54 to 56 cm.. height and a weight between 520 and 790 g.
The Short-billed black cockatoo(Zanda latirostris) It is a large black cockatoo..
It has great bill black, crest erectile, white spot in the area ear and white panels on the tail. The female It is similar except patch area ear large and slightly yellowish white.
The immature Similar to adult female.
Closely related to Baudin's black cockatoo(Zanda baudinii). They were formerly treated as a single species.
Mainly inhabits in native forests eucalyptus and shrubland or heathland. Visit temporarily plantations exotic pines.
Sometimes you see them in cities or at the edges of roads. It is also a visible visitor to the gardens containing native plants with hard fruits around Perth.
Usually they see them in groups of three or in small flocks, but occasionally gather in large flocks composed of hundreds or, exceptionally, thousands of birds. Sometimes it is associated with Baudin's black cockatoo(Zanda baudinii) wave Red-tailed black cockatoo(Zanda Banksia) in places where food is plentiful.
The species is said to be Residents in areas of high rainfall They are retaining much native vegetation and are emigrants of the driest regions and places where most of the native vegetation has been removed.
Reproduction:
They do not breed until they are at least four years old..
Adult birds They mate for life, and stay together throughout the year.
Reproduction occurs mainly in the region Wheatbelt, northwest of the Stirling Range about Three Springs, but it has also recorded on the coastal plain in the South West, about Bunbury.
The reproductive activity It is limited to eucalyptus forests. They make their nests in large holes in the top of the eucalyptus.
The eggs They are white or cream, and they have no marks. Son incubated by female only, for a period of 28 to 29 days. The nestlings are fed by both parents, Although during the first 10 to 14 days after hatching they are fed exclusively by the female.
Adults return to the same breeding area each year.
Food:
It feeds mainly from seeds and occasionally nectar, fruit and insect larvae.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 196.000 km2
Endemic southwest Australia.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: In danger of extinction.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
On the basis of the distribution of birds during the breeding season, the total population of the Short-billed black cockatoo it has been estimated that is between the 11 000 and 60 000 birds, although there are those who affirm that its population could count on less than 10 000 birds.
The decline of this species It is mainly due to the loss and fragmentation of habitat. This has been caused by the clearing of native vegetation, mainly for agricultural purposes, Since the mid-20th century.
No specific information available on future changes in population size. But, the range of the species is thought to continue to contract for some time, which leads to a concomitant decrease in population size.
"Short-billed black cockatoo" in captivity:
A program captive breeding It was established in 1996 by the Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM), in association with poultry farmers and licensed Zoo of Perth.
The genetic diversity of the captive population is enhanced by an 'abandoned' program’ that rehabilitates injured birds in the wild and then incorporates them into captive breeding.
Some eggs and chicks are caught illegally for sale in the markets of poultry. Although the demand for the species is said to have declined over the past decade, high market prices (approximately 3.000 dollars per bird and 5,000 $ couple) together with the scarce success of breeding captive birds, They suggest that Illegal take of this cockatoo will continue to be a continuing threat to the survival of this species..
It measures 31 cm. and weighs around 300 g..
To the Philippine cockatoo(Cacatua haematuropygia) It is called locally Katala.
Its plumage is of a beautiful white color except for the feathers of the crest they are yellow or pink on its base and the bottom of the tail and wings they are yellow and Red.
The bill is a grayish-white color, and males has irises dark brown, While the of the female are brown-red color.
Is restricted to lowland not more than 50 meters above the sea level, in or adjacent to rivers, and in coastal mangrove areas.
outside the breeding season (March to June, and, times, from February to August), frequents corn and rice crops. This depends on the station where foods are grown and have the available resources, being partially nomadic.
These birds can fly from their island to the adjacent if they are not more than a few 8 km. distance.
Reproduction:
breeding season between February and June. Of one to three eggs they are placed on a nest on a tree branch. The eggs are hatch for a few 28 days, and the chicks remain in the nest for nine to ten weeks after the hatching.
Food:
They feed on seeds, vegetables, fruits and berries.
They are known to attack corn crops in agricultural areas.
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 22.700 km2
This cockatoo is endemic in Philippines, and the only representative of the cockatoos that we will find there; This has become a treasure of these islands.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
critically endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current IUCN Red List category: Critical Hazard.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size: 370-770 mature individuals.
In Palawan the capture of the cockatoos for the international illegal trade is particularly serious, something which is reflected in the high price of these birds ($ 160 Americans in Manila in 1997); to have been looted all the visible nests each time the price is higher because it costs more to catch them.
The deforestation and the destruction of mangroves have been extensive in their range of occupancy and have contributed significantly to their decline.
