The Pileated Parrot(Pionopsitta pileata) has the forecrown, lores, crown anterior upper cheeks to behind eyes, bright red; patch reddish brown in ear-coverts; the lower cheeks, sides and rear of the neck, green.
The upperparts, green. Primaries and greater coverts, alula and feathers bend of wing, violet blue; other coverts, green. Outerwebs of the primary and secondary, violet blue with blue-green edges. Under, the wings bluish green, coverts with some darker blue feathers. Underparts green with bluish tint in the chest and throat, and with a yellowish tint in the belly and undertail-coverts. Upper, the tail centrally green, laterally violet blue; undertail, bluish green.
Bill dark brown, becoming dark horn distally in both jaws; bare periophthalmic naked, pale grey, irises and legs, grayish brown.
The female has most of its head green but with a pretty pale blue in the forecrown.
Immature as female, but with grayish green or green spots and dark spots on the base bill; young male sometimes with red limited in forecrown with a patch orange behind.
Sound of the Pileated Parrot.
Habitat:
They inhabit in forests, including humid tropical forests and forests dominated by araucarias, mainly in lowlands in the south of the mountain range, although penetrating the coastal mountains Brazil, at altitudes of 300 to 1.500 m; also in areas partially cleared. gregarious in groups of approximately 10 birds; apparently rare in greater numbers.
Reproduction:
They nest in the cavities of trees. probably reproduce mainly in the months of November to January. Clutch 3-4 eggs in captivity.
Some seasonal movements occur Paranรก, where birds leave the inland coastal plateau after breeding, and in Paraguay where it is in Amambay in October.
Nomad in the Intervales State Park of Sรฃo Paulo. Its population is widespread but declining due to the extensive loss of forests by urban growth, agriculture and mining.
Described as uncommon to fairly common in Missions, Argentina. Apparently its population is still not at risk due to habitat loss, since birds are still quite numerous where fragments of forest remain. (for example, east of Paraguay) and travel between them on land without trees. More numerous are more extensive where the remains of forest, It is more common in eastern Paraguay and adjacent Paranรก and Sรฃo Paulo in Brazil.
Conservation:
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
โข Population trend: Stable.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species has a very large range and therefore it is not close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of size range (Extension Occurrence <20,000 km2 combinada con un tamaรฑo de rango decreciente o fluctuante, extensiรณn / calidad de hรกbitat o tamaรฑo de poblaciรณn y un pequeรฑo nรบmero de lugares o fragmentaciรณn severa). La demographic trend appears to be stable and, therefore, the species does not approach the thresholds Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size It has not been quantified, but it is not believed to be close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con un descenso continuo estimado> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as the least concern.
Justification of the population
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but this species is described as ยซRareยป (Stotz et to the., 1996).
Justification of trend
They suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(2) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(3) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(4) – Pionopsitta pileata by Taguatรณ yetapa – Flickr
(5) – Red-capped parrot (Pionopsitta pileata) – ยซCuiรบ-Cuiรบยป Campina Grande do Sul | The Birds of Brazil by Ben Tavener – Flickr
(6) – Catita Cabeza Roja by Argentavis โ Birds of Argentina
โท The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians
The Yellow-headed Parrot(Amazona oratrix) has head and nape bright yellow; sides neck sometimes with scattered green feathers.
Upperparts green grass with ends of darker green in some feathers; uppertail-coverts paler. Wing coverts green, sometimes with paler yellow margins on some feathers; edge front of the wing
and carpal area with red marks and / or yellow variables. Primaries and secondaries green at the base (more emerald than coverts), blue at the tips; five base outer secondaries bright red, forming a speculum. Under wings green. The chin is bright yellow, the throat variable green and dark blue suffusion margins in the feathers of some birds; chest and belly green with yellowish suffusion in some birds, bluish suffusion in other; the thighs with yellow feathers in some birds. Tail green with red tips yellow and green at the base of the innerwebs of the lateral feathers. Bill gray horn; bare periophthalmic whitish; irises orange; legs grey.
Both sexes are similar.
Immature It is very green part with little or no yellow in the head without red and yellow in the wings.
Sound of the Yellow-headed Parrot.
Geographic Variation:
All birds puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala show yellow concentrate lores and crown. While it described as near the subspecies belizensis, the birds of puerto Barios at the northwest end of Honduras They may represent another subspecies of oratrix (not yet formally described) provisionally named guatemalensis (see belizensis below). The hondurensis, described below, It was widely regarded as a subspecies of undescribed Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala), but now treated at the southern end as a cline (gradual change of phenotypic traits of the same species due to environmental influences and conditions) Yellow decreasing in head Group of birds yellowhead.
Description 3 subspecies:
Amazona oratrix belizensis
Monroe,BL Jr & Howell,TR, 1966) – Less yellow in the head that the nominal species, without yellow on the throat. Cheeks green, bare periophthalmic grayish-white and probably on average smaller. Fowl Guatemala, to the Northwest of Honduras, sometimes show yellow in head as a patch wide in front of the crown and around eyes, and perhaps they represent a species not yet described (known as guatemalensis); although some birds also show yellow feathers on nape (see geographic variation in Yellow-naped Parrot (Amazona auropalliata).
