed in threes, less frequently in pairs, small groups or flocks of up to 60 birds. They can be detected by the snapping of their beaks and the remains of the casuarina cones and twigs that fall.

Distribution:

Size distribution (reproduction / resident): 770.000 km2

The species is Rare Although widespread in suitable forests of the central coast and forest habitats of Queensland and in the interior of the southern plateaus and Plains of the Midwest's New South Wales, with a small population in the Riverina. There is an isolated population in the Kangaroo Island, South of Australia.

Subspecies distribution

  • Calyptorhynchus lathami lathami

    (Temminck, 1807) – The nominal.


  • Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus

    (Mathews, 1912) – Kangaroo Island (South of Australia)


  • Calyptorhynchus lathami erebus

    (Schodde & Mason,IJ, 1993) – It is from Australia (the central eastern coastal area of Queensland)

Conservation:

State of conservation โ“˜


minor concern Minor Concern โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

โ€ข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

โ€ข Population trend: Decreasing.

Like most parrot species, the Glossy black cockatoo is protected by the Convention on international trade in endangered species of Fauna and Flora Silvestres ( CITES ), with its inclusion in the list of the Appendix II of vulnerable species, What makes the import, the export and trade of animals captured in the wild is illegal.

Justification of the population

Garnett and Crowley (2000) estimated the size of the population in the following way: 12.000 individuals of the subspecies lathami, 70 breeding pairs of the subspecies halmaturinus (equivalent to 140 individuals) and 5.000 individuals of the subspecies erebus giving a total of 17.140 individuals.

Justification of trend

They suspected that the population is declining in general Since the largest subpopulation, lathami, It is slowly decreasing throughout its range. However it is believed that the subspecies Erebus is increasing and the subspecies halmaturinus It is increasing as a result of conservation efforts in the Island Ganguro (Garnett and Crowley 2000).

"Glossy black cockatoo" in captivity:

Like the other black cockatoos, the Glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) is extremely rare in the poultry. In Australia It has attained breed in captivity.

Alternative names:

– Glossy Black-Cockatoo, Casuarina Cockatoo, Casuarine Cockatoo, Latham’s Cockatoo, Leach’s Black-Cockatoo, Leach’s Red-tailed Cockatoo, Nutcracker (English).
– Cacatoรจs de Latham, Cacatoรจs noir รฉtincelant (French).
– Braunkopfkakadu (German).
– Cacatua-preto-brilhante (Portuguese).

scientific classification:

– Order: Psittaciformes
– Family: Cacatuidae
– Scientific name: Calyptorhynchus lathami
– Genus: Calyptorhynchus
– Citation: (Temminck, 1807)
– Protonimo: Psittacus Lathami

Images Calyptorhynchus lathami:



Species of the genus Calyptorhynchus
  • Calyptorhynchus banksii
  • —- Calyptorhynchus banksii banksii
  • —- Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne
  • —- Calyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus
  • —- Calyptorhynchus banksii naso
  • —- Calyptorhynchus banksii samueli
  • Calyptorhynchus lathami
  • —- Calyptorhynchus lathami erebus
  • —- Calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus
  • —- Calyptorhynchus lathami lathami

  • Sources:
    – Avibase
    – Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife

    – Photos: commons.wikimedia.org, The Glossy Black Conservancy,

    – Sounds: Nigel Jackett (Xeno-canto)

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    Reunion Parakeet
    Psittacula eques

    Cotorra de Mauricio

    Content

    Description:

    Cotorra de Mauricio

    42 cm.. length and a weight between 167 and 193 g..

    The Reunion Parakeet (Psittacula eques) has the Lords and cheeks grass-green, deepening the emerald green upper cheeks, the forecrown and crown; wide swaths shaped mustache on the bottom of the cheeks and chin, fading on the sides of neck; narrow black stripes on the neck lined up with bluish patches on ear-coverts and sides neck and below by pink lines extending to the back of the neck, without getting to form an collar full.

    Upperparts, including upperwing-coverts, emerald green. Underparts paler and yellowish. Uppertail green; the undertail pale brown.

    upper jaw red, lower negruzca; irises pale yellow to greenish yellow; legs blackish.