It is also hunted and hunted for consumption as food.
The release of captive birds can introduce diseases into wild populations.
Conservation Actions Proposed:
• Conduct surveys on all range islands to assess species population size and distribution.
• Monitor population trends.
• Monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation.
• Quantify catch levels, persecution and trade.
• Designate more protected areas (for example Tawi-Tawi and towns in or near Palawan).
• Support the proposal to expand the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park.
• Prevent destruction of mangroves.
• Promote economically viable alternatives to avoid the capture of this cockatoo.
• Continue with education programs and captive breeding programs.
• Establish staff at airports and ferry terminals to control the departure of specimens.
• Translocate animals to suitable areas such as lowland forests or mangroves..
Loro Parque Foundation It has warned of the risk of extinction that runs the Philippine cockatoo by the construction of a power plant in Palawan, an island province of Philippines in the region of Western Visayas.
This Spanish NGO has invested 1,3 millions of dollars and more than 14 years of work in the recovery project of this cockatoo, and fears that with the construction of this station, the less than 1.000 remaining specimens in the world could be electrocuted by high-voltage lines, In addition to being blocked their migration in search of food.
The Golden Parakeet(Guaruba guarouba) has all the head, upperparts, lower andtail , a bright yellow. The greater coverts, primaries and secondaries are dark green (one or two feathers yellow in some birds flying). Underwing-coverts yellow, the bottom of the flight feather dark yellow. Feather shafts of the tail are white.
The bill pale pink, more Brown on the basis of the upper jaw; bare periophthalmic naked whitish; Iris Orange to brownish Orange; legs Rosaceae.
Both sexes similar.
Immature colour olive brown opaque dark green streak. In the transition to adulthood, the head, top of the tail and back They are the last to acquire the bright yellow color of the adult plumage.
inhabits the humid tropical forests, avoiding the forests and marshes (seasonally flooded), Although in the immediate breeding period, You can wander through these habitats from the adjacent dry forests.
When is the breeding season, the Golden Parakeet they occupy the forests next to the clear. Gregarious in all the seasons of the year. Observed in flocks of 3 to 30 birds, Although on a regular basis in groups between 6 and 10.
Forman communal roosts in tree cavities during the non-breeding season, using the holes in the area, alternately in successive nights. The usual and regular use of resting and feeding areas, is suspected to be due to the predictable daily routines. Sometimes seen feeding with other species of parrots.
Reproduction:
Nest at the top of the trunk or main branch of a hollow tree, a height between 15 and 30 m. Nesting tree is usually isolated, but near virgin forests. The old nest of other species It can be used by the Golden Parakeet, expanding its cavity as necessary.
The sexual behavior This species is unusual, and this is one of the most interesting aspects of their biology. With reproduce communally, with several females contributing to the work of the clutch, Although there are also reports of individual couples. Young people at different stages of development sometimes share a same nest.
On the other hand, at breeding sites during the reproductive period, the Golden Parakeet they react defensively to the presence of flocks of the same species, other species of parrots, especially the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao), and before the approach of birds of prey.
The normal clutch female is of 2 to 4 eggs (perhaps up to six); 14 reported in a single nest chicks in captive, where the six adults helped in the breeding work. The breeding season, usually, takes place from December to April, and it corresponds to the rainy season
endemic to the Amazonia, to the South of amazon in Brazil, from the west shore of the Tapajos River, to the East through the basins of the Xingu River and North of Tocantins to 5 ° N, For, and up to the eastern shore of the Turiacu River in West Maranhão.
Are not observed in the Marajó island and prevents the forests and marshes (for example, immediately to the South of the Amazonia).
Recent records in Rondà´nia and Mato Grosso, far from their known range, They suggest a little-known distribution. Apparently, they are distributed in large areas, but it is not known whether the movements are predictable or related with, for example, the seasonal availability of food.
Rare range-wide and no doubt in decline due to the very wide, fast and continuous deforestation and fragmentation of forests, both in the Amazonia occidental as in the Eastern.
The capture illegal for national and international live bird markets and the hunting for food and sport they pose a serious additional pressures. Protected areas in the range are insufficient and are being violated regularly, for example, with the illegal logging of Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla.
Listed in Appendix 1. In danger of extinction.
Conservation:
• Red List category of the UICN current: Vulnerable
• Population trend: Decreasing
The threat most obvious for the survival of the Golden Parakeet is deforestation? The construction of the tucuruí dam, which was completed in 1984, displaced 35.000 settlers from their House to adjoining territories and brought rapid deforestation. Prior to the dam construcicón, Wildlife in the lower basin of Tocantins It was considered among the richest and most diverse in the world. It is estimated that you a 117 species of mammals and 294 species of birds were displaced. So what 120 species of amphibians and reptiles were affected.