Amazona oratrix hondurensis
(Lousada & Howell,SNG, 1997) – Yellow on head limited to forecrown and in front of the crown, some birds show patch yellow in nape. One bill paler and more extensive yellow on the nape and the head subspecies caribea of the Yellow-naped Parrot. The patch Yellow crown It is also rounded or triangular, against a narrowband subspecies caribea. The subspecies panamensis of the Yellow-crowned Parrot has a bill darker and lacks the patch yellow in nape.
The Yellow-headed Parrot frequent savannas, Bosques Tropicales deciduous (including clear), dense forests of thorns, marshy forests peaceful, flood forest evergreen, dense gallery forest, forests Pinus caribea (Belice) and cultivated land with trees, mainly in lowlands below 500 m.
Mainly observed in pairs or in large groups in communal roosts and feeding areas favorites. They snuggle into pine-covered ridges in Belice, moving to nearby humid forests to feed. Apparently, only flocks form in Tamaulipas.
Reproduction:
The Yellow-headed Parrot put their nests in cavities of trees 6-15 meters and in the holes of the palmeras Roystonea. Along the Pacific coast of Michoacรกn in Mexico, the Yellow-headed Parrot nests in trees Astronium graveolens, Brosimum allicastrum and at least five other species of trees (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007)
In Belice, preferred pines nest. Breeding season in the months of February to May in the south, to June in the north (for example in Tamaulipas). Clutch, usually 2-3 eggs, they are incubated between 27 and 28 days. The young leave the nest at eight weeks.. On average, only 1.2 hatchlings reach adulthood in each clutch.
They can cause damage to crops, including corn, mango and green bananas.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.020.000 km2
The Yellow-headed Parrot It is confined to Central America in Mexico, Belice, the east end Guatemala and the Northwest corner of Honduras. They are distributed by the slope of peaceful of Mexico in Colima, Michoacรกn, Warrior, Oaxaca (two disjunct populations on the slopes of peaceful and of the Gulf on Isthmus region) and Chiapas. also observed in the shed Gulf from the central and southern Tamaulipas, to the East of San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, as well as in Belice and around puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala to the northwest corner of Honduras in the Sula Valley.
Distribution in the east of its range poorly documented, with dubious appearances Campeche and in the region of Petรฉn in the North of Guatemala, confirmed only 1993.
Reports Yellow-headed Parrot outside the normal range Mexico (for example, City of Mexico) probably involving leaks. Wild populations Miami (Florida) and Puerto Rico.
local residents, and rare sparsely distributed along most of its distribution (perhaps locally common in parts of Belice) with diminished by the loss of habitat populations and their capture for live bird markets.
The population of Sula Valley survives as remainder. marketed widely both within and outside the species range, being one of the most searched Neotropical parrots pet (reputedly one of the best talkers). The most drastic falls have probably been in the northeast of Mexico, where habitat loss has been more rapid and severe. The wild population is probably less than 7.000 individuals (1994).
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
โข Population trend: Decreasing.
โข Population size: 4700
Rationale for the Red List category
This species qualifies as in danger of extinction due to demographic decline very fast. The population is now so small that it is likely to fall (but still very significant) rates decrease in the future (Collar et al., 1992).
Justification of the population
The population It was estimated 7.000 copies in 1994. This is roughly equivalent to 4.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is estimated that the population of the species is declining very fast, due to the loss and degradation of habitat and the levels of capture and persecution. On the coast of Michoacรกn, Mexico, it is estimated that the species occupies the 45.6% its estimated historical distribution (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2007 ). Throughout all Pacific coast of Mexico, its historical range has contracted by a 79% (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2010). The population of Punta de Manabique It decreased by 30% between 1994 and 2001 mainly due to the Poaching of nests (our man 2003 , Eisermann in a bit., 2007).
Threats
โข The habitat loss It has been extensive, with the 80% lowlands of Tamaulipas cleared for agriculture and pasture, and growing settlements along the Autopista del Oeste in Belice (Somerville 1997).
โข In Belice, where much of the suitable habitat is outside the sistema national protected area, the regions occupied by species remain under heavy development pressure (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).
โข Las palm savannas at the only known breeding site in Guatemala They are used for no intensive cattle grazing (our man 2003), who is still a threat here (Fundary et al ., 2006).
โข Many thousands of Individuals of this species are exported illegally from Mexico and some from Belice each year, and it is popular in domestic markets (Low 1995b, Miller and Miller 1997, Somerville 1997).
โข The illegal internal traffic is intense in Mexico and may represent the 38% of recent species loss distributive (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
โข In the Mexican states of Michoacรกn, Warrior and Oaxaca, They are mainly pups those taken to the pet trade (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
โข In Guatemala, It is reported that Local military authorities are complicit in the illegal trade of this species, and poachers frequent nest nesting site of the species (our man 2003, Eisermann in some). It also, has reported its hunting for food from local fishermen in Guatemala (our man 2003, Eisermann in some ., 2007).
โข In Belice, It is hunted and persecuted by damage to crops (SNG Howell in some 1998) and it remains a victim of the illegal pet trade, whose capture involves logging nesting (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).