    The female lacks black moustachial stripes, as well as black, pink and blue marks on the sides of neck; dark green tones cheeks with yellowish green at the collar of the back of the neck; dark (almost black) the upper jaw.

    The immature they are like the females, but the fledging bill It is red in both sexes, turning darker in females later.

    Description 2 subspecies:

    • knight knight knight โ€ 

      (Boddaert, 1783) – Nominal. Extinct.


    • Psittacula eques echo

      (Newton,A & Newton,E, 1876) – On the edge of the extinction.

    Habitat:

    The Reunion Parakeet It is closely linked to the native vegetation. A part of the population is in an area of รขโ‚ฌโ€นรขโ‚ฌโ€นupland forest containing some of the largest samples, for example, Canarium paniculatum, Syzygium contractum, Mimusops maxima and Labourdonnaisia left in the Mauritius. Scrub forests lower level are also important, especially for food.

    They are generally solitary, but they can also be seen in pairs or small groups (especially after breeding), but the extreme shortage should limit the normal social behavior.

    Reproduction:

    The Reunion Parakeet nests in cavities of large native trees (often Mimusops but also Calophyllum or Canarium) generally between 6-10 meters above the ground. The inlet has a diameter between 10-15cm.

    The peak in the egg laying It is late September to early October, although it may take place between August to November, is composed of 2 to 4 eggs. The female incubated eggs for three to four weeks, while teammate bring your food. Both parents then provide for the young until they leave the nest in about two months old.

    Food:

    The feeding of the Reunion Parakeet It is composed of a wide range of native plant parts, including outbreaks include, sprouts, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, remained, sap and bark. Introduced plants rarely eat. Plants which include feed Calophyllum, Canarium paniculatum, Tabernaemontana mauritiana, Diospyros, erythrospermum monticolum, Eugenia, Labourdonnaisia, Mimusops trials, M. petiolaris, Nuxia verticillata and Protium obtusifolium.

    The main feeding areas vary with the season.

    Distribution:

    Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 60 km2

    endemic to Mauritius, Indian Ocean, but also he lived before the Rรฉunion. The rest of the birds confined to the last fragments of native forest vegetation.

    In a time, widely distributed, but now reduced to a small relict population in the plateau south-west, around the Black River Gorges National Park and the Monte Cocotte.

    Mainly sedentary, but with some slight seasonal changes depending on availability of food.

    The main cause, apparently, the decline in the population of the Reunion Parakeet long-term, It is the loss of habitat (natural vegetation used for agriculture and forestry), nest predation by introduced species such as Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and black rat (Rattus rattus) , competition with Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) (introduced on 1886) and the effects of disease and storms.

    The total area of รขโ‚ฌโ€นรขโ‚ฌโ€นhabitat available It is 50km2. Population between 7-11 birds in 1984, aumentando a 30 birds in the wild and 8 in captivity 1995, with between 40-50 wild birds 1996. An intensive conservation program that includes captive breeding in Mauritius (first successful reproduction 1993-1994), predator control with veterinary assistance for wild birds, ecological research and habitat protection, It is getting a considerable increase in the population of the Reunion Parakeet.

    The National Park currently protect the last natural forests, but continuous invasion of exotic flora, It remains a long-term threat.

    Distribution 2 subspecies:

    Conservation:

    State of conservation โ“˜


    Endangered Endangered โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

    โ€ข Current Red List of UICN: Danger

    โ€ข Population trend: Growing

    At the end of the breeding season between 2011/2012, the population was estimated at approximately 580 birds (V. Tatayah in some. 2012).

    The population of the Reunion Parakeet It is estimated that it has experienced a very rapid increase in recent 23 years (three generations).

    The previous decline in the distribution of this species is for the serious destruction and its native habitat degradation (Jones 1987 Greenwood 1996).

    The population decreased probable total of several thousand individuals, as a result of the forest destruction and the replacement of their feeding habitat, upland dwarf forests, plantations (Jones et al., 1998).

    In 1996, only the 5% the island was covered with native vegetation (Jones et al. 1998).

