The Emma's Parakeet(Pyrrhura emma) is a bird, mostly, green, with blue in the wings, reddish-brown in rump, on tail and in the back; Scaled plumage chest yellowish color on a gray background olive; wings with red shoulder, inconspicuous.
The face red plum, while the pileum It is brown and gray forecrown blue. Abdomen with dark red stain, tail with green base, edge red and below all red.
Eye ring grey, cheeks red with white spot on ears. Bill dark. It has no sexual dimorphism.
They can be seen in hill forests in the coastal mountain range in Venezuela, in humid forests and edges as well as in adjacent clearings with sparse trees and groves (pit et to the., 1997).
Usually it moves in flocks, on quick flights up 25 specimens, before landing in the canopy.
Reproduction:
There is insufficient information regarding reproduction and feeding. Breeding season probably between May and July. Period of incubation: 24-25 days.
Food:
They have been observed eating flowers of Ochroma and nectar (Hilty 2003).
Distribution:
Size of its range (reproduction / resident): 88.300 km2
The Emma's Parakeet inhabits forested areas of the northern coastal range Venezuela, from Yacacuy and Carabobo until Miranda, and disjuntamente from Anzoátegui to Sucre and northern part of Monagas (Del Hoyo et al., 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998, Hilty 2003, Forshaw 2006).
It is mainly found at altitudes 250-1.700 m, but you can see at sea level in eastern Sucre (Hilty 2003), where is quite common (Hilty 2003, P. Boesman in a bit., 2006). Its distribution within this range is complex and disjoint, found especially in mountainous terrain at lower elevations (Hilty 2003).
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Justification of the population
State of conservation ⓘ
Minor Concern ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
Apparently, the population size of this species has not been quantified.
Justification of trend
The capture for trade and changes in land use may be causing a decrease in population of this species, although the trend has not been quantified, and none of these is considered serious threats to this species today(CJ Sharpe a slightly. 2014).
Conservation Actions Underway
They live in several national parks (P. Boesman in a bit., 2006), with a "substantial" population in the Guatopo National Park, Miranda (Juniper and Parr 1998, Hilty 2003).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue to monitor this species in the field and in trade.
Strengthen the network of protected areas within the range of this species.
"Emma's Parakeet" in captivity:
Very rare in captivity. Very intelligent, active and playful. They are very aggressive with other species. Price per couple: 400 EUR.
30 cm.. length and an approximate weight of 370 g..
The Vinaceous Parrot(Amazona vinacea) has the lores and forecrown bright red; cheeks and crown green with black tips to some feathers head; elongated feathers on the sides of neck, the nape and the upper mantle, green at the base, subterminally light blue and black tip. The rest of the the mantle, back and scapulars, green with some feathers showing indistinct black tips; uppertail-coverts pale green.
Wing coverts green with red variable and / or yellow in leading edge of wing and the carpal area. Primaries pale bluish-green; Secondary green with blue tips, the base outerweb of the three outer secondaries, red, forming a small looking-glass. Under the wings, green. Throat and chest with shades that vary from strong wine brown to pale blue with a strong vinous diffusion; subterminal dark band at the tips of the feathers gives scalloping pattern; Belly green or yellowish green sometimes with vinous dissemination; undertail-coverts brighter yellowish green. Tail green with yellow green tip; the base lateral feathers in red innerwebs, in purple outerweb. The upper jaw It is red at the base with pale tip, horn-colored lower, reddish at the base; irises orange to reddish brown; legs grey.
Both sexes are similar. The immature It has the green suffusion in chest and the less extensive red on the head (confined to the base upper jaw).
Sound of the Vinaceous Parrot.
Habitat:
Video – "Vinaceous Parrot"
Purple-breasted Parrot in Itamonte - Minas Gerais, Brazil
The Vinaceous Parrotinhabit in tropical and subtropical evergreen mixed forests; in the Brazil in humid coastal forests, in the East of Paraguay They can be found in forests Araucaria angustifolia and Euterpe edulis. The extent of the ecological dependence of this species on coniferous trees (Araucaria and Podocorpus) It is not clear, but the Araucaria angustifolia It is clearly important in Missions, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarinaand possibly it was related to the previous distribution further north in southeast Brazil.
Mainly observed in the lowlands, but there are reports of birds seen in hills 1.500-2.000 meters in the southeast of Brazil, where the best forest remnants persist. Usually in pairs or small groups with larger meetings (up to approximately 30) in July-August. In pairs during breeding (usually around September).
Reproduction:
The Vinaceous Parrotnidifica in holes in large trees with obvious preference for the Araucaria angustifolia, including rarely cracks in the cliffs. With reproduce the May in loose colonies. breeding season during the months of September to January. Clutch 2-4 eggs.
After the breeding season (February to July), the species congregate in large groups and community shelters.
Food:
The specific foods of the Vinaceous Parrot include flowers and fruits of Euterpe edulis (which apparently it is important seasonally in East Paraguay), seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, fruits of cocoons of Achatocarpus and new leaves Eucalyptus and seeds of Pilocarpus. It has been reported damagor cause in crops of oranges, but with the current low density of this species, It is unlikely to produce a serious economic impact.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (player / resident ): 1.230.000 km2
The Vinaceous Parrot It is endemic in Southeast South America.
