29 cm., including its tail up 13 cm.. and 100 g. of weight.
The adult male of the (Psittacula calthrapae)Layard's Parakeet has the head and back bluish grey, separated by a neck green. There is a wide swath in the chin of black color and tail It is blue with a yellow tip. Upper bill the male is red, and the bill bottom is brown.
The female es similar, but has the bill top in black, and dark green stripe on the cheek. Lack the band pink in nape and the neck is greenish yellow. They have the blue tint in the rear of the head if you can see in males. Feathers middle of the tail You are washed with blue.
The immature they are like the females, but with feathers tail shorter, with a plumage mainly green and bill dark red.
Their preferred habitats are forested areas 1.600 meters above sea level, although registered at altitudes 2.000 m, taking advantage of a wide variety of vegetation types including natural and semi-natural moist forests, tea plantation and botanical gardens; often at the edge of the woods, generally in small groups or couples.
Sedentary, especially in mountain areas, but extending over the lowlands, especially in humid forests near sea level.
after feeding, the Layard's Parakeet congregate in trees chattering loud and persistent. Before break, roam issuing strong calls.
Reproduction:
The time of reproduction It is around January to May, with a high season from July to September.
The eggs They are deposited in a natural cavity or disused nest Woody Woodpecker or a bearded, usually at the top of a tree. Competition for nest sites is often intense, especially with Plum-headed Parakeet. The cavity is lined with rotting wood and dust. Two to four white eggs make commissioning. Both sexes share duties incubation and feed on young.
Food:
Diet Layard's Parakeet It is believed to be similar to the Rose-ringed Parakeet and Plum-headed Parakeet, although their arboreal habits make them more frugivores and less destructive to crops.
According to sources, abundant in the 19th century and apparently still numerous in some areas, but declining due to habitat loss arising, for example, conversion of natural and semi-natural forests and plantations capture for trade.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Layard’s Parakeet eating fruit in Sri Lanka. Its beak is not fully black, so it is probably a sub-adult female By Hafiz Issadeen (originally posted to Flickr as Layard’s Parakeet) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – [BirdPhotoIndia] Layard’s parakeet, Sri Lanka – Indian Birds Photography
(3) – Photo by Steve G near Sinharaja, Sri Lanka, July 28, 2009 – Bird Forum
(4) – An adult of Layard’s Parakeet – World-Birds
(5) – Layard’s Parakeet Psittacula calthropae – Starron Bird and Wildlife
(6) – John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Origin: Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
Character: Intelligent, sociable
Life expectancy: 46 years
Height: 70 to 85 cm..
Content
Description:
70 to 85 cm.. length and a weight between 900 and 1100 g..
The Military Macaw(Ara militaris) has a dark green color. The head is a green slightly clearer and the crown blue. The back and the top of the wings they have a slightly greenish tone. The rounding of the wings, the edge of the wings and flight feather exterior are light blue.
The forecrown it is bright red in color and there are a series of purplish-brown lines of feathers on a background of bare skin, since the nose to behind eyes and in the cheeks.
The area of the throat and a narrow strip below the cheeks are olive brown in colour. Breast
and belly green; undertail- coverts pale blue.
Upper, the tail orange-red with the ends of the feathers blue; undertail, the tail olive green yellowish.
The eyes has irises yellow. The bill is dark gray, legs dark grey.
Both sexes similar.
Immature not described but as other large macaws, irises probably Brown, tail shorter and the bare facial skin clearer.
(Reichenow, 1908) – It differs from the species nominal by the throat reddish brown. The headphones feathers they have a base of reddish and blue present in the wings and at the end of the feathers is a more intense tone.
Ara militaris mexicanus
(Ridgway, 1915) – Almost identical to the species nominal but larger.
The Military Macaw they can be mainly observed in foothills of mountainous terrain in woodlands with cannons fields, mostly between 500 and 1, 500 meters above sea level, at the local level to 2.000 m, (3,100 m reported in Peru, to 2,400 m in Bolivia), but also at sea level in the Pacific of Mexico and in the region of Santa Marta, Colombia.
In Mexico, most are distributed in isolated highlands in semi-arid and arid forests, as well as in forests Quercus and Pinus; sometimes in humid, riparian lowland formations, with altitudinal movements to lower altitude to dense scrub forests between November and January.
Observed in humid forests in the Colombian Andes.
In Venezuela, in the rainforest, in some mountainous areas 600 m, sometimes also in more open dry forests.
Usually in pairs or small flocks (until 10 birds), but much larger swarms reported in flights to the roosts. Communal roosts on cliffs or in trees.
Reproduction:
Nest, usually, in crevices of cliffs; sometimes in large trees (for example, Acer, Pinus or Enterolobium).
In Mexico It has been observed to the Military Macaw making use of old nests of the Imperial Woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) in dead pine.
Breeding pairs are for life.
The egg laying takes place in the month of June in Mexico. They are of two to three eggs that it will take 24 days to hatch, and where the young will remain with the parents for about a year.
The first flights the chicks are produced between the 97 and 140 days old and reach sexual maturity to the 3 or 4 years of age.
Food:
The diet of the Military Macaw It consists of a wide variety of fruits and nuts, including fruit of the Melia azedarach, Ficus and seeds of the Hura crepitans.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 276.000 km2
distributed by Mexico, In addition to several separate populations of South America, heading south to northwest of Argentina.