The population of the Golden Parakeet was initially in a range between 1,000-2,499 individuals, based on an assessment of the known records, descriptions of the abundance and range size. But, recent information suggests that the population may be greater. The species has been recorded in several additional places. (Laranjeiras and Cohn-Haft 2009), and a recent survey along of the Tapajos River by Laranjeiras (2011) indicated that it was as common in the study area as other Psittacidae, not threatened.
On the basis of this information, the population is placed on the band's 10,000-19,999 individuals, that means include c.6,600-13,400 mature individuals.
– CITES Appendix I and II, managed under the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Parrot Taxon Advisory Group and protected by the Brazilian legislation (being proposal as the national bird of Brazil).
– A campaign attacking trade of birds in Bolivia It can help to reduce international trade (AB Hennessey in litt., 2009).
– A population is relatively well protected in the Tapajos National Park, and a remnant population can survive in the Gurupi biological reserve.
– Floresta Nacional do Jamari It is poorly protected and suffer the constant pressure of illegal occupants, loggers and poachers (F. Olmos in litt., 1999).
– The conservation of this species in the reserves is problematic because of its apparent nomadism.
Conservation Actions Proposed:
– Conduct studies to find the populations so far unknown, especially in the South and West of its range.
– Maintain the integrity of the Tapajos National Park.
– Protect and manage the land between the existing protected areas to facilitate the movements of nomadic.
– To enforce the legal restrictions on trade, especially in domestic markets.
– Further develop the program captive breeding.
"Golden Parakeet" in captivity:
Date back to the first reproductive outcomes of this kind of 1939 in Sri Lanka.
The Golden Parakeet It is probably the most coveted among all the parrots, being the prices demanded by her extremely high. It is very rare and endangered in its natural habitat, and are therefore protected from import.
Birds reserved for breeding are happier in the presence of members of their species. This is due to the nature of the Golden Parakeet, sociable and cheerful, with an intense need for interaction with their peers.
With regard to its longevity, according to sources, a specimen lived 23,2 years in captivity. It has been reported that these animals can live up to the 60,9 years in captivity, but this has not been verified; the same study reported that these animals can reproduced from the 3 years age in captivity.
(1) – Avibase
(2) – Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
(3) – Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
(4) – Birdlife
(5) – WAZA
Photos:
(1) – Golden Parakeet (also known or Golden Conure) at Gramado Zoo, in south Brazil By Ironman br (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Golden Parakeet or the Queen of Bavaria Conure in Burgers Zoo, Arnhem By frank wouters (originally posted to Flickr as goudparkiet) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Two Golden Parakeets at Gramado Zoo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil By diegodobelo (Zoo de GramadoUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Golden Parakeet or the Queen of Bavaria Conure). Two captive By TJ Lin (originally posted to Flickr as Golden Conure) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – Golden Conure at the Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil By Bruno Girin from London, United Kingdom (06680018Uploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Photo taken at the National Aviary By Photo by and (C)2007 Derek Ramsey (Ram-Man) (Self-photographed) [GFDL 1.2 or CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Golden Conure by Jean – Flickr
(10) – Illustration Guaruba guarouba By Dutton, F. G.; Fawcett, Benjamin; Greene, W. T.; Lydon, A. F.; Lydon, A. F. [CC BY 2.0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
The Red-masked Parakeet(Psittacara erythrogenys) It is very similar to birds Scarlet-fronted Parakeet and to the Mitred Parakeet, but smaller and with more red area in the face, extending continuously up to the throat and nape.
Has the forecrown, crown, lores, the cheeks and the area around the eyes, bright red, generally forming a complete red mask to join to the chin (Sometimes the mask extends up to the throat). Since the nape up to the uppertail-coverts dark green, sometimes with scattered red feathers. The upperwing-coverts children with some feathers of red and the bend of wing red; remaining upperwing-coverts dark green, with dye Emerald to them vane outer the primary. The flight feather Brown Gold below; underwing-covertsminors, bright red, the greater coverts yellowish brown. The underparts brighter yellowish green, sometimes with mottled red and almost always with the the thighs red. Upper, the tail dark green; by below grayish brown.
The bill color pale horn; bare periophthalmic off-white; irises yellow; legs distant.
The Red-masked Parakeet It occupies a wide range of vegetation types, from arid zones to rainforests, Since the sea level to altitudes 2.500 m, Although its usual habitat is below of the 1.000 m, in humid forests, deciduous forests, areas of dry thorny scrub and arid with cactus; They also live in degraded forest, areas cultivated with scattered trees, and around the urban areas. They tend to prefer arid and semi-arid habitats, not avoiding moist forest habitats.