There are some seasonal movements and post-breeding dispersal, possibly in relation to the food supply (for example, seed availability coniferous trees), with invasions scale reported in Paraguay in the past. Declines in the number of birds occur in Rio Grande do Sul January, with all its people disappeared by March and return in April for the rest of the year.
Formerly abundant and widespread but now there has been a contraction dramatic of its range and population, mainly due to the habitat destruction scale, the expansion of agriculture and floods caused by large hydroelectric dams. also trapped for a long time for bird trade.
Are distributed in several protected areas, but none is large enough to maintain a viable population. The former strongholds in eastern Paraguay They are subject to rapid deforestation, with a recent reduction in its scope and numbers and now probably confined only in Alto Paraná and Ganindeyu.
A census 2007 yielded a minimum of 253 copies in Argentina.
It is perhaps the Amazona more common in populations of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná (several populations of more than 100 birds), in the South of Brazil, and the low number persists in Minas Gerais, Brazil and Sao Paulo, within an estimated total of 1.500-2.000 birds.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size: 600-1700.
Rationale for the Red List category
This species is classified as endangered due to recent population estimates Brazil They indicate that the world population is very small and has suffered a rapid decline due to loss and fragmentation of habitat, aggravated by the trade. It is necessary to clarify whether Brazilian subpopulations exceed 250 specimens.
Justification of the population
Based on estimates 1.500 to 2.000 individuals in Brazil (G. Bencke in some. 2009), 220-400 in Paraguay and 253 in Argentina (K. Cockle in some. 2009), it is estimated that the total population is within the range of 1.970 -2.650 individuals and is probably positioned within the band 1,000-2,499. This is equivalent to 667-1.666 mature individuals, rounded here to 600-1.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
rapid and continuous population decline is suspected because of the Poaching of nests, the habitat destruction and persecution as a pest Of crops.
Conservation Actions Underway
• CITES Appendix I and II and protected by the Brazilian legislation.
• Nationally considered Vulnerable in Brazil (Urben-Filho et al . 2008, MMA 2014), and Critically Endangered in Argentina and Paraguay.
• Small populations are found in numerous protected areas (Wege and Long 1995, F. Olmos in some ., 1999).
• In the Argentina, two young provincial parks are used by the species, but they offer only partial protection because parrots use habitat outside the park for most of its life cycle, including, critically, the reproduction.
• In the Argentine stronghold of the species between San Pedro and Saint Rose, environmental education is underway to reduce the capture of chicks, and the population has been monitored since 2005 (Selva de Pino Paraná in litt project., 2007).
• It has been achieved successful captive breeding.
Conservation Actions Proposed
• Monitor large populations (in March Argentina).
• Study reproductive biology and demography throughout the species' range and develop structured captive breeding programs to counter the high level of poaching of wild populations..
• Protect the general Carneiro (Santa Catarina), Itaipu (Alto Paraná), RNP Itabó Rivas (Canindeyú), Estancia Golondrina (Caaguazu) and forests outside reserves Rio de Janeiro (Snyder et to the ., 2000) and between San Pedro and Saint Rose in Missions.
• Invest in permanently trained park rangers and resolve land tenure problems in Brazilian and Paraguayan reserves. (F. Olmos in some ., 1999, Cockle et al. 2007).
• Apply laws against the trafficking of species on the roads that connect the Monte Pascoal National Park with South Brazil (Snyder et to the ., 2000), in places where the species is captured and at borders and ports Paraguay and Argentina.
• Increase local public awareness to reduce nest theft and promote conservation of nesting sites..
• In Argentina, provide technical support to promote soil conservation, to avoid clearing forests for crops on small farms.
The Vinaceous Parrot in captivity:
The Vinaceous Parrot noted for its easy to imitate the human voice, better and clearer than the Amazona aestiva. Small easily they learn to speak.
Two decades ago, before placement in the Appendix 1 CITES Convention, this species was available in aviculture. It never was imported to Europe in a large number, but nevertheless often it offered for sale. Its price was higher than other species of Amazona available at that time, because of its amazing looks and his talent as an imitator. As the trade in wild birds was coming to an end, the captive population decreased markedly. While this species has been willing to breed for those that provide adequate breeding and have enough individuals to allow natural selection of the mate., captive breeding has been very disappointing, considering the number of birds that were previously available.
In the current avicultura, it seems that there are still a significant number of birds kept in Europe. A survey of amazon parrots in the European zoos, made in 1993 and published in 1994 by the EAZA, he listed in 59 species Vinaceous Parrot conserved in 11 zoological collections: of this, only three, Loro Parque (Spain), Walsrode Bird Park (Germany) and Beauval (France), had recorded breeding successes. It's known, However, that a significant number of Vinaceous Parrot They are held by private poultry farmers Europe and if these owners are willing to work in cooperation with EEP plan that can be started for this species, then the known captive population Europe could be big, enough to be considered as a viable.