Widely distributed in Mexico from Sonora (where they have been observed at 28° 45'N) and Chihuahua in the North, until Chiapas, in the South and the East, where the birds may be geographically isolated.
Absent from the lowlands of the Caribbean; ancient appearances in Guatemala not confirmed.
In Colombia to the West of the Andes to the South of Dagua, of the Magdalena River Valley, and on the West side of the Andes, to the East of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the North, through the East of the Ecuadorian Andes until Huanuco in the Peruvian Andes.
In Peru, mostly, observed in the East of the Andes, above all in the Marañón region, where at least, formerly, It was a common migrant from the slope of the peaceful between September-October(reported on the west slope at 6° 50'S) to feed on the fruit available seasonally.
Seasonal movements in many areas, for example, visitors to the West of Caquetá in Colombia, from the western slope of the Andes up to this.
Rare in the South of Mexico (in Chiapas possibly extinct), more numerous in the East and Northwest, where flocks of several hundred birds were reported at the end of 1970.
Very local in the Andes and at risk in Venezuela due to habitat loss and trade.
Fairly common in the North of the region of Santa Marta, but sporadic in other parts of Colombia.
Very rare in Argentina with only sporadic reports in recent years. Recent declines due to low habitat and bird trade, a large number of birds in captivity.
Subspecies distribution:
Ara militaris bolivianus
(Reichenow, 1908) – South of Bolivia and Northwest of Argentina.
The population size is estimated, provisionally, You can be in the band between 10.000 and 20.0000 individuals.
It is suspected that the population This species can be decreasing due to ongoing habitat loss and capture for national trade.
The loss of habitat and especially the national trade they are major threats to this species, even within the reserves (Snyder et to the. 2000).
In 1991-1995, 96 wild-caught specimens were found in the international trade, with Bolivia and Mexico, possibly, major exporters (Chebez 1994, D. Brightsmith in litt., 2007).
In Mexico, remains one of the most sought after species for the illegal trade of birds in cage; between 1995 and 2005, was the fifth country with the most parrots seized by the Environmental Control Agency from the country, becoming the fourth with more seizures between 2007 and 2010 (JC Cantú in litt. 2010).
In many areas it nests in hard-to-reach cavities in cliff faces., that provide some protection against the pressures of plundering of nests. But, the plundering of nests is a serious threat in Jalisco and Nayarit, where the species nests in tree cavities (C. Bonilla in litt. 2007, K. Renton in litt., 2007).
In Jalisco, Mexico, These macaws were not found in deforested areas, even when it was abundant the Hura polyandra (an important source of food), leaving, in the news, as trees to provide shade for cattle (Renton 2004).
An analysis of the GARP believes that the species has undergone a 23% loss of habitat within its distribution area in Mexico (Rios Munoz 2002).
A subpopulation in the Valle del Cauca, Colombia, account for less than 50 mature individuals, little is to be lost as a dam is expected to flood the only nesting cliff (ProAves Foundation 2011).
"Military Macaw" in captivity:
Very popular in poultry.
Although the Macaw Militar is present for more than one century in Europe, He has never enjoyed special interest among the fans, It's a shame, Since it is a being Intelligent. The main reason should be your little flamboyant plumage; especially compared to the one of other macaws. Other failures affect its presence in aviaries: is very loud and has a strong tendency to gnaw.
The power of their vocal organ is much higher than of any other species of Macaw. On the other hand it also good qualities: is very applied to learn, has a great talented imitator and presents an intelligence out of the ordinary.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived 46 years in captivity. In captivity, these animals have been known that they can raise some 5 years of age.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Military Macaw (Ara militaris) at London Zoo, England By jon hanson (originally posted to Flickr as military macaw) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Military Macaw Ara militaris in captivity at Occidental Grand Xcaret Resort, Yucatan, Mexico By Tony Hisgett (originally posted to Flickr as Green Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Military Macaw flying at Whipsnade Zoo, Bedfordshire, England By Ara_militaris_-Whipsnade_Zoo_-flying-8a.jpg: Alex Smithderivative work: Snowmanradio [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Three Military Macaws at Zoológico Los Coyotes, Mexico By Gary Denness (originally posted to Flickr as Squawk No Evil) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Two Military Macaws at Whipsnade Zoo, Bedfordshire, England. The macaw on the left has damaged feathers on its chest and abdomen probably because of a feather plucking habit By Mark Fosh (originally posted to Flickr as Macaw) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Two Military Macaws at Moody Gardens, Galveston, Texas, USA By joannapoe (originally posted to Flickr as 2005-06-18_11-52-47) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A Military Macaw at Whipsnade Zoo, Bedfordshire, England. Some of its feathers are damaged probably due to feather plucking By William Warby from London, England (Military MacawUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Military Macaws in Mexico By Gregg (originally posted to Flickr as YOU WANT SOME?) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Military Macaw (Ara militaris). Details of the head and face By Mary Mueller (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(10) – Arara militaris by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Among 28 and 30.5 cm.. of length and a weight of 232 g..
The Green Parakeet(Psittacara holochlorus) is a medium-sized Parrot with the wings in sharp form and the tail long and stitch. Its plumage is bright green, and can present several pens red or orange in the neck. In general, the underwing-coverts are metallic greenish-yellow color, While the the flight feathers and the bottom sides of the the tail feathers are yellow-olive. Presents a eye ring pale beige and the irises orange, the legs yellowish brown.