Outside the breeding season, is a bird gregarious; in general, observed in pairs or in groups of up to 12 individuals, forming groups of up to 200 birds in the places where their communal roosts are. Formerly registered flocks of thousands of birds in Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Often associated in mixed flocks with the Grey-cheeked Parakeet(Brotogeris pyrrhoptera) and also observed in mixed flocks with the Bronze winged Parrot(Pionus chalcopterus).
Reproduction Red-masked Parakeet:
Nests in holes of mature trees, for example of Ceiba trichistandra or Cochlospermun vitifolium, There are also records of nests in termite mounds, with a report in a nest on a cliff. The breeding season in the southwest of Ecuador recorded during the rainy season (January-March). The laying, between 2 and 4 eggs. The female the incubated eggs during 23 to 24 days. The pups they are born very little developed, blind and naked. They are fed with food previously digested by their mothers.
Food Aratinga of Guayaquil:
Few details exist about food preferences of the Red-masked Parakeet, Although seasonal movements from the more arid areas are probably related to food supply.
In Ecuador, the distribution of the Red-masked Parakeet is limited to the lowlands of the peaceful, Western slope of the Andes and valleys, Although it is apparently absent from the eastern slope; similar pattern in the Peru most Eastern records in the basin of the amazon (Valley of the Utcubamba River) to 77° 54’W.
The seasonal movements to and from the more arid areas, otherwise, residents.
Usually considered to be common (described as the most common parrot in various locations in the province of Gold, Ecuador), but numbers fluctuate widely in some locations due to irregular seasonal movements. In some areas there has been a very drastic decrease of copies, reflecting the combined effects of the loss of habitat and your capture for the trade in live birds, for example, in Guayas, Ecuador.
There are at least eight protected areas, of which seven are in Ecuador.
There are leaks in Spain; so also in EE. UU., with breeding populations in the California cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, San Gabriel, Sunnyvale and San Francisco, You can see them eating fruits of cultivated tropical plants, and nesting in Palm trees.
Maintained in captivity at the local level (where is the most common Parrot kept in captivity) and commercialized in large quantities at the international level, especially since Peru.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Near Threatened ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Red List category of the UICN current: Near-threatened
• Population trend: Decreasing
The size of the population This species has not been estimated officially, but, in the absence of sufficient data, It is suspected that it may be in around the 10.000 specimens, more or less equivalent to 6.700 mature individuals.
The population of the species is suspected that it may be subjected to a moderately rapid decrease, due to its capture for him pet trade together with the loss of habitat and fragmentation. Further research is required.
Conservation Actions Underway:
Appendix II of CITES.
Conservation Actions Proposed:
Carry out surveys to get an estimate of the population.
The current threat of trade research.
Enforcing trade restrictions.
Census of population and monitoring.
Monitor the rates of loss and fragmentation of habitat.
Study its ability to persist in altered and fragmented habitats.
The Red-masked Parakeet in captivity:
Shy and distrustful. Little common in captivity outside its area of distribution.
They may live until 25 years, Although the average tends to be between 10 and 15 years.
Their diet: fruit as, Apple, pear, orange, bananas, grenades, Kiwi, papaya, cactus fruits, they form a 30 percent of the diet. Vegetables, such as: Carrot, celery, green beans and peas in the pod, sweet corn on the cob, green leavess, such as: chard, lettuce , Kale, healer, Dandelion, Aviary grass, spray millet, mixture of small seeds, such as: Millet and small amounts of oats, buckwheat, safflower and hemp.
This species is found threatened from the wild bird trade local in Peru and Ecuador, where are rates of mortality due to mismanagement and stress high.
Never buy these birds in the illegal trade, Since these tend to come from its natural environment and it must be remembered that the Red-masked Parakeet is one endangered species.
Alternative names:
– Red-masked Parakeet, Red Masked Conure, Red masked Parakeet, Red-headed Conure, Red-headed Parakeet, Red-masked Conure (English).
– Conure à tête rouge, Conure à tête cerise, Conure à tête écarlate, Perriche à tête rouge, Perruche à tête rouge (French).
– Guayaquilsittich (German).
– Periquito-de-cabeça-vermelha (Portuguese).
– Aratinga de Guayaquil, Loro de cara roja, Periquito de Cabeza Roja, Perico Cara Roja (español).
– Loro de cara roja (Chile).
– Cotorra de Cabeza Roja (Peru).
– Perico caretirrojo (Ecuador).