The population of this species in captivity is similar to that of other species of the genus Amazona. In Loro Parque a couple is kept in an aviary in the exhibition area of ​​the park, and several more couples are kept in breeding cages suspended in their breeding outside exhibition. Suspended breeding cages are approximately 300 cm long x 95 cm width and height. Each cage has the nest-box placed against the outer rear panel, and there is a cut in the wire hole to allow birds to enter the nest-box. With the nest located outside of the cage, this eliminates the need to enter the service or inspect the nest-box.
The feeding of these birds is done twice a day. To the 7 Morning receive their main dish containing a mixed salad prepared with the following elements: – Apple, pear, tomato, beet, Carrot, alfalfa, lettuce, Peppers, papaya and other fruits and vegetables seasonally available; In addition, They are also used, when available, various fruits that are grown in the park, as nopal cactus plants and berries palmera pindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana). A second smaller dish meal in the morning provides birds commercial pellets dietary, and during the breeding season each pair is also given segments of their own supplement "pie" that is made fresh every day. The evening meal is given to 3:00 pm, with a mixture of nuts, seeds and beans cooked.
The Vinaceous Parrot It was raised for the first time Loro Parque in 1990, when one pigeon was raised hand. The couple proved to be very unreliable when it came to the incubation their eggs, why he has always resorted to artificial incubation or host and breeding. This couple Vinaceous Parrot He received on subsequent occasions eggs more common species to give them the opportunity to prove that they are good parents, but so far they remain unreliable.
No offspring were produced in 1991, but the couple tried again in 1992, when he carried out another manually raising and other raised squab. In 1993, when the same pair joined again, the clutch of eggs was transferred to a pair of Red-crowned Parrot(Amazona viridigenalis), which they proved to be excellent foster parents and raised chicks born. The same technique was used in 1994, but only one egg clutch proved to be fertile and the chick was raised successfully by Red-crowned Parrot.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– THE VINACEOUS AMAZON Amazona vinacea AT LORO PARQUE – First Published in The Avicultural Magazine Vol. 103 No. 2
– Photos:
(1) – Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) – San Francisco Zoo, California By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Vinaceous Amazon in captivity at the Rare Species Foundation Programme, Florida, USA By derivative work: Snowmanradio (talk)Amazona_vinacea_-RSFP-8a.jpg: Ruth Rogers [CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Vinaceous Amazon at the Walsrode Bird Park, Germany By Quartl (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Vinaceous Amazon; two in a cage By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as Copy of DSCN3375) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – flying. Picture taken in Morretes By Leandro Govoni Lacerda (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – A Vinaceous-breasted Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Kee Yip from Union City, California, USA (IMG_4509_P1040019) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Pigeons neck Amazone (Amazona vinacea) Shot in Palmitospark Gran Canaria By Martingloor (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) – San Francisco Zoo, California By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Amazone vineuse, Bioparc Doue-la-Fontaine By Melvin TOULLEC (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
– Sounds: (Xeno-canto)
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The Red-tailed Parrot(Amazona brasiliensis) has forecrown, front of crown and lores, red; Subsequent red feathers crown with purple tips; cheeks, ear-coverts, sides neck and throat, mauve-blue; back of the crown and nape, green with black tips.
Upperparts green, some feathers rump with yellow points. The median, greater coverts and secondary internal clearly appear yellow; edge front of the wing
Red and yellow; primaries grey-black, secondaries green, turning blue towards the tips.
Under the wings, brighter yellowish green; flight feather of black and blue color on the basis of innerwebs. Underparts brighter yellowish green, paler in undertail-coverts. Tail green with broad greenish-yellow tips, lateral feathers marked basally with purplish-blue on outerweb and tipped yellowish-green with broad subterminal band red.
Bill pale horn with dark tip; irises orange; legs pink-gray.
Both sexes are similar. The immature It is less extensive in red head, a plumage darker overall and irises darker.
Sound of the Red-tailed Parrot.
taxonomic note:
The molecular study suggests that this species is closest to the Orange-winged Parrot(Amazona amazonica). Previously it thought to form a group with Blue cheeked Parrot (Amazona dufresniana) and Red-browed Parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha), and it has been treated as conspecific with one or both. monotypic.
Habitat:
Video "Red-tailed Parrot"
The Red-tailed Parrot dwells in a restricted area or coastal lowland forest and wetlands with rare species and structural diversity, including moist lowland forests, restinga, freshwater marshes and mangroves. Your preferred coastal habitats have complex channel networks, swamps and wetlands. Trees characteristic of its forest habitat include Luehea and Andira, while the vegetation of the islands, where they sleep and breed, They are dominated by several species Halophyte and formations restinga.
Apparently, some birds are practically living in flooded forests, probably due to increased availability of nests. Sympatric presence and partnership with the Red-spectacled Parrot(Amazona pretrei) in forests Araucaria, probably wrong. Lives in altitudes not exceeding the 300-400 m, Although there are records to 700 metres in Paraná. Forman communal shelters (often in mangroves) during at least part of the year, with more than 750 birds reported at a meeting (1985).