    The areas of native forests remaining in the highlands still being highly degraded by cyclones, the influences of forestry practices of the past, the spread of introduced plants like Peruvian guava (Invasive cattleianum), privet (Ligustrum robustum) and Pomeroy (Syzygium jambos), as well as the effect of wild mammals introduced as boars (Sus scrofa) and the Timor deer (Cervuss) (Greenwood 1996, Thorsen y Jones 1998).

    The production of native fruit, from which the parrot feeds, and regeneration is possible trees nest, because, poor (Greenwood 1996).

    Recent research suggests that the food shortage due to deterioration of native forest is the main cause of nest failure; although exotic species can provide an abundant source of food, They are not available throughout the year, not even throughout the breeding season (Thorsen y Jones 1998).

    The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and black rats (Rattus rattus) are among a number of introduced tree species representing a threat for the Reunion Parakeet, raiding nests and competing for native fruits (Greenwood 1996).

    The European bee (Apis melรญfera), yellowjackets (Polistes hebraeus), termites, the common loptail (Phaethon lepturus), the introduced common mine (Acridotheres tristis) and Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), They are all competing for nesting sites and can move active breeding pairs (Thorsen y Jones 1998, C. Jones in little. 2000, V. Tatayah in some. 2012).

    The decline in the number of old native trees, that perish damaged by storms and senescence, They have intensified competition for nesting cavities (Jones et al., 1998).

    Infestations fly larvae in the nests can be severe in some years and, without intervention, would kill many young people (C. Jones in a bit., 2000).

    Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD), It has been found in more than 20% of birds sampled, and at least 50% birds observed with PBFD It is believed to have died, However, a considerable number of specimens have been seen to recover from the disease (Richards 2010). Pesticides do not seem to have significantly affected the species (Greenwood 1996).

    According to Mauritius Wildlife Foundation (MWF), trying to stop this worrying phenomenon, the origin of evil is attributed to the imported parrots, mostly the Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and Coconut Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus).

    The species has been the subject of a conservation program from 1973 (Jones et al. 1998). The spectacular increase in the population of the species in recent years is undoubtedly due to an intensive program to manage the wild population., combined with a program captive breeding great success since the season 1993/4 Playback (Jones et al., 1998).

    "Reunion Parakeet" in captivity:

    The Reunion Parakeet is the only survivor of the species Psittacula They are inhabiting the islands in the South Indian Ocean, about Madagascar. It is one of the parrots World's rarest existing.

    Some specimens bred in captivity (Hand rearing) for reintroduction into the wild; else not bred in captivity.

    In the news, the aviary captive population is 18 birds, with successful reproduction of a couple. The place of the old aviary, where the extraordinary work has been achieved in very primitive conditions, now it is being replaced with a new space, once completed this spring, It will house up 12 breeding pairs of the Reunion Parakeet, a large flight cage 60 meters for immature.

    Alternative names:

    – Mauritius Parakeet, Echo Parakeet, Maruitius parakeet, Mascarene Parakeet, Mauritian Parakeet (English).
    – Perruche de Maurice, Perruche ร  longue queue (French).
    – Mauritiussittich (German).
    – Periquito-de-maurรญcio (Portuguese).
    – Cotorra de Mauricio (espaรฑol).

    scientific classification:

    – Order: Psittaciformes
    – Family: Psittaculidae
    – Genus: Psittacula
    – Scientific name: Psittacula eques
    – Citation: (Newton, A & Newton, E, 1876)
    – Protonimo: Palaeornis echo

    Reunion Parakeet Images:

    Videos "Reunion Parakeet"



    Especies del gรฉnero Psittacula

    Reunion Parakeet (Psittacula eques)


    Sources:

    – Avibase
    – Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife

    – Photos:

    (1) – Echo parakeet (Psittacula eques echo), the rarest Parrokeet in the world, saved from extinction by captive breeding programme at the Durrell trust Blackwater Gorge By colin houston [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (2) – By Wildlife Preservation Canada – link
    (3) – Echo Parakeet, Mauritius by Tara – Miles to the wild
    (4) – Echo Parakeet, Mauritius by Tara – Miles to the wild
    (5) – Female Echo Parakeet (Psittacula eques) by Johannes Fischer – Mauritius January – July 2013, Petrin, Camp Field Station and Brise Fer
    (6) – Psittacula type illustration of a knight on horseback (Martinet in Buffon, 1779) By Franรงois-Nicolas Martinet [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    – Sounds: George Sangster (Xeno-canto)

    โ–ท The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

    Black-capped Parakeet
    Pyrrhura rupicola

    Should be noted that until the year 1981, The Blackcap Parakeet was considered a rarity in poultry farming.. From that date began to be imported in quantity although at a very high price.