– Avibase
– Parrots of the World – Forshaw Joseph M
– Parrots A Guide to the Parrots of the World – Tony Juniper & Mike Parr
– Birdlife
– Feather wind
– Photos:
(1) – A feral Red-masked Parakeet (also known as the Red-masked Conure and Cherry-headed Conure) in San Francisco, USA By Ingrid Taylar [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(2) – Red-masked parakeet, Aratinga erythrogenys. Two birds in a tree in San Francisco, California By Jef Poskanzer (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(3) – Red-masked Parakeet (Psittacara erythrogenys) at the Presidio, San Francisco, California By Frank Schulenburg (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(4) – Red-masked parakeet (Aratinga erythrogenys). A juvenile parrot which is mostly green and just starting to get some red feathers on its head By Eliya Selhub (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(5) – Red-masked Parakeet preening on a branch in San Francisco, USA By Ingrid Taylar from San Francisco Bay Area – California, USA [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(6) – Red-masked Conure at Birds of Eden, South Africa By Dick Daniels (http://carolinabirds.org /) (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
(7) – A feral Red-masked Parakeet (also known as the Red-masked Conure and Cherry-headed Conure) in San Francisco, USA By Ingrid Taylar [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(8) – Two feral Red-masked Parakeets in San Francisco, USA By Ingrid Taylar from San Francisco Bay Area – California, USA (Wild in SFUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(9) – Several Red-masked Parakeets eating a discarded apple in San Francisco, USA By Ingrid Taylar from San Francisco Bay Area – California, USA (A Big Find for ParrotsUploaded by Snowmanradio) [CC BY 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
The Maroon-tailed Parakeet(Pyrrhura melanura) is distinguishable mainly by the tail and wings blackish (visible in flight); has the lores, the forecrown, the crown and the rear area of the neck, brownish, with paler reddish brown tips on the crown, forming altogether a speckled pattern; cheeks, ear-coverts and area behind the eyes, green; Brown in the shadows at the back of the crown Green in the nape.
Upperparts Green with tinge of olive in some feathers. Primary coverts Red with yellow tips; Front edge of the wing
, red; upperwing-coverts of color green with dye olive. Primaries Dark greenish blue with dark tips. Underwing-coverts green; underside of flight feather blackish. Throat and feathers of the upper part of the chest, Green or greyish green with pale margins, giving a scaly striking effect; pale edges that become less clear on the sides of the neck; the belly and undertail-coverts Green with dye olive dark. Upper, the tail dark brown with green outer feathers; undertail, the tail shiny black.
Bill pale grey; bare periophthalmic naked, whitish: irises dark brown; legs grey.
Both sexes similar. The immature has less red (greener) in the primary coverts.
(Salvadori, 1891) – Similar to the Pyrrhura melanura souancei, but with even broader and paler margins on the breast feathers (Some birds of Ecuador with almost entirely white breasts), less red on the front edge of the wing
and more pronounced brown patch in the belly. Cheeks dyed with color olive, Red uniform at the edge of the carpus; abdomen more uniform brown/red color.
Pyrrhura melanura chapmani
(Bond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1940) – With suspiciously in the chest more width, No yellow in the wing
; yellowish in the area of the ear and the green of the tail darker.
(Chapman, 1915) – More dark, No yellow in the wing
, grey around the eye, tail more short and reddish.
Pyrrhura melanura souancei
(Verreaux,J, 1858) – With the edge top of the wing
Red and not yellow; Green in the base of the tail more extensive and chest with scaled a little more width.
Habitat:
The Maroon-tailed Parakeet It occupies the temperate tropical formations, including forests of várzea, forests of land low and pre-montanos rainforests and forests cloud, often in areas partially cleared and edges of secondary forests; 150 - 300m in Venezuela (nominal), to 3,200 m in the slopes Andean Eastern (souancei), 1.600-2.800m on the slope of the Andes central (chapmani), at 1,700 m in Nariño (Pacifica), at 1500m (berlepschi). Usually in flocks of 6-12 individuals, staying in them cups of them trees to rest but moving is toward the branches more low for forage.
Reproduction:
Little information about breeding, observed during the months of April-June, headers of the Napo River, Ecuador. Copulation observed in January (Colombia). Clutch four eggs in captivity.
Food:
Few details about the diet, with foods known, including fruits of Miconia tkeaezans (Top of the Magdalena valley). Fagara tachuelo and tree bark (Amazonia).
Distribution:
Size of the area of distribution (reproduction / resident): 1.510.000 km2
The distribution of the Maroon-tailed Parakeet is discontinuous. Northwest of South America in the Western Amazon basin, southern portion of the the Orinoco basin and slope of the peaceful of the Andes, in the southwest of Colombia and West Ecuador.