Reproduction:
They nest in the cavity of a living or dead tree, for example, palms Jerivá(Syagrus romanzoffianum) and guanandi(Callophyllum Brasiliense) and occasionally arboreal nests of termites; height generally, but recorded only a nest 1 meter above the floodwater. Usually it played in flooded or swampy areas, including mangroves. breeding season in September to February, in some cases in April. Clutch 5-4 eggs. The eggs are hatch during 27 to 28 days, and the period until nest abandonment is thought to last from 50 to 55 days
Possibly they inhabit the extreme northeast Santa Catarina, adjacent to Paraná, but there are no reliable records. An old record Rio Grande do Sul it seems unlikely. possibly some seasonal movements lower in winter (May-August).
The rapid decline in population in the twentieth century it is due in part to the loss of habitat, with most areas densely settled and totally deforested, the remaining threatened are given by urbanization (for example, in isla Long), the felling of trees nesting and feeding, as well as the Palmas for human use (shipbuilding and food) and conversion of wetlands for water buffalo and rice production (birds also face competition from grazing animals for consumption of fruits Erythrina speciosa). But, direct human exploitation of the species is not now a less serious problem, some related to their hunting for food, although most suffer their capture illegal for trade. A recent study 49 showed that nests 41 of them they were illegally stolen their young, while the 1,27% available habitat was lost only in 1993.
Total wild population estimated in 3.600 birds (1995) with rapid decline of several hundreds Predicted. Distribution area probably no more than 6.000 km2, with large parts of this extension susceptible to sea level rise caused by climate change.
protected by national legislation. Live in several areas protected (for example, Isla del Cardoso, Sao Paulo), but in them there is only a very small proportion of birds.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Increasing.
• Population size : 6000-6700.
Rationale for the Red List category
The catch for cage bird trade and loss of habitat are the major threats to this species. Despite the heavy pressure to capture the early nineties, It is believed that the range of the species remained essentially the same, and populations have been stable or declined less steeply than feared, According to a recent estimate that suggests a population increase. Due to its small breeding range and highly fragmented habitat, the species qualifies as Vulnerable.
conservation project "Red-tailed Parrot"
Amazona brasiliensis - Puffin of red-tailed - Red Parrot-tailled
The winter counts in 2015 registered 7.464 and individuals in Paraná 1.712 in São Paulo, with both populations continuing to increase (D. Waugh in some ., 2015). The population It is estimated, therefore, between 9.000 and 10.000 individuals, equivalent approximately to 6.000 to 6.700 mature individuals.
Justification of trend
It is suspected that the conservation measures long term have contributed to a recent increase in population at a rate unquantified, although habitat fragmentation and poaching remain significant threats (Waugh 2006).
Threats
In the municipality of Canaanite (a quarter of the distribution of the species) (Freire 1994), has been caught during the breeding period of 1991-1992 for domestic trade and (especially) international with 356 birds. Of 47 controlled nests between 1990 and 1994, six were naturally default and the other 41 stolen by human (Freire 1997). Nest cavities are almost always damaged when the chicks are captured, reducing the number available (Freire 1994). Habitat loss persists for shipbuilding, banana plantations, cattle and buffalo and beach houses (Lalime 1999, Snyder et to the., 2000). They cut the Palmitos for processing in Guaraqueçaba (Lalime 1999). The proposed construction of a bridge to Ilha Comprida increase the pressure of tourism and habitat conversion (Snyder et to the., 2000).
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I and II and protected by Brazilian law. This species is not considered of conservation concern nationwide in Brazil (MMA 2014). They are distributed within 15 protected areas, but these do not apply locally (Freire 1994, Lalime 1999). The Superagui National Park in Paraná, It is a bastion for the protection of the species (R. Bóçon in litt., 2006). The creation of new reserves is hampered by economic interests (Freire 1994). Several programs are increasing local awareness (Freire 1994, Lalime 1999 , Padua et al. 2001). Conservation projects and protected areas created in the area of ​​distribution of species appear to be paying off, although there are still pitfalls. There are herd books and successful captive breeding programs in the European Union and Brazil (Lucker 1998) and the provision of artificial nests and repair of natural nesting cavities is enhancing reproductive success in the wild (Waugh 2006). Conservation Project of the Amazon Redstart is monitoring the population in Paraná (R. Bóçon in litt., 2006).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct surveys to monitor population trends and support captive breeding programs. Monitoring discount rates for trade. Monitor trade levels. Monitor the rates of loss and degradation of habitat. Apply laws on trafficking, especially in the paths to breeding islands (Lalime 1997, Lalime 1999). effectively protect existing reserves (Lalime 1997, Lalime 1999). formally appoints the Ilha Comprida State Park and Ecological Station Itapanhapina (Snyder et to the., 2000). Expand Superagüi National Park to include Ilha do Pinheiro (Snyder et to the., 2000). Reforest nursery islands (Lalime 1999). Continue and expand awareness efforts (Lalime 1999).
The "Red-tailed Parrot" in captivity:
CITES Appendix I and II and protected by the Brazilian legislation.
Each captive specimen of this species which is capable of reproducing, It is placed in a Program well managed captive breeding and not be sold as a pet, in order to ensure long term survival.