โข It is estimated that its extension around the coast of Michoacรกn It has decreased 1.507 km2 , of which 576 km2 can not be attributed to habitat loss and, therefore, They may be due to the poaching for trade (Monterrubio-Rico et al., 2007).
Conservation Actions Underway
โข CITES Appendix I.
โข In Mexico It is distributed in nine protected areas (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
โข The only one breeding population known in Guatemala It was declared Wildlife Refuge in 2005, but effective protection is difficult due to organized crime in the area (Eisermann in some ., 2007).
โข There are several awareness campaigns nationally in Mexico (Roberson y Carratello, 1997).
โข It is bred in captivity, but the reintroduction of captive bred birds is unfeasible (Baja 1995b).
Conservation Actions Proposed
โข Carry out surveys for an updated estimate of population size.
โข Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation.
โข Monitor hunting levels, catch and trade.
โข Apply the trade restrictions.
โข To protect effectively as key sites Las Colorados Ranch, Soto La Marina / Fishing, Tamaulipas, orange river, focused on Las Abritas (San Luis Potosi) and Punta de Manabique.
โข Survey to identify other important sites.
โข Investigate habitat use and local movements.
โข Continue zooming awareness campaigns.
โข Develop structured captive breeding programs and investigate the possibility of future release.
"Yellow-headed Parrot" in captivity:
The Yellow-headed Parrot are popular in domestic markets.
protected by CITES Appendix I (Species that are endangered. Prohibited international trade of specimens of those species, except when the import is non-commercial purposes).
In Mexico It is listed as endangered in both the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2001, as in the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and by the Article 60 Bis of the General Law on Wildlife removal of specimens from the environment is prohibited, marketing, tenure, import, export, use of any of its parts. They are up 9 years in prison and fines very high who are surprised by the Profepa with specimens of this species in their possession and do not have papers proving their legal provenance.
Should be avoided in all cases buy this or any of the protected species by different appendices CITES.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – A Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) in an aviary By Ernst Vikne (IMG_4451.JPG) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Yellow-headed Amazon at Baltimore Aquarium, USA By Christine Schmidt from Laurel, USA (Parrot pair) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Yellow-headed Amazon, also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot or Double Yellow-headed Amazon, at Lion Country Safari, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Photograph is a close up of head By Duncan Rawlinson from Vancouver, BC (Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) playing on his cage by Mbtskysurfer at English Wikipedia [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot, Double Yellow-headed Amazon. Two parrots on a perch By Gary Denness (originally posted to Flickr as Parrot Portrait) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Vancouver Aquarium, Canada By Lizzy Foulkes (originally posted to Flickr as Hello, Goregous) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A Yellow-headed Amazon at Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, Canary islands, Spain By William Warby (Flickr: Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A Yellow-headed Amazon in Jungle Island, Miami, Florida, USA By Humberto Moreno (Parrot Jungle, Miami) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Dallas World Aquarium, USA By texas_mustang (Dallas Aquarium 2008 with Meredith) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The Blue-throated Parakeet(Pyrrhura cruentata) It is a very colorful bird; has the forecrown, crown and rear of the neck, dark brown with pale orange sides and with some feathers (especially posteriorly) giving speckled appearance; lores, cheeks top, supercilii area and ear-coverts, dull red, merging on sides of neck with yellowish patch bordered behind by blue band running across nape; bottom of the cheeks, green.
Mantle, back and scapulars, green; broad crimson patch on lower back and rump; uppertail-coverts green. Bend of wing bright red; upperwing-coverts green. Outerwebs of the primaries, blue, green on the innerwebs; secondaries green on outerweb, Gray on innerwebs; flight feather with dark tips; infra-wing coverts minor, olive green, the gray greater coverts; underside of flight feather, olive gray wash. Chin green; the throat and the top chest, blue with some dark tips; underparts green with a patch of variable size of crimson color on the belly. Upper, the tail It is golden in color with green tint; brown below. Bill grey; bare periophthalmic grey; irises yellow orange; legs grey.
Both sexes similar, but the irises perhaps brighter in the male. Immature more off, with less red at bend of wing.
Sound of the Blue-throated Parakeet.
Habitat:
The Blue-throated Parakeet inhabit, mainly, in primary forests of the Atlantic forest or on the edges of forests and, sometimes, in slightly modified natural forests, penetrate into agricultural areas where tall forest trees shade cocoa crops. Unknown seasonal and dry forests. (Usually in lowlands below 400 m, but 960 metres in Minas Gerais, Brazil, usually in flocks of 6-20 birds(mainly 8-12), at least where they are locally common.
Reproduction:
Nests in tree hollows. The breeding, apparently, It occurs in the austral spring, from June to October. Clutch 2-4.
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 281.000 km2
endemic to eastern Brazil, from Bahia until Rio de Janeiro. They were formerly known from Jequiรฉ and islanders, Bay, but the latest reports are North Jequitinhonha River, south of which, reports come from remaining patches of forest (including the Monte Pascoal National Park) to the border Holy Spirit.