    Black-capped Parakeet

    Content

    Description:

    25 cm. length and 70 g. weight.

    The Black-capped Parakeet (Pyrrhura rupicola) has the lores, the forecrown and the Crown, blackish brown; cheeks, ear-coverts and supercilii area, of color olive beige; back of the neck brown with narrow pale edges.

    Upperparts green. External primary coverts, alula and leading edge of the wings bright red; other coverts mainly green. The flight feather, mainly bluish green, by top with narrow black tips; grey dark below.

    Underwing-coverts green. The throat feathers, sides neck and top of the chest, Black base with wide white margins, becoming yellowish-white at the bottom of the chest and almost no formation of continuous pale band; belly and undertail-coverts green with brown stain in the center of the belly. Upper, the tail mainly green.

    Black-capped Parakeet

    The bill slaty-grey; Cere pale grey; bare periophthalmic off-white; irises brown; legs blackish.

    Both sexes similar.

    The immature has primary coverts almost completely green, as well as the leading edge of the wings.

    Subspecies description:

    • Pyrrhura rupicola rupicola

      (Tschudi, 1844) – The nominal


    • Pyrrhura rupicola sandiae

      (Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1944) – It differs from the species nominal much closer to the Gray margins to the feathers of the throat and the front of the neck. These pale fringes measure only 2-2,5 mm. wide (specimens with new plumage) in comparison with the 4-5 mm of the nominal species. Like this, the dark basal portion of these pens is more prominent. It also, the whitish edges to the feathers of the back of the neck they are practically obsolete and the sides of the neck much smaller.

    Habitat:

    Video – "Black-capped Parakeet" (Pyrrhura rupicola)

    PYRRHURA RUPICOLA TAUGHT

    It lives in the Amazon rainforest., including formations of vรกrzea and the Mainland, below 300 m. Visits have been recorded in the East of the Andes. Fly in flocks of 30 individuals, or small groups in reproductive age.

    Reproduction:

    It is believed that it can nest in the months of February-March, although the copulation of observed during the month of September. Sunset until the seven eggs in captivity than hatch during 23 to 24 days.

    Food:

    Usually feed in the canopy but no specific information on diet or breeding.

    Distribution:

    Can be seen in the Western basin of the amazon. There has been in the East of Peru from the South of Loreto until Mother of God and Puno, and in the North of Bolivia in Pando.

    Also distributed in Peace and the Yungas and in the lowlands of the North of Beni, from the East to the border with Rondร ยดnia in Brazil, with a record until the date in the extreme west of Brazil (Rio Branco, Acre).

    In general common (Perhaps more scarce on the edges of the range), but it can be locally decreasing due to the alteration of its habitat.

    Subspecies distribution:

    • Pyrrhura rupicola rupicola

      (Tschudi, 1844) – The nominal


    • Pyrrhura rupicola sandiae

      (Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1944) – Southeast of Peru, West end of Brazil and North of Bolivia.

    Conservation:

    State of conservation โ“˜


    Near-threatened Near Threatened โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

    โ€ข Red List category of the UICN current: Near-threatened

    โ€ข Population trend: Decreasing

    The Parrot Capirotada world population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as "quite common" (Stotz et to the. (1996).

    This species is suspected that may be losing from the 13,7 to the 15,5% of their habitat within its distribution over three generations (18 years) based on a model of deforestation of the Amazon (Soares-Filho et to the., 2006, Bird et to the. 2011). Given the susceptibility of this species to be hunted or trapped, leads to the suspicion of a probable decline in population close to the 30% in three generations.