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
Photos:
(1) – A Red-tailed Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Kee Yip from Union City, California, USA (IMG_4509_P1040018) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – A juvenile Red-tailed Amazon which is grasping something in its right foot, probably to chew or eat it By writhedhornbill (originally posted to Flickr as Red tailed amazon) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-tailed Amazon (Amazona brasiliensis) bird Park, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By http://www.birdphotos.com (Own work) [GFDL or CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-tailed Amazon at the zoo By Elcio Ferreira [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – A Red-tailed Amazon at Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Chad Bordes (Picasa Web Albums) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – CHEYSOTIS ERYTHRURA By Zoological Society of London.; Zoological Society of London. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Grey-breasted parakeet(Pyrrhura griseipectus) is a bird marked by a mask in reddish face, interrupted by a surrounding white coloration in the regions orbitals and ear-coverts.
The feathers of the neck to the upper region chest They have a gray coloration with light streaks interspersed, giving the region a striped appearance or escamado. The species has a characteristic patch reddish in belly, highlighting green coloration, its predominant body. The region forecrown up to the nape, It is dark brown with white or lighter brown spots that vary from bird to bird.. rear area neck green blue border with a width. They have a patch reddish brown in the bottom of the back which leads to the crown. The tail It is long and maroon. Bill gray-black; eye ring white gray; irises brown-orange.
It has no sexual dimorphism. The immature they are more muted than adults; You have scattered green feathers in the abdomen; the cere and the bare periophthalmic is white, less gray tone.
Taxonomic status:
This species is considered to be a subspecies of Pyrrhura [leucotis, emma or griseipectus] by some authors
Sound of the Grey-breasted parakeet.
Habitat:
It is in the rainforests, often located in Serranas regions, where orographic rains favor the occurrence of enclaves Atlantic Forest and Mata dry amid caatinga.
Reproduction:
The breeding season It occurs during the rainy season. The laying It is five to eight eggs in holes dug by woodpeckers since they are not able to dig their own nests; They use these holes to sleep.
When the pups are born, the couple divides the task of feeding. Sometimes they have help from even a third member of the flock to successfully raise all the young..
Food:
Probably it feeds on fruits, flowers, seeds and algae.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (players / residents): 830 km2
This species was formerly known in 15 Locations (. Anon 2014) within Brazil. At present it is in only three areas in the state of Ceará, the Serra de Baturité and Quixadá(C. Albano in a little . 2006, Waugh et al 2010.) and most recently observed in a rocky mountain Ceará, where five birds were recorded in March 2014 (Anon. 2014).
In Serra do Baturité appears to be very rare and seems to have been extinct from several areas, but recent records of groups in the Environmental Protection Area mountains Baturité; surveys 2007 half of the remaining habitat in this site revealed near 80 individuals (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and the population here is now estimated to be about 250 birds(Waugh et al . 2010).
Forests of Baturite mountains They have been greatly reduced to make way for coffee plantations and only 13% of the jungle remained in 1996. The discovery in 2010 a population of about 50 birds in Quixadá(Waugh et al ., 2010) It raises the known world population of this species in about 300 birds.
The Grey-breasted parakeet It was previously known two other areas: the eastern slope of the Saw Ibiapaba in Ceará, and small Serra Negra, in Pernambuco, where it was very common in 1974, with flocks of 4-6 individuals regularly seen in the early 1980, although there are no recent records. There are also unconfirmed reports 1991 in organic station Murici Alagoas in which possibly it refers to individuals released; Recent fieldwork was unable to locate the species.
Its known range is very small, and the species has declined dramatically in the past, a trend that may be permanent.
Conservation:
Justification of the Red List of the Category
Recent surveys indicate that this species has a extremely small population, which continues to decline after dramatic historical declines. For these reasons it qualifies as Critically Endangered.
Justification of the population
State of conservation ⓘ
critically endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 200 individuals.
The population in the Area of Baturité Mountains Environmental Protection It is estimated at about 250 birds, and discovery in 2010 a population of about 50 birds in Quixadá raises the known world population of about 300 birds(Waugh et al ., 2010). This equates to approximately 200 mature individuals.
Justification trend
This species is suspected to be decreasing quickly because of their capture and habitat loss in progress within its range.
Threats
The habitat destruction He has played a role in the decline of the species with the original forest cover now reduced to only 13%.
The coffee plantations (especially where coffee is grown in the sun instead of shade coffee) They are impacting the habitat of the species.
The main threat, However, It is believed to come from the capture illegal underway for local and national trade (C. Albano a slightly 2006, Anon 2009..) and captive breeding (Fernandes-Ferreira et al 2012.); the Grey-breasted parakeet They can be easily purchased through Internet (Girão and Albano 2008).
It is easily found in the international trade in bird cage.
The lack of natural nesting sites also it believed to are limiting reproductive success of the species (Campos et al . 2014).
Conservation Actions Underway
Appendix II of CITES.
In Brazil, It was considered above in critical hazard(Silveira y Straube 2008), but it has now been legally designated as endangered national(MMA 2014), and protected Brazilian law.
Dwelleth within Baturité Mountains Environmental Protection Area, but this area has been designated for sustainable use and traditionally has not been achieved for conservation.