The Green Parakeet, as well as their subspecies, avoid moist lowland forests; Instead, prefer deciduous forests and gallery forests, scrub, clear and the edges of the forest.
In East Mexico, mainly seen in upland forest with some movements toward deciduous forests at elevations lower than during the non-breeding season. Registered to 2.100 meters in Mexico (the subspecies «brewsteri» at altitudes between 1,250 and 2,000m).
Views in flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes in groups of more of 100 birds, being larger groupings in places where food is abundant.
Reproduction:
The nests of the Green Parakeet they are located in tree cavities (for example, cavities made by woodpeckers), crack in rocks, holes in buildings or termite mounds. Colonial nesting reported in caves in the East of Mexico.
The breeding season has been recorded in the month of January to the East of Mexico (young in the nest); in April in Tamaulipas, to the South of Mexico.
The clutch most common consists of four eggs.
Food:
Diet Green Parakeet is based on seeds, nuts, berries and fruits; reported foods include the fruits of Myrica mexicana, seeds of Mimosa and corn (they can be destructive with their crops).
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 275.000 km2
Some specimens settled in cities in southeastern Texas; It is not clear if they come from Pet escapes or are wild vagrant who emigrated from the North of Mexico. It is generally not migratory, but you can scroll to get food.
Subspecies distribution:
Psittacara holochlorus brewsteri
(Nelson, 1928) – Mountains of Northwest of Mexico, to the South of Sonora, Northeast of Sinaloa and South of Chihuahua.
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern
• Population trend: Decreasing
The population of the Green Parakeet It is suspected that it is between a slow to moderate decline due to the expansion of intensive farming and capture for the wild bird trade (Juniper and Parr 1998).
The State of conservation, globally, regards it as a kind of Least concern because it is abundant and widely distributed. It is considered one endangered species within the Mexican law by its restricted distribution. Nest boxes they have been provided in the South of Texas nest (Brush 2007).
The world population is estimated at 200.000 mature individuals.
Although it is not as popular as other large amazon parrots, the Green Parakeet is maintained as pet by the local population; have also been exported as pets to the United States. Although there are no accumulated figures, during the period of 9 months between October of 1979 and June of 1980, 327 birds were imported to the United States (Roete et to the. 1982).
While the loss of habitat It is probably the factor affecting the population of the Green Parakeet, their capture for the bird trade It is likely to be negative at the local level.
With the signing of the Wild birds Protection Act of 1991, the Green Parakeet can not be imported to the EE.UU. unless they are part of a breeding program authorized.
The marketing of all the species Mexican species parrots (parakeets, parrots and macaws) is banned in Mexico. Since the year 2008 It is a federal crime to catch, sell, buy this type of animal.
"Green Parakeet" in captivity:
Maintained as pet by the locals although its marketing is prohibited in Mexico.
The illegal trade in parrots and macaws is held thanks to demand from consumers. If the demand for these wild species is reduced, then the offer would be reduced and therefore the illegal capture.
According to sources, a specimen lived 21,8 years in captivity
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Green Parakeet From The Crossley ID Guide Eastern Birds By Richard Crossley (Richard Crossley) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Green Parakeet by Vince Smith – Flickr
(3) – Aratinga verde by G. Lasley/Vireo – audubon.org
(4) – Aratinga verde by G. Lasley/Vireo – audubon.org
(5) – Aratinga holochlora (Psittacara holochlorus) – Bellas Aves de El Salvador –
A length between 23-28 cm. and a weight between 74-94 g.
The Peach-fronted Parakeet(Eupsittula aurea) has the forecrown bright orange; the crown a deep blue color.
Each eye is surrounded by a circle of small orange feathers, delimited in the anterior zone with blue; front part of the lores orange; cheeks Brown olive; ear-coverts green. Nape, the mantle and back dark green; rump and uppertail-coverts green. Scapulars greenish brown; lesser and median coverts dark green; greater primary coverts dark blue. The primaries blue in the vane inner and tips; the secondaries blue. The flight feather, below, grayish brown; upperwing-coverts colour pale yellowish olive. The throat and the top chest color marron-oliva; the upperparts color olive. Upper, the tail dark green with brown tint in the vane inner and with a bright bluish tinge to an end; by down greyish Brown.
Bill grey-black; close bare periophthalmic bare grey; irises yellowish brown; legs grey.
Both sexes similar.
Immature they have a broad nude patch orbital, frontal band closer, bill pale and the irises grey.
The Peach-fronted Parakeet It is present in a wide variety of habitats, specially cleared but a little forested areas, including all kinds of deciduous forest, gallery forest (especially in the South of its range), swamps with Palms mauritia and sheets, also in cultivated areas, below the 600 m.
In the Brazilian Amazon, they are distributed under conditions of low shrub vegetation in sandy soils, avoiding dense evergreen forests. On the inside of the Brazil can be seen in areas caatinga and formations closed with natural grassland.
In general, they can be views in flocks and in isolated pairs during the breeding season.
Has been able to observe them is feeding with the Blue-crowned Conure (Psittacara acuticaudatus) in fruit trees and resting on branches with the Blue fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) and the Scaly-headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in Piauí, Brazil.
Reproduction:
Nest in arboreal termite, trunks hollow or in ravines. Birds observed in nests between June and July in Peru and flocks to divide into breeding pairs during the month of January in Mato Grosso. Clutch 2-3 eggs in (Argentina).