The birds continue in the few wooded areas of eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil as the Rio Doce State Park, the Book Caratinga (about Raรบl Soares) and about Mantena and several locations in northern Espirito Santo, including Biological reservesGreat stream and Sooretama and neighboring Linhares Sooretama reserve. It is apparently absent from the southern state but survives near Desengano State Park in the State of Rio de Janeiro, the southernmost site which have been observed recently.
Resident. Common and widespread at the end of the 19th century, but decreased dramatically with massive deforestation within its range due to agriculture, speak, mining, roads and urban development. The final bastion (the only place where birds remain common) It is complex reserve Sooretama / Linhares; much smaller numbers exist in other forest remnants (protected but widely separated). Habitat loss continues in Bay with some sites (for example Monte Pascoal) under intense pressure.
Rare in captivity, but trapping for illegal trade is an additional threat. Listed in Appendix I of the CITES and protected by Brazilian law.
Conservation:
State of conservation โ
Vulnerable โ(UICN)โ
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
โข Population trend: Decreasing.
โข Population size : 2500-9999 individuals.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species survives in scattered fragments of Atlantic Forest, where the extent of suitable habitat continues to decline rapidly. The remaining populations are small, severely fragmented into isolated reserves, where protection is largely inadequate and are suspected to be declining rapidly. So, qualifies as Vulnerable.
Justification of the population
The population is calculated in the number 2.500-9.999 mature individuals based on an evaluation of known records, descriptions of abundance and size range. This is consistent with estimates of population density recorded for congeners or close relatives with similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of its distribution area is occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 3.750-14.999 individuals, rounded here to 3.500-15.000 individuals.
Justification of trend
continued rapid population decline is suspected because rates loss of habitat.
Threats
The extensive and continuous clearing of the forest You are responsible for its current fragmented distribution. Their apparent tolerance to shade cocoa plantations provides little hope because shading techniques since the early 1980 They have involved the use of banana trees and Erythrina, rather than stand, and unstable prices have led to conversion to pasture. Many remaining populations are affected by site-specific threats, as conflicts between habitat conservation and the rights of local communities in the Monte Pascoal National Park. The capture for the cage bird trade It is a relatively new phenomenon, Although the species is rare in domestic and international markets.
Survey to locate additional populations and protect undetected (Snyder et to the., 2000), especially in southern Bay and northeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ensure protection de facto key reserves, especially Sooretama, Linhares and Vera Cruz Station. Confiscation of birds of trade and well-planned release of these birds in areas of the previous range of species to improve recovery and connectivity of disjunct populations (J. Gilardi in little).
"Blue-throated Parakeet" in captivity:
Protected by CITES Appendix I.
Rara in national and international markets. Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Ochre-marked Parakeet (also known as Blue-chested Parakeet, Blue-throated Parakeet, or Blue-throated Conure) at Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, one of the Canary islands, Spain By ipfreaks (originally posted to Flickr as Papagei) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Blue-chested Parakeet, (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure. Pet parrot By โจ Redvers (originally posted to Flickr as Hector and toy 8) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Blue-chested Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure at Central Park Zoo, New York, USA By Claire Houck [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Blue-chested Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure. Pet with yellow toy By โจ Redvers (originally posted to Flickr as Hector and toy 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blue-chested Parakeet (also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure); two on a perch By TJ Lin [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
30 cm. length and 110 g. of weight.
The Sulphur-breasted parakeet(Aratinga maculata) is pale orange, with the head and back of the neck pale yellow
. The throat and the chest are pale yellow, the the thighs are greenish; flanks pale orange, undertail-coverts greenish, the mantle pale greenish yellow; rump pale yellow orange, tail blue-green, wings green-yellow, underwing-coverts pale yellow. Close orange stripe on the front of the crown, in the lores and around eyes. Orbital ring pale grey. Iris dark gray / brown. Bill almost black.
The immature presumably as of adults, but with cheeks and top of the chest Yellow olive. (Observed one specimen).
Sound of the Sulphur-breasted parakeet.
taxonomy:
described in 2005 under the name of Aratinga pintoi, but later it was shown that the current name, It considered invalid for a long time, indeed it applies to this form, and therefore takes precedence; of holotype of Aratinga pintoi It has now been designated as neotype of Psittacus maculatus, which formally stabilizes synonymity. The species was misidentified as a juvenile of the Sun Parakeet(Aratinga solstitialis) or a hybrid between the latter and the Jandaya Parakeet(Aratinga jandaya); now generally recognized as a separate taxon, differing greatly reduced due to the orange-red in the face (where it forms an irregular mask), Breast and belly.
Habitat and behavior:
The species inhabits areas with large tracts of forest and Savannah adjacent (O’ Shea 2005, Mittermeier et to the. 2010). performs movements nomads.
It is similar in behavior and general ecology to the species of the group of the Aratinga solstitialis. Are in groups of 2-10 birds and they are relatively Meek, feeding along roads and orchards.
Reproduction:
Not much is known about their breeding habits. One nest observed with an egg of unknown size.