Management of land by a private owner in the area has led to an increase in a small town known (C. Albano a slightly . 2006).
Since 2007, NGO AQUASIS Brazil has been conducting two research projects: one sponsored by the Brazilian Foundation O Boticário for the Protection of Nature, the topography of the Baturite mountains to monitor their condition and research their biology; and another sponsored Fundación Loro Parque, for additional populations (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008).
The surveys carried out in the historical sites and areas of potential habitat in the period 2007-2008 They have not been able to locate members of this species, although there are strong indications of individuals that may still be inhabiting the degraded Serra do Estevão, municipality Jaw, state Ceará(C. Albano in a little. 2007 2008, Anon 2007), where it was actually rediscovered in the 2010 (Waugh et al ., 2010).
A team of AQUASIS, funded by an award Leadership Program for Conservation in 2012, conducted searches for the species on an isolated mountain in Ceará and he found a small population of five individuals in March 2014(Anon. 2014).
You can also persist in Serra Negra Biological Reserve, state Pernambuco, although a combination of marijuana crops and hostile local culture makes research work in this latter area difficult (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008).
At least 11 private reserves (RPPN) They are in the process of being created in the Serra de Baturité(C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and AQUASIS They are now engaged in the process of developing a nature reserve in the Baturite mountains(Campos et al . 2014).
AQUASIS has strengthened ties with government agencies in order to influence policy decisions (Campos et al . 2014).
Scheme nest box sponsored by Loro Parque It has been carried out with nest boxes installed in different places with the consent of the landowners. (Anon, 2009).
AQUASIS also they provided nest boxes Insecticide treated to reduce infestations of bee and wasp (Campos et al . 2014). These measures have proved effective, with 16 boxes occupied in 2012 give place to 97 eggs and 71 chicks hatched successfully.
A education and awareness campaign large scale was carried out in the Serra de Baturité in 2008 (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and continues today, with many schools currently participating in education programs AQUASIS(Campos et al . 2014).
A main objective of AQUASIS is to promote the Cotorra pechigris as a flagship species, the work being supported by commercial NGOs and ecotourism WATER Trails of the Park(Anonymous 2009).
AQUASIS also it aims to develop the ability to bird watching and a development process of consciousness creating alternative livelihoods (Anonymous 2009). A visitor center has recently been established (Campos et al . 2014).
It breeds well in captivity and stocks are held in Brazil and abroad. Always captive breeding is well managed and coordinated, could be used for reintroduction into the wild.
They are being conducted studies on factors influencing the survival rate of chicks, population's genetics (in future DNA techniques can be used as a deterrent against illegal collection of wild birds); both adults and juveniles have been banded (Campos et al . 2014).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct more studies in areas similar to the mountains Baturité in the northeast of Brazil, such as Sierras de Aratanha, Maranguape and Machado, by the presence of additional existing populations.
improve conservation management practiced in the Guaramiranga Ecological Park.
Provide incentives for landowners to increase the network of private reserves Baturite mountains.
Monitor and control trade locally, National and international.
Investigate the feasibility of using giant bamboo(Dendrocalamus giganteus) as sites for constructing artificial nests (Campos et al . 2014).
continue making awareness campaigns to promote the Grey-breasted parakeet as a symbol for the conservation of humid forests and associated biodiversity in the Baturite mountains.
Investigate in situ conservation measures.
"Grey-breasted parakeet" in captivity:
Its continuous capture, both for domestic and international trade, They have taken this beautiful bird to a critical situation, there are only 200 specimens in the nature. There are probably more animals captivity in its natural habitat
Protected by the Appendix II of CITES, each captive specimen of this species that is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure long term survival.
The Seychelles Parakeet(Psittacula wardi) It was a medium-sized parrot with a length of about 41 cm and a weight between 100 and 125 g..
It was green with a large bill red with yellow tips, a red stain on the shoulders and a long tail. The male had a narrow black band on the cheek and neck black that the female and juvenile lacked. blueness in nape and eyes yellow. the legs They were greyish
taxonomy:
Phylogenetic studies suggest that this species away from the Alexandrine Parakeet(Psittacula eupatria).
Habitat:
In a report they were seen over the forest along a field corn.
They were probably in small groups or flocks, making striking flights. It was reported that the birds were cautious, presumably due to its constant pursuit.
Reproduction:
No data.
Food:
It was a forest species, which probably it fed on fruit and seeds.
Distribution:
The Seychelles Parakeet It was endemic to Mahe and Silhouette, Seychelles, with a visual record of Praslin. A considerable number were found in 1811, But it was rare in 1867 and the last specimen was shot at Mahe by Abbott in 1893. It may have survived until the twentieth century (Skerrett y Disley 2011), although apparently he was already extinguished when Nicoll He visited the island 1906 (Lionnet 1984).
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Extinct.
• Population trend: The last known individuals were shot dead in 1893.
Clearing forests for plantations and coconut hunting and capture (in particular, to protect corn crops) were the main causes of the disappearance of the species (Forshaw and Cooper 1989).
In captivity:
The last captive records of these birds date back to the year 1883.
There are currently two specimens in the museums of Liverpool and New York City.