In Venezuela the species is found in the Centre of the South of Bolívar along the upper Western Amazon basin of Brazil between the riversNegro and Solimões. They are also distributed in Andes Central of Colombia, at the top of the Magdalena valley, from the South of Tolimauntil Huilaand separated to the East from the Andes (in lowlands and up to 500 m in foothills) Since the Macarena mountains, southward through eastern lowlands Ecuador and Northeast and East of Peru.
A separate population is distributed to the West of the Andes, in the Northwest of the South of Ecuador, to the North of The rivers, with a single log in nose, to the southwest of Colombia.
Mainly resident Although the apparent absence during some seasons in some parts of Colombia suggests regular movements.
Unevenly distributed, in some areas very common, being the Parrot more numerous in some parts of the range such as high Magdalena valley and perhaps parts of Esmeraldas in the Northwest of Ecuador.
Alleged decrease in some areas (for example, Pacific slope of Ecuador) due to loss of habitat. Little known in the East of Peru. Not a locally popular cage bird if it has been traded internationally in significant numbers in late 1980 and fairly well known in captivity outside of its area of distribution.
Subspecies distribution
Subspecies distribution
Pyrrhura melanura berlepschi
(Salvadori, 1891) – Valley of Huallaga, is of Peru and Southeast of Ecuador on Cutucú mountain range. A specimen with characteristics of this species was observed at the head of the Magdalena valley suggesting their distribution in Colombia.
(Chapman, 1915) – Northwest of Ecuador and southwest of Colombia.
Pyrrhura melanura souancei
(Verreaux,J, 1858) – It is from Colombia since the Sierra de la Macarena Southwest, until Putumayo through the East of Ecuador, possibly up to the north end of Peru. Probably bordered on the eastern slopes of the Andes and mostly replaced by the nominal species in lowlands.
Conservation:
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: Least concern.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
Justification of the population
The population size world has not been quantified, but this species is described as “quite common” (Stotz et to the., 1996).
Justification of trend
This species is suspected that he has been able to lose 6,95 to 7,1% of a habitat within its distribution over three generations (18 years) based on a deforestation model of the Amazon (Soares-Filho et to the., 2006, Bird et to the. 2011). Given the susceptibility of the species to the cazay and/or the capture, It is suspected that will decrease in <25% durante tres generaciones.
"Maroon-tailed Parakeet" in captivity:
Ave shy and quiet, get used to people over time. Colonies in large birdcages are possible.
Alternative names:
– Maroon-tailed Parakeet, Magdalena Parakeet, Maroon tailed Parakeet, Maroon-tailed Conure, Black-tailed Conure (English).
– Conure de Souancé, Perriche de Souancé, Perruche de Souancé (French).
– Braunschwanzsittich, Braunschwanz-Sittich (German).
– tiriba-fura-mata (Portuguese).
– Cotorra Colinegra, Perico de Cola Negra, Periquito Colirrojo (español).
– Periquito Colirrojo (Colombia).
– Periquito Colirrojo (Peru).
– Perico Cola Negra (Venezuela).
The Grey-breasted parakeet(Pyrrhura griseipectus) is a bird marked by a mask in reddish face, interrupted by a surrounding white coloration in the regions orbitals and ear-coverts.
The feathers of the neck to the upper region chest They have a gray coloration with light streaks interspersed, giving the region a striped appearance or escamado. The species has a characteristic patch reddish in belly, highlighting green coloration, its predominant body. The region forecrown up to the nape, It is dark brown with white or lighter brown spots that vary from bird to bird.. rear area neck green blue border with a width. They have a patch reddish brown in the bottom of the back which leads to the crown. The tail It is long and maroon. Bill gray-black; eye ring white gray; irises brown-orange.
It has no sexual dimorphism. The immature they are more muted than adults; You have scattered green feathers in the abdomen; the cere and the bare periophthalmic is white, less gray tone.
Taxonomic status:
This species is considered to be a subspecies of Pyrrhura [leucotis, emma or griseipectus] by some authors
Sound of the Grey-breasted parakeet.
Habitat:
It is in the rainforests, often located in Serranas regions, where orographic rains favor the occurrence of enclaves Atlantic Forest and Mata dry amid caatinga.
Reproduction:
The breeding season It occurs during the rainy season. The laying It is five to eight eggs in holes dug by woodpeckers since they are not able to dig their own nests; They use these holes to sleep.
When the pups are born, the couple divides the task of feeding. Sometimes they have help from even a third member of the flock to successfully raise all the young..
Food:
Probably it feeds on fruits, flowers, seeds and algae.