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 5.730.000 km2
Distributed by the Centre and East of South America. To the North of the Amazonia The species is found in For and Amapá and the island Caviana island (mouth of the Amazon), Brazil, as well as possibly in the south of Suriname. To the South of the Amazonia the Peach-fronted Parakeet extends through of For, Eastern Amazonas, Rondà´nia and Mato Grosso, Brazil, to northeast Bolivia and East of Peru, in where were observed in the Santuario Nacional Pampas del Heath, and eastward through most of the inside of Brazil until Bay, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Mato Grosso from the South and the Northwest of the Alto Paraná Department in Paraguay (in the West and Northeast) and North of Argentina (North of Salta, east of Formosa, Currents and possibly Chaco). The reports of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, They seem to be confused.
common in the central area of its distribution area, still it most common aratinga in much of the interior of Brazil. Obviously more local and scarce toward the North and South ends of their range, with very few recent reports in Argentinto (Formosa in 1987 and Currents in 1983), where the abundance historical suggests a descent on a large scale during the century 20.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Red List category of the UICN current: Least concern.
• Population trend: Stable.
Place previously within the genus Aratinga.
Its global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as «common» (Stotz et to the., 1996). Its population suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.
The species has undergone intense trade: from 1981, date on which was included in Appendix II, 61,311 individuals have been captured in the wild for resale in international trade (UNEP-WCMC trade database CITES, January 2005).
"Peach-fronted Parakeet" in captivity:
It´s common in captivity and widely marketed.
Robust, playful, friendly and not so noisy as other species of parrots.
Regularly provide fresh branches to satisfy their need to crack.
It is not a kind of complicated for reproduction in captivity.
Alternative names:
– Peach-fronted Parakeet, Brown-chested Parakeet, Golden-crowned Parakeet, Peach fronted Parakeet, Peach-fronted Conure (English).
– Conure couronnée, Conure à front d’or, Perriche couronnée, Perruche couronnée, Perruche ou (French).
– Goldstirnsittich (German).
– Aratinga-estrela, ararinha, jandaia, jandaia-estrela, maracanã-de-testa-amarela, Periquito-estrela, periquito-rei (Portuguese).
– Aratinga Frentidorada, Aratinga frente durazno, Calacante frente dorada, Calancate Frente Dorada, Cotorra de frente naranja, Maracaná frente naranja, Periquito de Frente Dorada (español).
– Calacante frente dorada, Calancate Frente Dorada (Argentina).
– Cotorra de Frente Dorada (Peru).
– Maracaná frente naranja (Paraguay).
– Tuíiapyteju, Ajuru-juvakang (Guarani).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Peach-fronted Parakeet (also known as the Peach-fronted Conure) in Chapada das Mesas National Park, Brazil By Otávio Nogueira [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A Peach-fronted Parakeet in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil By Dario Sanches from Sao Paulo, Brazil [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea) perching on a termite mound in Minas Gerais, Brazil By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Aratinga_aurea_-Brazil-8.jpg: Glauco Umbelino [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Eupsittula aurea By Petyson Antonio (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Eupsittula aurea By Petyson Antonio (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The Rusty-faced Parrot or Parrot mountain(Hapalopsittaca amazonina) It is distinguishable by the dirty red of his face and crown. Its bill is pale with to the base of the lower jaw and the chin of color red orange. Headphones coverts reddish brown with yellow lines that extend behind the nape and the neck. The rest of upperparts they are green. Its chest This is olive green, with red spots in the shoulders similar to their Wing coverts internal minors. The rest of your wing-coverts they are blue-green and the remiges bluish-black. Its tail It is mainly dull red with wide blue apexes.
It has no sexual dimorphism. The youth are green-yellow color, with the face pale red and the secondaries grey.
(Hellmayr, 1915) – The plumage with more olive tones and the face dark red.
Hapalopsittaca amazonina velezi
(Serious,GR & Restrepo, 1989) – With part of the crown and nape, brighter yellowish green; forecrown red; list fine near to the ear; below and behind the eye, green. More information.
Habitat:
It inhabits in mountains with semi-humid and cloud forests, between the 2000 to 3600 m, with the presence of Oak (Quercus humboldtii) and Alder (Alnus acuminata).
Fly high in the forest canopy, in groups of 5-30 individuals. Presents aggregation behaviors for the night, establishing communal bedrooms in groups of between 2-35 individuals.
Reproduction:
Many aspects of the reproductive biology of the Rusty-faced Parrot. Probably nests in tree hollows of Oak dead.
Food:
Consumes fruits of the "matapalo«, flowers and seeds, including the of Clusia sp. and some GUIs of which is fed with high frequency.
Distribution:
Size of the breeding range / resident): 234.000 km2
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
From makes several years appears in the book red of species threatened by fault of the destruction of their habitat, including, the Palm of wax (Ceroxylon quindiuense).
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as Vulnerable Since its small population consists of subpopulations very small and scattered that probably will be experiencing declines continuous due to the loss widespread of habitat.