    "Black-capped Parakeet" in captivity:

    Should be noted that until the year 1981, the Black-capped Parakeet It was considered a rarity in aviculture. From that date began to be imported in quantity although at a very high price.

    Their behavior Active, his sympathetic character, their robustness and ease of reproduction attached to the made of own a voice very little annoying, they make an excellent animal for those poultry producers who are initiated into this wonderful hobby. These qualities allow us to intuit that if raised by hand they could be lovely pets.. It is sad to observe that, too often, the main maxim that justifies poultry farming "play to preserve" becomes "play to sellโ€.

    Alternative names:

    – Black-capped Parakeet, Black capped Parakeet, Black-capped Conure, Rock Conure, Rock Parakeet (English).
    – Conure ร  cape noire, Perriche ร  cape noire, Perruche ร  cape noire (French).
    – Schwarzkappensittich, Schwarzkappen-Sittich (German).
    – tiriba-rupestre (Portuguese).
    – Cotorra Capirotada, Perico de Frente Negra (espaรฑol).
    – Wewey, Aboro gushรณus (Chimane).


    scientific classification:

    Tschudi-Johann Jakob of
    Tschudi-Johann Jakob of

    – Order: Psittaciformes
    – Family: Psittacidae
    – Genus: Pyrrhura
    – Scientific name: Pyrrhura rupicola
    – Citation: (Tschudi, 1844)
    – Protonimo: Conurus rupicola

    Images "Black-capped Parakeet"



    Especies del gรฉnero Pyrrhura

    Sources:

    – Avibase
    – Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife

    – Photos:

    (1) – Pyrrhura rupicola sandiae by pedroduarte
    (2) – Maroon-tailed Parakeet ssp. (in front); and Pyrrhura rupicola, Black-capped Parakeet (behind) by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

    – Sounds: (Xeno-canto)

    โ–ท The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians

    Plain Parakeet
    Brotogeris tirica

    Plain Parakeet

    Content

    Description:

    Plain Parakeet

    23 cm.. long and about 63 g. of weight.
    The Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) has the forecrown, lores, crown and cheeks, pale green with yellowish tint. Sides of the neck and nape, green, duller than in the head.

    The upperparts green, slightly darker than the rest of the plumage. Most of the under wing-coverts, green, some feathers dyed olive brown, especially in lesser and median coverts. Primary coverts, primaries and outer secondaries, violet blue with green margins close to outerweb. Underwing-coverts greenish yellow, flight feather, bluish green. Underparts, pale yellowish green, tinged with bluish color on the sides of chest, the the thighs and undertail-coverts; flanks yellowish. Upper, the tail green with bluish tint to the central feathers; undertail, the tail is grayish blue-green. Bill color pale horn: irises brown: legs Rosaceae.

    Both sexes are similar. Immature with little or no blue in primary coverts.

    Habitat:

    Video – "Plain Parakeet" (Brotogeris tirica)

    Green parakeets at the feeder - Brotogeris tirica (Plain Parakeet)

    The Plain Parakeet They are experts in the art of adaptation; They can be found in a wider range of habitats than any other endemic parrot Brazilian Atlantic forest: in the lowlands and highlands, in the forest canopy and forest edges, parks and gardens (for example, of Rio de Janeiro and Sรฃo Paulo), farmland with trees, scattered patches of forest and secondary growth. Apparently more numerous in the forest edge habitats. Generally observed in the lowlands, but reported to 1.200 metres in the Itatiaia National Park on the border between the state of Rรญo and Sรฃo Paulo. Gregaria. Generally seen in pairs or small groups, although sometimes you can see several hundred birds together.

    It is the most common parrot in Sรฃo Paulo, where you can find even in the slums of the city.

    Reproduction:

    Observed in arboreal termite nests, in the crowns of Palmas or natural openings of trees; in the city of Sรฃo Paulo nest in crevices of buildings and roofs, regularly using the balconies to feed.

    The breeding season It has been recorded in September; observed immature in January. The clutch common in captivity is four eggs. They stay together for life.