Extending its range (breeding/resident): 159.000 km2
The Sulphur-breasted parakeet (Aratinga maculata) (formerly pintoi; see Nemรฉsio y Rasmussen 2009) It has a fragmented range in For and Amapรก in Brazil, and at the southern end of Suriname(p. e.g.. Silveira et al. 2005, Mittermeier et to the. 2010, Vieira da Costa et al. 2011). After a three-day survey conducted in 2003, Silveira et al. (2005) They claim that Sulphur-breasted parakeet was quite common in Monte Alegre, For. in addition, in Suriname the species has been characterized as uncommon to fairly common (O’ Shea 2005, Mittermeier et to the. 2010).
Conservation:
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
โข Population trend: Growing.
โข Population size : unknown.
Rationale for the Red List category
The trend of the population It seems to be increase, and therefore the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decrease in ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con un descenso continuo estimado en >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specific population structure). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least concern
Threats
The distribution area this species is affected by the deforestation, mainly driven by the expansion of agriculture as they build new roads; However, deforestation Brazil You may be benefiting this species and facilitating their spread to new areas (Vieira da Costa et al. 2011). Long-term, deforestation may become so rapid and extensive that the balance of extensive forest tracts and savannas required by the species will be exceeded and the species may begin to decline. Silveira et al. (2005) They claim that Monte Alegre, For, no obvious signs of a strong pressure entrapment. in addition, Mittermeier et to the. (2010) state that no hunting or capture of the species by Amerindians in the savannah was reported Sipaliwini of Suriname meridional.
"Sulphur-breasted parakeet" in captivity:
virtually unknown; maintained by local people and zoos Brazil. It can live up 30 years in captivity.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– World Parrot Trust
The Chatham Parakeet(Cyanoramphus forbesi) They are one of the two medium bright green parrots of Chatham Islands. Although they look very similar to those Yellow-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus auriceps) of New Zealand continental, the color of the crown is not a reliable indicator of taxonomic relationships.
The Chatham Parakeet They are medium-sized parrots, of tail long, with wings wide and rounded and plumage predominantly emerald. have a crown bright yellow front and a crimson front band that does not reach to the eyes, unlike in the Red-crowned parakeet. Males are larger than the females.
taxonomy:
Since 1930 is commonly treated as a subspecies of the Yellow-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus auriceps), and clearly the two are closely related; the species differ, However, in size considerably, It is larger species Cyanoramphus forbesi. Currently considered Monotypic.
Habitat:
The Chatham Parakeet They are at higher densities in forests and dense vegetation regenerating areas than in open grassland. Despite its rather erratic flight, They fly hard and move easily between islas Mangere and little Mangere. Occasionally they have been observed Chatham Parakeet individual in the forests of southern Chatham Island (> 20 km from the Mangere Island) and nearby islands Pitt and owner. Their social behavior is similar to other species of parakeets Cyanoramphus. They are strongly territorial around nests, calling loudly and chasing intruders from nearby.
Reproduction:
The Chatham Parakeet have a long breeding season, with eggs laid between October and March. Son nesters cavity, preferring tree holes but also using rock crevices and under dense vegetation. The size medium of laying is of 5 eggs. Like all the other parakeets Cyanoramphus, females are responsible for preparing the nest, incubation, rearing and feeding the chicks until the 10-14 days old. During this period all your food is provided by your partner.. From then on, male and female parrots feed the chicks in the nest until they leave the nest.
The incubation usually begins after the start of the second egg, resulting in chicks within a clutch that vary greatly in age and size. The last chicks to hatch are usually born at a younger age and are less developed than their older brothers.. More than one brood may be attempted if the initial nest fails or if the food supply allows..
Food:
The foods consumed by Chatham Parakeet They are affected by seasonal availability, and include seeds, flowers and leaves of various plants, It is the most important invertebrates in spring. They feed extensively in soil in open areas.
Distribution and status:
Sw extension of its distribution area (reproduction / resident): 3 km2
The Chatham Parakeet It is restricted to of Tapuaenuku ISLA ISLA Pequeรฑa Mangere and Mangere in the Group of chatham islands, New Zealand. In 1930 He quenched in Mangere Island, but in 1973 had recolonized and numbered 40 birds and a small number of hybrids with the subspecies Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis (of which there were 12 on the island) (Higgins 1999).
In 1996, two estimates indicated that the population of the Mangere Island It was from 50 to 120 Purebred birds. The population on the small island of little Mangere It is little known because the few visits made (H. Aikman a slightly. 1999). In 1999, it was estimated that the total population was about 120 birds(Aikman et al. 2001), but studies 2003 estimated 900 individuals on Isla Mangere(Aikman y Miskelly 2004, D. Houston y C. Miskelly a slightly. 2008).
A recent study estimated that more than 50% of the population of parakeets in Isla Mangere consisted of individuals hybrids (Chan et al. 2006), but this is expected to decrease due to mating positive range (T. Greene a slightly. 2012); the number of phenotypes forbes It is approaching the threshold management 10% (D. Houston a slightly. 2012) (that is to say, the number above which culling can be resumed as a management tool). There have been birds visiting South isla Chatham, the Pitt island and ISLA ISLA Chief of Sudeste(Taylor 1998, D. Houston y C. Miskelly a slightly. 2008, T. Greene a slightly. 2012).
Conservation:
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
โข Population trend: Stable.