Justification of the population
Renjifo et to the. (2002) estimated that in Colombia the population can count 2,500-10,000 individuals, based on a hypothetical C.1 density of individuals / km2, and the 25% occupation of the approximately 13.890 km2 of habitat suitable. This may be an overestimate and the population could be right around the few thousand mark in Colombia (P. Salaman in litt., 2005). There are also much smaller populations in Venezuela. Its location in the Ecuador is uncertain. Be placed better in the band 2.500-9.999 mature in general individuals, which is equivalent to 3.750-14.999 individuals, rounded here to 3.500-15.000 individuals.
Justification of trend
Se sospecha una lenta y continua disminución de la población del Rusty-faced Parrot sobre la base de la continua destrucción y fragmentación del hábitat.
"Rusty-faced Parrot" in captivity:
No encontrado en avicultura.
Alternative names:
– Rusty-faced Parrot, Bogota Parrot, Little Amazonian Parrot, Rusty faced Parrot (English).
– Caïque à face rousse, Caïque à face rouge (French).
– Caïque à face rousse (German).
– Rusty-faced Parrot (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Montañera, Lorito Amazonino, Lorito Multicolor, Loro fantasma (español).
– Cotorra Montañera, Lora montañera (Colombia).
– Perico Multicolor (Venezuela).
Daniel has been chasing birds since he was 9-years old, growing on a farm in the Central Andes of Colombia, with his bedroom walls covered with colorful prints of John James Audubon’s birds. Daniel graduated in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science and has pursued bird and nature photography as his main passions in life.
He is co-founder of the Caldas Ornithological Society (SCO) based in Manizales. Dedicated mainly to conservation and sustainable development projects, Daniel has consulted for many of the most prominent environmental organizations in Colombia and currently assists private nature reserves in Colombia in the establishment of agritourism and ecotourism services.
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The Pileated Parrot(Pionopsitta pileata) has the forecrown, lores, crown anterior upper cheeks to behind eyes, bright red; patch reddish brown in ear-coverts; the lower cheeks, sides and rear of the neck, green.
The upperparts, green. Primaries and greater coverts, alula and feathers bend of wing, violet blue; other coverts, green. Outerwebs of the primary and secondary, violet blue with blue-green edges. Under, the wings bluish green, coverts with some darker blue feathers. Underparts green with bluish tint in the chest and throat, and with a yellowish tint in the belly and undertail-coverts. Upper, the tail centrally green, laterally violet blue; undertail, bluish green.
Bill dark brown, becoming dark horn distally in both jaws; bare periophthalmic naked, pale grey, irises and legs, grayish brown.
The female has most of its head green but with a pretty pale blue in the forecrown.
Immature as female, but with grayish green or green spots and dark spots on the base bill; young male sometimes with red limited in forecrown with a patch orange behind.
Sound of the Pileated Parrot.
Habitat:
They inhabit in forests, including humid tropical forests and forests dominated by araucarias, mainly in lowlands in the south of the mountain range, although penetrating the coastal mountains Brazil, at altitudes of 300 to 1.500 m; also in areas partially cleared. gregarious in groups of approximately 10 birds; apparently rare in greater numbers.
Reproduction:
They nest in the cavities of trees. probably reproduce mainly in the months of November to January. Clutch 3-4 eggs in captivity.
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.650.000 km2
The Pileated Parrot It is located in southeast Brazil, to the South of Bay, through the belt of the Atlantic forest in Espirito Santo, probably east of Minas Gerais, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, until Rio Grande do Sul, extending to the east Paraguay and northeast of Argentina in Missions and possibly in Currents (no recent records); also they have been reported east of Chaco in Argentina, where they can arrive as an irregular visitors.
Some seasonal movements occur Paraná, where birds leave the inland coastal plateau after breeding, and in Paraguay where it is in Amambay in October.
Nomad in the Intervales State Park of São Paulo. Its population is widespread but declining due to the extensive loss of forests by urban growth, agriculture and mining.
Described as uncommon to fairly common in Missions, Argentina. Apparently its population is still not at risk due to habitat loss, since birds are still quite numerous where fragments of forest remain. (for example, east of Paraguay) and travel between them on land without trees. More numerous are more extensive where the remains of forest, It is more common in eastern Paraguay and adjacent Paraná and São Paulo in Brazil.
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Stable.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species has a very large range and therefore it is not close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of size range (Extension Occurrence <20,000 km2 combinada con un tamaño de rango decreciente o fluctuante, extensión / calidad de hábitat o tamaño de población y un pequeño número de lugares o fragmentación severa). La demographic trend appears to be stable and, therefore, the species does not approach the thresholds Vulnerable under the criteria of population trend (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size It has not been quantified, but it is not believed to be close to the thresholds for Vulnerable under the criterion of population size (<10.000 individuos maduros con un descenso continuo estimado> 10% in ten years or three generations or a population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as the least concern.
Justification of the population
The size of the world's population has not been quantified, but this species is described as «Rare» (Stotz et to the., 1996).
Justification of trend
They suspected that the population is stable in absence of evidence of any decline or threatens substantial.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(2) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(3) – Pileated Parrot Loro Parque – Tenerife (Spain) by Florin Feneru – Flickr
(4) – Pionopsitta pileata by Taguató yetapa – Flickr
(5) – Red-capped parrot (Pionopsitta pileata) – «Cuiú-Cuiú» Campina Grande do Sul | The Birds of Brazil by Ben Tavener – Flickr
(6) – Catita Cabeza Roja by Argentavis – Birds of Argentina
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The Yellow-headed Parrot(Amazona oratrix) has head and nape bright yellow; sides neck sometimes with scattered green feathers.