Alternative names:
– Green Parakeet, Seychelles Alexandrine Parrot, Seychelles Parakeet, Seychelles Parrot (inglés).
– Perruche des Seychelles (francés).
– Seychellen-Edelsittich, Seychellensittich, Seychellen-Sittich (alemán).
– Periquito-das-seychelles (portugués).
– Cotorra de las Seychelles, Cotorra de los Seychelles, Cotorra de Seychelles (español).
Avibase Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr Birdlife
Photos:
(1) – Seychelles Parakeet (Psittacula wardi), depiction by John Gerrard Keulemans from ‘Extinct Birds’ by Lionel Walter Rothschild from the year 1907 by John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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The Yellow-faced Parrotlet(Forpus xanthops) is plump appearance and a tail short ending in point. Distinguished by the crown, face, chest and belly yellow, with strong blue patch on the wing
, in flight blue occupies almost half of wing
. Dorsally gray cafesoso, with the rump blue. Its bill It is ocher.
The female has blue patch on the rump and wings pale smaller.
taxonomy:
Closely related to Pacific Parrotlet(Forpus coelestis); in the past it has been considered a subspecies of this, but there are clear differences in size and color. Monotypic.
The Yellow-faced Parrotlet It Gregaria, He lives in varied habitats, usually arid, riparian forests or gallery in the tropics and subtropics, between 1000 to 1600 m, Although it has been reported to 2745 m.
Reproduction:
Nest in communal area, using tree hollows or sand. The breeding season It is from March to April.
In captivity, They are made of 3 to 6 eggs and up to three broods are raised per year.
Food:
Their diet includes cactus, besides fruit trees. If you know that feeds on Cercidium praecox, paté flowers Bombax discolor and plum fruit Prunus domestica(Begazo 1996, F. Angulo Prato Longo a slightly. 2012).
Distribution:
Extension of the distribution (breeding/resident): 4,800 km2
The Yellow-faced Parrotlet It endemic North Peru in the Valley of the Maranon River, to the south of this country and western Amazon.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Vulnerable.
• Population trend: Stable.
• Population size : 350-1500 individuals.
According to the categories of UICN It is considered Vulnerable (VU). Habitat degradation and trade are adversely affecting the population.
Justification of the population
The population It is estimated in 250-999 mature individuals, according to surveys of Begazo (1996) and subsequent recovery of the small-scale. This equates to a total of 375-1,499 individuals, rounded here to 350-1,500 individuals.
The ban on the capture and trade has improved the status of this species. The rate of decline was very rapid in the Decade of 1980, Although at present has been reduced and even stabilized. But, the population is still very small, with records in very few places.
Conservation Actions Underway
– Appendix II of the CITES.
– This protected legally in the Peru, but enforcement is poor.
– Catch rates have declined significantly since the ban, and trappers capture the species apparently only on request (Begazo 1996).
– There are no protected areas within its range.
Conservation Actions Proposed
– Examine the population, especially in the less accessible center of its range, and between the distribution areas of the two known species of Forpus.
– Monitor the population, working with local people to generate the will to preserve the species in situ (Begazo 1996).
– Study their biology and ecology throughout an annual cycle.
– controlling trade and enforce laws capture.
– Create at least one protected area within the range of the species (Angulo et al. 2008).
"Yellow-faced Parrotlet" in captivity:
captured for him wild bird trade, It is estimated that 17.000 birds were captured between 1981 and 1994. The rate of mortality during capture is estimated between the 40% and the 100%. Rare and unknown in captivity until 1979-1980.
It´s territorial, temperament quiet, active and initially shy, usually it takes in trust although this depending more on their previous experiences, age, breeding form (by hand creates it naturally).
– Yellow faced Parrotlet, Yellow-faced Parrotlet (English).
– Perruche-moineau à tête jaune, Toui à tête jaune (French).
– Gelbmaskenpapagei, Gelbmasken-Sperlingspapagei (German).
– Tuim-de-cabeça-amarela (Portuguese).
– Catita Enana de Cara Amarilla, Cotorrita Carigualda (español).
– Periquito de Cara Amarilla (Peru).
• Avibase
• Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
• Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
• Book Parrots, Parrots and macaws Neotropical
• Birdlife
Photos:
(1) – An adult male Yellow-faced Parrotlet perching on the top of its cage by Ruth Rogers [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – An adult male Yellow-faced Parrotlet photographed at the 2002 AFA convention in Tampa, Florida, USA by Rogers [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – An adult Yellow-faced Parrotlet photographed at the 2002 AFA convention in Tampa, Florida, USA by Rogers [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – An adult male Yellow-faced Parrotlet photographed at the 2002 AFA convention in Tampa, Florida, USA by Ruth Rogers [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Forpus xanthops Marañon near Canyon Ferry, Cajamarca, Peru by Nick Athanas – Flickr
(6) – John Gerrard Keulemans [Public domain] – Novelty Zoologicae, too.. 2
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Red avadavat
Amandava amandava
Origin:
Character: Social
Life expectancy: 8 years.
Height: 9 to 11 cm.
The species is native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Indonesian, Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam.
There are established populations in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Brunei, fiji, Malaysia, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Hawaii.