โข Population size : 250-999 individuals. Rationale for the Red List category
This species may still have a small purebred adult population.. Possible removal by hybridization has been avoided thanks to three decades of conservation efforts, which they have seen increasing population size. It is restricted to one place (given the proximity of the small islands that lives and mobility), and its small population size means it still deserves to be listed in a threatened category, but it is likely that their population size has been more than 250 mature for more than 5 years, so it has been transferred to the category of Vulnerable.
Justification of the population
The population of phenotypes similar to those of Forbes It has increased dramatically in the Mangere Island, with the best estimates placing the population between 800 and 1.000 individuals. A survey in 2011 It assessed that the phenotypes of interest are in the 10%, the trigger level for management action (D. Houston a slightly. 2012). It is likely that populations have exceeded 250 mature for more than 5 years, so now it is in the range of 250-999 mature individuals.
Justification trend
The population has shown minor fluctuations in recent years, since the species recolonized the Mangere Island over the years 70 and it has benefited from habitat restoration, while hybridization has also suffered. In general, It is estimated that the population has remained stable for the last ten years, and It is probably increasing(T. Greene a slightly. 2012).
Threats
โข Disappeared from Mangere Island due to a combination of deforestation for grazing, decades of burning, the effects of introduced grazing mammals and predation by feral cats (Higgins 1999).
โข The greatest current threat is the hybridization with the Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis, subspecies Red-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) What, despite the sacrifice, still it is settling in Mangere Island(J. Kearvell a slightly. 1999).
โข It is believed that the rate of hybridization High above is the result of the then low population sizes of the two species (D. Houston y C. Miskelly a slightly. 2008).
โข The levels of hybridization They have remained below 10% of the total population of parakeets Mangere Island over the last decade, so no management intervention was not necessary.
Conservation Actions Underway
โข Appendix I and II of CITES. The Mangere Island It has been substantially replanted (Aikman et al. 2001, D. Houston y C. Miskelly a slightly. 2008).
โข An ecological and genetic research program has investigated population dynamics, the hybridization and selection of partners (H. Aikman a slightly. 1999, Chan et al. 2006).
โข During 1976-1999, hybrid birds and individuals of the subspecies Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis They were sacrificed population (Nixon 1994).
โข In 1998, 40 hybrids And six Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis were killed, leaving 10 copies between hybrids and Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis after the operation (H. Aikman a slightly. 1999).
โข Surveys of the relative proportion of hybrids regarding type phenotypes Forbes They are held every two years (D. Houston a slightly. 2012).
โข The translocation a fenced area predator proof in Chatham Island It is planned for 2017 (D. Houston a slightly. 2012).
Conservation Actions Proposed
โข Complete the investigation ecological, biological and genetic, including analysis and dissemination of results.
โข Monitor trends in the extent and quality of forest habitats on the island of Mangere.
โข Restore forest habitats Mangere Island to increase the number and reduce the hybridization.
โข Work for the establishment of one or more populations in the Chatham Island(H. Aikman a slightly. 1999).
"Chatham Parakeet" in captivity:
There are no data from Chatham Parakeet in captivity.
In the wild, its lonjevidad is probably similar to that of Yellow-crowned parakeet(Cyanoramphus auriceps): 10 years.
Alternative names:
– Chatham Island Yellow-crowned Parakeet, Chatham Islands Parakeet, Chatham Parakeet, Forbes’s Parakeet (English).
– Kakariki de Forbes, Kakariki des รฎles Chatham, Perruche des Chatham, Perruche des รฎles Chatham (French).
– Chathamsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-peito-amarelo-da-Ilha-chatham (Portuguese).
– Perico de las Chatham (espaรฑol).
โข Avibase
โข Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
โข Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
โข Birdlife
โข Greene, T.C. 2013 [updated 2017]. Forbesโ parakeet. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
Photos:
(1) – Chatham Islands Parakeet on Mangere Island by Markanderson72 [CC BY-SA 4.0], from Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Andrew Sutherland, IBC1065693. Photo of Chatham Parakeet Cyanoramphus forbesi at Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Accessible at hbw.com/ibc/1065693.
โท The world of Pets: Dogs, cats, birds, reptiles, amphibians
Origin: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
Character: quiet and shy
Life expectancy: 10 to 20 years
Height: 12-13 cm..
Content
Description:
12 to 13 cm.. height.
The Blue-winged Parrotlet(Forpus xanthopterygius) has the forecrown, the crown, back of the neck and ear-coverts, green; cheeks, eye area and lores, emerald green. Upperparts and wings, green, except the part inferior of the back, rump, primaries and greater coverts, are cobalt blue and blue color toward the base of the secondaries. Under, the wings with the coverts a rich cobalt blue color; the flight feathers Matte metallic blue. the underparts of color green with shades yellow and with feathers of color red Emerald around the thighs and vent. Upper, the tail green; undertail, pale green.
Bill and cere Pink with gray base up to the upper jaw; bare periophthalmic pale grey: irises dark brown: legs Gris-Rosado pale.
Female all green.
Immature similar to the adult respective but the color blue of them males young mixed with green.
(Salvadori, 1891) – Similar to the species nominal but the males with the rump pale blue; underparts and facial area more yellowish; undertail, the tail more bluish.
Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens
(Hellmayr, 1929) – Generally paler and more yellowish which the nominal. Forehead, throat and cheeks males, yellow.
(By Taczanowsk, 1883) – As the species nominal but blue pale with emerald green in it forecrown. Primary coverts pale, of color grisaceo-violeta that contrast with the coverts more large of color blue more dark. upper jaw laterally compressed in the Center.
– Some authors like (Stotz et to the., 1996, Collar 1997) They have followed Pinto (1945) and considered this subspecies as monotypic species under the scientific name Forpus crassirostris
Habitat:
Frequent habitats woodlands more dry such as Open forests and riparian, closed and caatinga; at the edge of the range that is located in the Savannah, palm groves, scrub semiarid and pastures. In the western amazon appears to be mainly distributed along rivers in lighter riparian growth. Mainly in the land low, but reported to 1,200 m in the mountains of the southeast of Brazil. Gregaria, in herds of up to 50.
Reproduction:
It nests, mainly, in the cavities of trees, Although also termite tree, posts in fences, nests common hornero(Furnarius rufus), which can be occupied by force and lined with grass stalks, or even nests of the Red-rumped Cacique(Cacique haemorrhous). Clutch 3-7 eggs.
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 5.780.000 km2
Its distribution is discontinuous in South America, since the Basin Amazon to the North of Argentina with people separated in the North of Colombia. The latter occurs in the lowlands of the Caribbean arid from Cartagenathrough the valley bottom of the river MagdalenaSouth to North of Bolรญvarand East to the base of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The species reappears in the end South of Colombia about Leticiaand possibly in the Putumayo, and records from the Northeast borders of the Ecuador and from the East of Peru to the East of Bolivia in hand me and Santa Cruz; It extends through the basin of the Western Amazon of Brazil eastward to the East of amazon and in large part of the interior of the this of Brazil towards the Southeast, possibly up to Rio Grande do Sul.
Apparently absent from parts of the East and northeast of brazilian amazon with its northeastern limits in maranhรฃo and Cearรก.
Is located in the East of Paraguay and can be observed over the West in the chaco.
Apparently introduced in Jamaica, but the current situation is unknown.
Mainly resident Although migrant altitude in the southeast of Brazil, with seasonal movements in Argentina in relation to food supply. common in the East of the cordillera, sometimes locally abundant (for example, in the northern parts of Bay), less abundant in the West, being uncommon and local (Perhaps reducing) in the Northwest of Colombia and scarce throughout the East of Peru and Bolivia. Perhaps increasing in parts of the western amazon with cleared of forest dense, but probably in decline in Paraguay, where formerly common and now rare.
The Blue-winged Parrotlet have been caught for the trade, with captive birds outside range countries. Is unlikely that the trade has been affected to their abundance in the Middle wild.
Subspecies distribution
With the aim of preserving the stability of the nomenclature, It has designated a lectotype for the name widely used xanthopterygius, What makes the correct name for the species present. Four subspecies currently recognized.
(By Taczanowsk, 1883) – West amazon in South Colombia, is of Ecuador and this from Peru to center of amazon, Brazil.
– Some authors like (Stotz et to the., 1996, Collar 1997) They have followed Pinto (1945) and considered this subspecies as monotypic species under the scientific name Forpus crassirostris
Conservation:
State of conservation โ
Minor Concern โ(UICN)โ
โข Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
โข Population trend: Stable.
Justification of the population
The size of the world's population of the Blue-winged Parrotlet It has not been quantified, but this species is described as ยซcommonยป (Stotz et to the., 1996).
Justification of trend
Suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.
"Blue-winged Parrotlet" in captivity:
In captivity they are not very frequent. They are birds enable you require a large cage. Quiet and something Shy. Not is easy to accommodate them with other parrots.
Can be prone to it Obesity.
Note:
Among the various species of the Blue-winged Parrotlet(Forpus xanthopterygius), There is, Unfortunately, a very extensive variety of colors mixed due to the crossing in captivity of the nominal species with several of their subspecies, as well as the different crosses between subspecies. So, it is rather doubtful to find yet species and subspecies properly colored, especially in the poultry raising European. Only the subspecies Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens, as pure subspecies, it's still pretty easy to recognize.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World โ Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet in Goiรขnia, Goiรกs, Brazil By Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo (state), Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet in Goiรขnia, Goiรกs, Brazil By Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – A male Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) looking out from a nest in the Vale do Ribeira, Brazil By Dario Sanches [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blue-winged Parrotlet (Forpus xanthopterygius) at Foz do Iguacu, Brazil By Arthur Chapman [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
Origin: Peru, Guyana, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia
Character: Divertida.
Life expectancy: 30 to 40 years
Height: 21 to 23 cm..
Content
Description:
The Black-headed Parrot(Pionites melanocephalus) measures of 21 to 23 cm.. height.
Unmistakable by crown black, chest and belly white, the latter with yellow sides (very visible on the fly). Breast
bright yellow, nape orange acanelada, back and rump green. Tip pens of wings They are blue and dark go the closer they get to the body.
Legs and bill dark gray.
The youth They have bluish green spots on the nape, with chest and belly yellowish.