Upperparts green grass with ends of darker green in some feathers; uppertail-coverts paler. Wing coverts green, sometimes with paler yellow margins on some feathers; edge front of the wing
and carpal area with red marks and / or yellow variables. Primaries and secondaries green at the base (more emerald than coverts), blue at the tips; five base outer secondaries bright red, forming a speculum. Under wings green. The chin is bright yellow, the throat variable green and dark blue suffusion margins in the feathers of some birds; chest and belly green with yellowish suffusion in some birds, bluish suffusion in other; the thighs with yellow feathers in some birds. Tail green with red tips yellow and green at the base of the innerwebs of the lateral feathers. Bill gray horn; bare periophthalmic whitish; irises orange; legs grey.
Both sexes are similar.
Immature It is very green part with little or no yellow in the head without red and yellow in the wings.
Sound of the Yellow-headed Parrot.
Geographic Variation:
All birds puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala show yellow concentrate lores and crown. While it described as near the subspecies belizensis, the birds of puerto Barios at the northwest end of Honduras They may represent another subspecies of oratrix (not yet formally described) provisionally named guatemalensis (see belizensis below). The hondurensis, described below, It was widely regarded as a subspecies of undescribed Yellow-crowned Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala), but now treated at the southern end as a cline (gradual change of phenotypic traits of the same species due to environmental influences and conditions) Yellow decreasing in head Group of birds yellowhead.
Description 3 subspecies:
Amazona oratrix belizensis
Monroe,BL Jr & Howell,TR, 1966) – Less yellow in the head that the nominal species, without yellow on the throat. Cheeks green, bare periophthalmic grayish-white and probably on average smaller. Fowl Guatemala, to the Northwest of Honduras, sometimes show yellow in head as a patch wide in front of the crown and around eyes, and perhaps they represent a species not yet described (known as guatemalensis); although some birds also show yellow feathers on nape (see geographic variation in Yellow-naped Parrot (Amazona auropalliata).
Amazona oratrix hondurensis
(Lousada & Howell,SNG, 1997) – Yellow on head limited to forecrown and in front of the crown, some birds show patch yellow in nape. One bill paler and more extensive yellow on the nape and the head subspecies caribea of the Yellow-naped Parrot. The patch Yellow crown It is also rounded or triangular, against a narrowband subspecies caribea. The subspecies panamensis of the Yellow-crowned Parrot has a bill darker and lacks the patch yellow in nape.
The Yellow-headed Parrot frequent savannas, Bosques Tropicales deciduous (including clear), dense forests of thorns, marshy forests peaceful, flood forest evergreen, dense gallery forest, forests Pinus caribea (Belice) and cultivated land with trees, mainly in lowlands below 500 m.
Mainly observed in pairs or in large groups in communal roosts and feeding areas favorites. They snuggle into pine-covered ridges in Belice, moving to nearby humid forests to feed. Apparently, only flocks form in Tamaulipas.
Reproduction:
The Yellow-headed Parrot put their nests in cavities of trees 6-15 meters and in the holes of the palmeras Roystonea. Along the Pacific coast of Michoacán in Mexico, the Yellow-headed Parrot nests in trees Astronium graveolens, Brosimum allicastrum and at least five other species of trees (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007)
In Belice, preferred pines nest. Breeding season in the months of February to May in the south, to June in the north (for example in Tamaulipas). Clutch, usually 2-3 eggs, they are incubated between 27 and 28 days. The young leave the nest at eight weeks.. On average, only 1.2 hatchlings reach adulthood in each clutch.
They can cause damage to crops, including corn, mango and green bananas.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (breeding/resident ): 1.020.000 km2
The Yellow-headed Parrot It is confined to Central America in Mexico, Belice, the east end Guatemala and the Northwest corner of Honduras. They are distributed by the slope of peaceful of Mexico in Colima, Michoacán, Warrior, Oaxaca (two disjunct populations on the slopes of peaceful and of the Gulf on Isthmus region) and Chiapas. also observed in the shed Gulf from the central and southern Tamaulipas, to the East of San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco and Campeche, as well as in Belice and around puerto Barios at the East end of Guatemala to the northwest corner of Honduras in the Sula Valley.
Distribution in the east of its range poorly documented, with dubious appearances Campeche and in the region of Petén in the North of Guatemala, confirmed only 1993.
Reports Yellow-headed Parrot outside the normal range Mexico (for example, City of Mexico) probably involving leaks. Wild populations Miami (Florida) and Puerto Rico.
local residents, and rare sparsely distributed along most of its distribution (perhaps locally common in parts of Belice) with diminished by the loss of habitat populations and their capture for live bird markets.
The population of Sula Valley survives as remainder. marketed widely both within and outside the species range, being one of the most searched Neotropical parrots pet (reputedly one of the best talkers). The most drastic falls have probably been in the northeast of Mexico, where habitat loss has been more rapid and severe. The wild population is probably less than 7.000 individuals (1994).
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size: 4700
Rationale for the Red List category
This species qualifies as in danger of extinction due to demographic decline very fast. The population is now so small that it is likely to fall (but still very significant) rates decrease in the future (Collar et al., 1992).