The sexes are different. In the adult male plumage is almost entirely red, the Chin, throat, chest, top of the abdomen and flanks are bright Scarlet. The sides of the chest and flanks have spotted with small white dots. The tail is blackish brown, finely fringed in white at the tip of the lower face. The lower part of the abdomen, the anal area and the bottom of the tail are black or blackish brown with shades of Red. The beak is short, red.
common at local level, red bengals are prevalent among the tall grass, Juncos, reedbeds, shrubs and bushes, generally, in areas close to water or wetlands. It is above all a kind of the Plains, but can climb to the 1500 meters in Java and Bali, even up 2400 meters in the small islands of the Sunda.
There are two subspecies:
–Amandava flavidiventris He lives in Burma,in the North of Indochina and the Sunda Islands.
–Amandava punicea He lives in Indochina, Java and Bali and has many more white spots. The Red of their nuptial plumage is more alive than in the nominal species. The two subspecies are somewhat smaller and less present in imports.
Generally live in pairs or in small groups of up to thirty individuals. In winter, the demonstrations are larger and sometimes birds are grouped into more than a hundred individuals, sometimes with other species such as Capuchin, sparrows or email us. Their bedrooms are usually located in the common cane or cane fields. They are very territorial and vigorously defend the entrances to some of their nests.
In the India, breeding season occurs during the second half of the monsoon season or during the dry season. The nests are found on land or at a low height. They are built with thin strips of grass, stems and other plant materials. The female lays 4-6 white eggs which are incubated during 11 to 12 days for both parents. The young leave the nest after 3 weeks. When leaving the nest, adults are very attentive and communicate with their chicks with sweet notes, especially in the night, When it comes to remind them the location of its nest.
It has a mainly vegetarian diet. This bird feeds on grass and a wide variety of seeds. Also eat rice and millet. Their observation in captivity suggests that Red Bengals also feed in the wild on a small number of insects such as ants and caterpillars..
The population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence of any reduction or substantial threats.
Bengals can be kept both in spacious cages and in outdoor or indoor aviaries., although the breeding has a greater chance of success if they are kept in outdoor aviaries. Since it does not like empty spaces, it is best to decorate its habitat with an abundance of plants. . Love the Sun and the heat so the Aviary should be oriented so that you can to maximize the available hours of sunshine. At the same time, it must be sheltered and have a shelter that protects them from cold days during the winter months..
The Bengali gets along very well with the other species with which it can share a habitat. Less tolerant with its own species during the breeding season. ,It is best to keep a single partner in each Aviary.
Origin: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, French Guiana
Character: Ruidoso, social
Life expectancy: ----
Height: 23 to 24 cm..
Content
Description:
23 to 24 cm.. height and between 188 and 233 g. weight.
The short tail Short tailed Parrot(Graydidascalus brachyurus) It is the most distinctive, although it is also known the eyes red orange.
generally green, somewhat yellowish on wing
and the belly; Flying red noted in the base of the outer feathers tail and a small upper portion of wing
towards the armpit.
The beak is greenish gray, large.
The sexual dimorphism in this species it is absent.
This species, the only one of the genre Graydidascalus, is related with the Yellow-faced Parrot(Alipiopsitta xanthops), own kind of Bolivia and Brazil.
It inhabits in swampy forests, intervenidas, River Islands, borders of humid and semi-humid forest, until the 400 m, associated with river banks.
Fly quickly in large groups of up to 50 individuals, is very noisy and visit populated places. They are very social outside the breeding season. It will associate with other species of parrots in the wild.
Reproduction:
With plays during the last quarter of the year.
Successes captive breeding have not yet been registered; although several females put one or two eggs, but no chicks. In its natural habitat, the clutch average consists of 3 to 4 eggs. The period of incubation is of 24 to 25 days.
Food:
Consume large variety of fruits (very fond of guava), tubers and possibly berries, seeds, sprouts and flowers. Foraging in the treetops.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 3.870.000 km2
Its population is distributed among the rivers of the southeast of Colombia, east of Ecuador, northeastern Peru and northern Brazil, on Basin Amazon.
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Justification of the population
The population size World has not been quantified, but this species is described as «quite common» (Stotz et to the., 1996).
Justification of trend
It is suspected that this species has lost 19.1-20.4% of habitat within its distribution over three generations (15 years) based on a model of Amazon deforestation (Soares-Filho et to the., 2006, Bird et to the., 2011). Given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or capture, you suspect your decrease in population <25% over the next three generations.
"Short tailed Parrot" in captivity:
Rare in captivity. Young people are susceptible to stress and disease.
Alternative names:
– Short-tailed Parrot, Short tailed Parrot (English).
– Caïque à queue courte, Perroquet à queue courte, Perroquet nain de Panama (French).
– Kurzschwanzpapagei, Kurzschwangenpapagei (German).
– curica-verde, curica-pequena, curiquinha, papagainho-verde (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Colicorta, Cotorrita Cabezona, Lorito Colicorto (español).
– Cotorra Colicorta (Colombia).
– Loro de Cola Corta (Peru).
Minor Concern ⓘ
(UICN)ⓘ
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