There is no sexual dimorphism in this species. The identification of genus must be performed by DNA testing or a surgical probe.
(Berlepsch, 1890) – It has bright yellow in the throat, the thighs and tail.
Habitat:
It inhabits humid jungles, semi-wet, swampy, gallery woods, stubble and crop to the 1000 m. Walks in small flocks between 3 to 10 individuals, feed in the canopy, very rare in stratum low forest.
Reproduction:
Its laying is of 2 to 4 eggs and the breeding season It is from December to February in French Guiana, april in Venezuela, April to May Colombia, October to November Suriname.
Food:
Feeds of seeds several species of plants cellulose, plants, flowers and leaves. There is also evidence of some insects in your diet.
Distribution:
She can be seen in the wild along the Amazonia, from the North of the Amazon River, bordering south to northeastern Peru, also in the Guyanas.
(Berlepsch, 1890) – South of Colombia to the East of Ecuador and northeast of Peru.
Conservation:
State of conservation โ
Minor Concern โ(UICN)โ
Although not in danger of extinction Its population has declined significantly. The illegal marketing is the main theory against its appearance and adaptation in an environment foreign to its natural environment. Poaching of pigeons and felling of trees are common in the south of the country.
"Black-headed Parrot" in captivity:
Popular poultry farming. They adapt easily to the bird or Aviary cages. You need a degree quite high commitment and attention by the owner. The like to interact with other birds and people. The love to play with toys and can be quite noisy. An interesting feature of the Black-headed Parrot It is their habit of rolling on his back and play with toys help of their paws.
He manages to replace their jungle habitats in parks or green areas of large cities.
Its price is quite high compared to other species due to its striking plumage and friendliness..
33-39 cm.. height and weight around the 450 and 550 g..
The Blue fronted Parrot(Amazona aestiva) is distinguished by yellow head, with blue-green forehead and cheek, Dark nostrils, Red shoulders outlined with yellow, wing with red patch and dark blue ends. Rest of the usually green body, more clear towards the belly and tail.
The subspecies Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx of Bolivia, has more extensive yellow face and the shoulder is mostly yellow with a small red patch.
The subspecies A. to. xanthopteryx (Yellow wing Amazon): Wing coverts of the shoulder area almost exclusively yellow and, in general, creating a stain of greater extension. – From the southwest of Mato Grosso, Brazil, North and East of Bolivia, Paraguay and northern Argentina
In young coloration is generally more off. The blue and yellow practically do not exist and the iris is dark
Lives in humid forests, Savanna, gallery forest, areas planted with trees and forest with palms, up to 1600m.
Common in pairs or flocks, they have many individuals community roosts.
In this species the sex of the specimens is not distinguished at a glance.
Reproduction:
It nests in holes in large trees.
Breeds between October and March.
The implementation is usually of 3 eggs, and incubation lasts approximately 25 days. Chicks leave the nest to the 60 days.
Food:
Its food consists of fruit, berries, nuts, leaves and seeds.
Distribution:
Interior of South America, from the North-East of Brazil, East of Bolivia, Paraguay, to the North of Argentina.
Conservation:
Not considered under any threat category globally.
State of conservation โ
Minor Concern โ(UICN)โ
Protected by the Convention CITES, consisting in annex II (species that may be threatened by a trade out of control).
It is a fairly widespread species in their area of distribution and is considered to have a stable population. However, numbers are declining rapidly in some areas due to capture for trade (both legal and illegal), and to other problems such as the destruction of their habitat and human pressure. Another problem affecting the species is that the average age of populations that exist in freedom is not known.
Blue fronted Parrot in captivity:
He is very smart, curious and loving. They are very sociable and gets along very well with children.
It is one of the best imitators that exist within the group psittacine after grays.
With its strong beak, as any Parrot, She likes chewing everything that gets you ahead. So, newcomer to our home, It is necessary to pay close attention.
It has a social behaviour so it is important to look for a partner. A large aviary and the possibility of going out every day are necessary.
If it feels threatened, It opens its wings between loud cries and wild-eyed.
Water love it. Released, When it rains, enjoy, in the rain, with open wings. The ideal humidity for a Blue fronted Parrot is of the 60-70%, which is impossible in an apartment during the winters in the heat of radiators. It is therefore necessary the use of humidifiers.
The staple food is made up of different types of nuts, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, corn, wheat, etc. Important for a healthy diet are fruits and vegetables. These must be offered fresh every day.
Just before the breeding season, our birds must be provided with foods rich in calcium and protein, for example egg cooked.
Multivitamin supplements complete proper nutrition.
The female lays two to five eggs that incubate for an approximate period of 25 to 28 days.
Alternative names:
– Blue fronted Parrot, Blue-fronted Amazon, Blue-fronted Parrot, Turquoise-fronted Amazon, Turquoise-fronted Parrot (English).
– Amazone ร front bleu (French).
– Blaustirnamazone, Rotbugamazone (German).
– Papagaio-verdadeiro, papagaio-colareiro, papagaio-comum, papagaio-curau (Portuguese).
– Amazona Frentiazul, Amazona Sudamericana, Loro hablador, Lora frente azul (espaรฑol).
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