Justification of the population
The population It was estimated 7.000 copies in 1994. This is roughly equivalent to 4.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is estimated that the population of the species is declining very fast, due to the loss and degradation of habitat and the levels of capture and persecution. On the coast of Michoacán, Mexico, it is estimated that the species occupies the 45.6% its estimated historical distribution (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2007 ). Throughout all Pacific coast of Mexico, its historical range has contracted by a 79% (Monterrubio-Rico et al ., 2010). The population of Punta de Manabique It decreased by 30% between 1994 and 2001 mainly due to the Poaching of nests (our man 2003 , Eisermann in a bit., 2007).
Threats
• The habitat loss It has been extensive, with the 80% lowlands of Tamaulipas cleared for agriculture and pasture, and growing settlements along the Autopista del Oeste in Belice (Somerville 1997).
• In Belice, where much of the suitable habitat is outside the sistema national protected area, the regions occupied by species remain under heavy development pressure (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).
• Las palm savannas at the only known breeding site in Guatemala They are used for no intensive cattle grazing (our man 2003), who is still a threat here (Fundary et al ., 2006).
• Many thousands of Individuals of this species are exported illegally from Mexico and some from Belice each year, and it is popular in domestic markets (Low 1995b, Miller and Miller 1997, Somerville 1997).
• The illegal internal traffic is intense in Mexico and may represent the 38% of recent species loss distributive (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
• In the Mexican states of Michoacán, Warrior and Oaxaca, They are mainly pups those taken to the pet trade (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
• In Guatemala, It is reported that Local military authorities are complicit in the illegal trade of this species, and poachers frequent nest nesting site of the species (our man 2003, Eisermann in some). It also, has reported its hunting for food from local fishermen in Guatemala (our man 2003, Eisermann in some ., 2007).
• In Belice, It is hunted and persecuted by damage to crops (SNG Howell in some 1998) and it remains a victim of the illegal pet trade, whose capture involves logging nesting (B. Miller in a little ., 2007).
• It is estimated that its extension around the coast of Michoacán It has decreased 1.507 km2 , of which 576 km2 can not be attributed to habitat loss and, therefore, They may be due to the poaching for trade (Monterrubio-Rico et al., 2007).
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix I.
• In Mexico It is distributed in nine protected areas (T. Monterrubio-Rico et al., In 2007).
• The only one breeding population known in Guatemala It was declared Wildlife Refuge in 2005, but effective protection is difficult due to organized crime in the area (Eisermann in some ., 2007).
• There are several awareness campaigns nationally in Mexico (Roberson y Carratello, 1997).
• It is bred in captivity, but the reintroduction of captive bred birds is unfeasible (Baja 1995b).
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Carry out surveys for an updated estimate of population size.
• Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation.
• Monitor hunting levels, catch and trade.
• Apply the trade restrictions.
• To protect effectively as key sites Las Colorados Ranch, Soto La Marina / Fishing, Tamaulipas, orange river, focused on Las Abritas (San Luis Potosi) and Punta de Manabique.
• Survey to identify other important sites.
• Investigate habitat use and local movements.
• Continue zooming awareness campaigns.
• Develop structured captive breeding programs and investigate the possibility of future release.
"Yellow-headed Parrot" in captivity:
The Yellow-headed Parrot are popular in domestic markets.
protected by CITES Appendix I (Species that are endangered. Prohibited international trade of specimens of those species, except when the import is non-commercial purposes).
In Mexico It is listed as endangered in both the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2001, as in the NAME-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and by the Article 60 Bis of the General Law on Wildlife removal of specimens from the environment is prohibited, marketing, tenure, import, export, use of any of its parts. They are up 9 years in prison and fines very high who are surprised by the Profepa with specimens of this species in their possession and do not have papers proving their legal provenance.
Should be avoided in all cases buy this or any of the protected species by different appendices CITES.
Alternative names:
– Yellow-headed Amazon, Yellow-headed Parrot, Yellow-headed Parrot (Mainland) (English).
– Amazone à tête jaune, Amazone à tête jaune (continentale), Amazone à tête jaune (forme continentale) (French).
– Gelbkopfamazone (German).
– papagaio-de-cabeça-amarela (Portuguese).
– Loro Cabeza Amarilla, Amazona cabecigualda (español).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – A Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) in an aviary By Ernst Vikne (IMG_4451.JPG) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Yellow-headed Amazon at Baltimore Aquarium, USA By Christine Schmidt from Laurel, USA (Parrot pair) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Yellow-headed Amazon, also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot or Double Yellow-headed Amazon, at Lion Country Safari, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Photograph is a close up of head By Duncan Rawlinson from Vancouver, BC (Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) playing on his cage by Mbtskysurfer at English Wikipedia [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix) also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot, Double Yellow-headed Amazon. Two parrots on a perch By Gary Denness (originally posted to Flickr as Parrot Portrait) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Vancouver Aquarium, Canada By Lizzy Foulkes (originally posted to Flickr as Hello, Goregous) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A Yellow-headed Amazon at Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, Canary islands, Spain By William Warby (Flickr: Parrot) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – A Yellow-headed Amazon in Jungle Island, Miami, Florida, USA By Humberto Moreno (Parrot Jungle, Miami) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Yellow-headed Amazon (also known as the Yellow-headed Parrot and the Double Yellow-headed Amazon) at Dallas World Aquarium, USA By texas_mustang (Dallas Aquarium 2008 with Meredith) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The Blue-throated Parakeet(Pyrrhura cruentata) It is a very colorful bird; has the forecrown, crown and rear of the neck, dark brown with pale orange sides and with some feathers (especially posteriorly) giving speckled appearance; lores, cheeks top, supercilii area and ear-coverts, dull red, merging on sides of neck with yellowish patch bordered behind by blue band running across nape; bottom of the cheeks, green.