    Food:

    Its diet it is very varied, It includes pulp of Posoqueria latifolia; seeds of Ficus, Trema micrantha, Xylopia brasiliensis, Vriesea, rhipsalis, Cecropia glazioui, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Merostachis; seeds and flowers of Tibouchina mutabilis and Psitticanthus; flowers of Norantea brasilensis and Eucatyptus and nectar of Pseudobombax. Sometimes they feed of insects and their larvae.

    Distribution:

    Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.010.000 km2

    The Plain Parakeet They found in southeast Brazil, from Alagoas south through the eastern and southern Bay, Espirito Santo, in the South of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, is of Sรฃo Paulo and Paranรก until Santa Catarina.

    The only records of Rio Grande do Sul and Goiรกs They are considered doubtful.

    Some seasonal movements. Uncommon to fairly common depending on locality, but apparently only reported very common in the city of Sao Paulo. Its population has declined in the Eastern European settlement Brazil, although less than other endemic parrots in the region. Live in several areas protected (for example, Itatiaia National Park).

    Conservation:

    State of conservation โ“˜


    minor concern Minor Concern โ“˜ (UICN)โ“˜

    โ€ข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.

    โ€ข Population trend: Stable.

    Rationale for the Red List category

    This species has a very large range and therefore it is not close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of size range (Extension Occurrence <20,000 km2 combinada con un tamaรฑo de rango decreciente o fluctuante, extensiรณn / calidad de hรกbitat o tamaรฑo de poblaciรณn y un pequeรฑo nรบmero De lugares o fragmentaciรณn severa). La demographic trend appears to be stable and, therefore, the species does not approach the thresholds Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to be close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con un descenso continuo estimado> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as the least concern.

    Justification of the population

    The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but this species is described as ยซcommonยป (Stotz et to the., 1996).

    Justification of trend

    They suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.

    "Plain Parakeet" in captivity:

    They are not very common in aviculture.

    Alternative names:

    – Plain Parakeet, All-green Parakeet, Tirica Parakeet (English).
    – Toui tirica, Perruche tirica (French).
    – Tirikasittich, Tiricasittich (German).
    – periquito-rico, periquito, periquito-verdadeiro, periquito-verde, tuim (Portuguese).
    – Catita Tirica, Periquito Amarillento (espaรฑol).


    scientific classification:

    Gmelin Johann Friedrich
    Gmelin Johann Friedrich

    – Order: Psittaciformes
    – Family: Psittacidae
    – Genus: Brotogeris
    – Scientific name: Brotogeris tirica
    – Citation: (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
    – Protonimo: Psittacus Tirica


    Images Plain Parakeet:



    Species of the genus Brotogeris

    Sources:

    – Avibase
    – Parrots of the World โ€“ Forshaw Joseph M
    – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
    – Birdlife

    – Photos:

    (1) – A Plain Parakeet in Morretes, Paranรก, Brazil By Ben Tavener from Curitiba, Brazil [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (2) – Plain Parakeet in Brazil By Jรดnatas Cunha [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (3) – Plain Parakeet in captivity By Lucas de Melo [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (4) – Independence Park, Ipiranga museum, Sao Paulo By Dario Sanches from SAO PAULO, BRAZIL (PERIQUITO-RICO ( Brotogeris tirica)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (5) – Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica) in Sรฃo Paulo By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (6) – Independence Park, Ipiranga museum, Sao Paulo By Dario Sanches from SAO PAULO, BRAZIL (PERIQUITO-RICO ( Brotogeris tirica)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (7) – Independence Park, Ipiranga museum, Sรฃo Paulo Species molting By Dario Sanches from SรƒO PAULO, BRAZIL (PERIQUITO-RICO ( Brotogeris tirica)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (8) – Brotogeris tirica, Independence Park, Ipiranga museum, Sao Paulo By Dario Sanches from SAO PAULO, BRAZIL (PERIQUITO-RICO ( Brotogeris tirica)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (9) – The Plain Parakeet in the Serra da Cantareira State Park, Sao Paulo, Brazil By Dario Sanches (Flickr: PERIQUITO-RICO (Brotogeris tirica)) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
    (10) – Illustration Ricardo Sanches, parakeets rich(Brotogeris tirica) in ABES-SP

    – Sounds: Jerome Fischer (Xeno-canto)