Distribution and status:
Size of its range (players / residents): 830 km2
This species was formerly known in 15 Locations (. Anon 2014) within Brazil. At present it is in only three areas in the state of Ceará, the Serra de Baturité and Quixadá(C. Albano in a little . 2006, Waugh et al 2010.) and most recently observed in a rocky mountain Ceará, where five birds were recorded in March 2014 (Anon. 2014).
In Serra do Baturité appears to be very rare and seems to have been extinct from several areas, but recent records of groups in the Environmental Protection Area mountains Baturité; surveys 2007 half of the remaining habitat in this site revealed near 80 individuals (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and the population here is now estimated to be about 250 birds(Waugh et al . 2010).
Forests of Baturite mountains They have been greatly reduced to make way for coffee plantations and only 13% of the jungle remained in 1996. The discovery in 2010 a population of about 50 birds in Quixadá(Waugh et al ., 2010) It raises the known world population of this species in about 300 birds.
The Grey-breasted parakeet It was previously known two other areas: the eastern slope of the Saw Ibiapaba in Ceará, and small Serra Negra, in Pernambuco, where it was very common in 1974, with flocks of 4-6 individuals regularly seen in the early 1980, although there are no recent records. There are also unconfirmed reports 1991 in organic station Murici Alagoas in which possibly it refers to individuals released; Recent fieldwork was unable to locate the species.
Its known range is very small, and the species has declined dramatically in the past, a trend that may be permanent.
Conservation:
Justification of the Red List of the Category
Recent surveys indicate that this species has a extremely small population, which continues to decline after dramatic historical declines. For these reasons it qualifies as Critically Endangered.
Justification of the population
State of conservation ⓘ
critically endangered ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
• Current category of the Red List of the UICN: critically endangered.
• Population trend: Decreasing.
• Population size : 200 individuals.
The population in the Area of Baturité Mountains Environmental Protection It is estimated at about 250 birds, and discovery in 2010 a population of about 50 birds in Quixadá raises the known world population of about 300 birds(Waugh et al ., 2010). This equates to approximately 200 mature individuals.
Justification trend
This species is suspected to be decreasing quickly because of their capture and habitat loss in progress within its range.
Threats
The habitat destruction He has played a role in the decline of the species with the original forest cover now reduced to only 13%.
The coffee plantations (especially where coffee is grown in the sun instead of shade coffee) They are impacting the habitat of the species.
The main threat, However, It is believed to come from the capture illegal underway for local and national trade (C. Albano a slightly 2006, Anon 2009..) and captive breeding (Fernandes-Ferreira et al 2012.); the Grey-breasted parakeet They can be easily purchased through Internet (Girão and Albano 2008).
It is easily found in the international trade in bird cage.
The lack of natural nesting sites also it believed to are limiting reproductive success of the species (Campos et al . 2014).
Conservation Actions Underway
Appendix II of CITES.
In Brazil, It was considered above in critical hazard(Silveira y Straube 2008), but it has now been legally designated as endangered national(MMA 2014), and protected Brazilian law.
Dwelleth within Baturité Mountains Environmental Protection Area, but this area has been designated for sustainable use and traditionally has not been achieved for conservation.
Management of land by a private owner in the area has led to an increase in a small town known (C. Albano a slightly . 2006).
Since 2007, NGO AQUASIS Brazil has been conducting two research projects: one sponsored by the Brazilian Foundation O Boticário for the Protection of Nature, the topography of the Baturite mountains to monitor their condition and research their biology; and another sponsored Fundación Loro Parque, for additional populations (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008).
The surveys carried out in the historical sites and areas of potential habitat in the period 2007-2008 They have not been able to locate members of this species, although there are strong indications of individuals that may still be inhabiting the degraded Serra do Estevão, municipality Jaw, state Ceará(C. Albano in a little. 2007 2008, Anon 2007), where it was actually rediscovered in the 2010 (Waugh et al ., 2010).
A team of AQUASIS, funded by an award Leadership Program for Conservation in 2012, conducted searches for the species on an isolated mountain in Ceará and he found a small population of five individuals in March 2014(Anon. 2014).
You can also persist in Serra Negra Biological Reserve, state Pernambuco, although a combination of marijuana crops and hostile local culture makes research work in this latter area difficult (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008).
At least 11 private reserves (RPPN) They are in the process of being created in the Serra de Baturité(C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and AQUASIS They are now engaged in the process of developing a nature reserve in the Baturite mountains(Campos et al . 2014).
AQUASIS has strengthened ties with government agencies in order to influence policy decisions (Campos et al . 2014).
Scheme nest box sponsored by Loro Parque It has been carried out with nest boxes installed in different places with the consent of the landowners. (Anon, 2009).