Mantle, back and scapulars, green; broad crimson patch on lower back and rump; uppertail-coverts green. Bend of wing bright red; upperwing-coverts green. Outerwebs of the primaries, blue, green on the innerwebs; secondaries green on outerweb, Gray on innerwebs; flight feather with dark tips; infra-wing coverts minor, olive green, the gray greater coverts; underside of flight feather, olive gray wash. Chin green; the throat and the top chest, blue with some dark tips; underparts green with a patch of variable size of crimson color on the belly. Upper, the tail It is golden in color with green tint; brown below. Bill grey; bare periophthalmic grey; irises yellow orange; legs grey.
Both sexes similar, but the irises perhaps brighter in the male. Immature more off, with less red at bend of wing.
Sound of the Blue-throated Parakeet.
Habitat:
The Blue-throated Parakeet inhabit, mainly, in primary forests of the Atlantic forest or on the edges of forests and, sometimes, in slightly modified natural forests, penetrate into agricultural areas where tall forest trees shade cocoa crops. Unknown seasonal and dry forests. (Usually in lowlands below 400 m, but 960 metres in Minas Gerais, Brazil, usually in flocks of 6-20 birds(mainly 8-12), at least where they are locally common.
Reproduction:
Nests in tree hollows. The breeding, apparently, It occurs in the austral spring, from June to October. Clutch 2-4.
Size of its range (breeding/resident): 281.000 km2
endemic to eastern Brazil, from Bahia until Rio de Janeiro. They were formerly known from Jequié and islanders, Bay, but the latest reports are North Jequitinhonha River, south of which, reports come from remaining patches of forest (including the Monte Pascoal National Park) to the border Holy Spirit.
The birds continue in the few wooded areas of eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil as the Rio Doce State Park, the Book Caratinga (about Raúl Soares) and about Mantena and several locations in northern Espirito Santo, including Biological reservesGreat stream and Sooretama and neighboring Linhares Sooretama reserve. It is apparently absent from the southern state but survives near Desengano State Park in the State of Rio de Janeiro, the southernmost site which have been observed recently.
Resident. Common and widespread at the end of the 19th century, but decreased dramatically with massive deforestation within its range due to agriculture, speak, mining, roads and urban development. The final bastion (the only place where birds remain common) It is complex reserve Sooretama / Linhares; much smaller numbers exist in other forest remnants (protected but widely separated). Habitat loss continues in Bay with some sites (for example Monte Pascoal) under intense pressure.
Rare in captivity, but trapping for illegal trade is an additional threat. Listed in Appendix I of the CITES and protected by Brazilian law.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 2500-9999 individuals.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species survives in scattered fragments of Atlantic Forest, where the extent of suitable habitat continues to decline rapidly. The remaining populations are small, severely fragmented into isolated reserves, where protection is largely inadequate and are suspected to be declining rapidly. So, qualifies as Vulnerable.
Justification of the population
The population is calculated in the number 2.500-9.999 mature individuals based on an evaluation of known records, descriptions of abundance and size range. This is consistent with estimates of population density recorded for congeners or close relatives with similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of its distribution area is occupied. This estimate is equivalent to 3.750-14.999 individuals, rounded here to 3.500-15.000 individuals.
Justification of trend
continued rapid population decline is suspected because rates loss of habitat.
Threats
The extensive and continuous clearing of the forest You are responsible for its current fragmented distribution. Their apparent tolerance to shade cocoa plantations provides little hope because shading techniques since the early 1980 They have involved the use of banana trees and Erythrina, rather than stand, and unstable prices have led to conversion to pasture. Many remaining populations are affected by site-specific threats, as conflicts between habitat conservation and the rights of local communities in the Monte Pascoal National Park. The capture for the cage bird trade It is a relatively new phenomenon, Although the species is rare in domestic and international markets.
Survey to locate additional populations and protect undetected (Snyder et to the., 2000), especially in southern Bay and northeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ensure protection de facto key reserves, especially Sooretama, Linhares and Vera Cruz Station. Confiscation of birds of trade and well-planned release of these birds in areas of the previous range of species to improve recovery and connectivity of disjunct populations (J. Gilardi in little).
"Blue-throated Parakeet" in captivity:
Protected by CITES Appendix I.
Rara in national and international markets. Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure its long-term survival.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Photos:
(1) – Ochre-marked Parakeet (also known as Blue-chested Parakeet, Blue-throated Parakeet, or Blue-throated Conure) at Palmitos Park, Gran Canaria, one of the Canary islands, Spain By ipfreaks (originally posted to Flickr as Papagei) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Blue-chested Parakeet, (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure. Pet parrot By ➨ Redvers (originally posted to Flickr as Hector and toy 8) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Blue-chested Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure at Central Park Zoo, New York, USA By Claire Houck [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Blue-chested Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata) also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure. Pet with yellow toy By ➨ Redvers (originally posted to Flickr as Hector and toy 4) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Blue-chested Parakeet (also known as Blue-throated Parakeet or Blue-throated Conure); two on a perch By TJ Lin [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
Minor Concern ⓘ
(UICN)ⓘ
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