AQUASIS also they provided nest boxes Insecticide treated to reduce infestations of bee and wasp (Campos et al . 2014). These measures have proved effective, with 16 boxes occupied in 2012 give place to 97 eggs and 71 chicks hatched successfully.
A education and awareness campaign large scale was carried out in the Serra de Baturité in 2008 (C. Albano in a little. 2007, 2008) and continues today, with many schools currently participating in education programs AQUASIS(Campos et al . 2014).
A main objective of AQUASIS is to promote the Cotorra pechigris as a flagship species, the work being supported by commercial NGOs and ecotourism WATER Trails of the Park(Anonymous 2009).
AQUASIS also it aims to develop the ability to bird watching and a development process of consciousness creating alternative livelihoods (Anonymous 2009). A visitor center has recently been established (Campos et al . 2014).
It breeds well in captivity and stocks are held in Brazil and abroad. Always captive breeding is well managed and coordinated, could be used for reintroduction into the wild.
They are being conducted studies on factors influencing the survival rate of chicks, population's genetics (in future DNA techniques can be used as a deterrent against illegal collection of wild birds); both adults and juveniles have been banded (Campos et al . 2014).
Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct more studies in areas similar to the mountains Baturité in the northeast of Brazil, such as Sierras de Aratanha, Maranguape and Machado, by the presence of additional existing populations.
improve conservation management practiced in the Guaramiranga Ecological Park.
Provide incentives for landowners to increase the network of private reserves Baturite mountains.
Monitor and control trade locally, National and international.
Investigate the feasibility of using giant bamboo(Dendrocalamus giganteus) as sites for constructing artificial nests (Campos et al . 2014).
continue making awareness campaigns to promote the Grey-breasted parakeet as a symbol for the conservation of humid forests and associated biodiversity in the Baturite mountains.
Investigate in situ conservation measures.
"Grey-breasted parakeet" in captivity:
Its continuous capture, both for domestic and international trade, They have taken this beautiful bird to a critical situation, there are only 200 specimens in the nature. There are probably more animals captivity in its natural habitat
Protected by the Appendix II of CITES, each captive specimen of this species that is capable of reproducing, must be placed in a well-managed captive breeding program and not sold as a pet, in order to ensure long term survival.
The Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) It, in general, green, with the forecrown and areas around eyes dark red.
In flight It is very evident dark red stain abdomen, the wings below greyish. The cheeks They have a greenish blue tone, the area surrounding the ear It is yellowish-brown and the breast feathers with design marginalized gray escamado.
Lives or lived in humid jungle, semi-humid, deciduous and gallery forests,low. It nests on trees of considerable size in hollow nests woodpeckers.
endemic to Colombia, in the lower valley of sinu river, Jaraquiel, Murrucucú hill, Córdoba.
Expeditions carried out in recent years have failed to sight it.
Estimated population: 0-100; The population trend: possibly extinct
We recommend that you devote to Sinú parakeet immediate attention to the conservation of this unique endemic species of the plain Sinu River.
Habitats in the jungle and near the Sinú river valley have been extensively altered and lost.
History:
The Sinú parakeet It was described by Todd 1917 as a distinctive bird endemic Valley Sinu River, Córdoba Department, Northwest of Colombia. Peters (1937), without evidence or any basis placed the Pyrrhura subandina within the species Pyrrhura picta, and the species immediately fell into obscurity as subspecies. However, Joseph and Stockwell (2002) they restored the status to Pyrrhura subandina as a species, based on a detailed assessment and phylogenetic analyses recent (com. pers. 2003).
DNA analysis has shown that the population of the Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) It is probably different (monotype) (Joseph & Stockwell 2002), although at present it remains a subspecies of the Pyrrhura picta pending further studies (SACC 2007).
There is no information on the ecology of the Sinú parakeet or current status. The species has never been reported alive and its range has been extensively deforested (Salaman obs. pers.)
At the beginning of 2004 Paul Salman He visited the four sites type; two are entirely deforested, While Quimari and the Cerro Murrucucú still have some fragmented forests. No evidence of any Pyrrhura It was obtained by observations and interviews with the local community. In May of 2004, a researcher at ProAves spent three months exploring in search of this species throughout the Murrucucú hill but their results were not favorable. The lack of recent records of this species and its restricted and unprotected range give reasons for concern about their survival and current status.
Reference: Joseph, L. and Stockwell, D. 2002. Climatic modeling of the distribution of some Pyrrhura parakeets of northwestern South America with notes on their systematics and special reference to Pyrrhura caeruleiceps Todd, 1947. Ornitologia Neotropical 13: 1-8.
The Sinú parakeet(Pyrrhura subandina) was last reliably recorded in 1949. Almost nothing was recorded about their habits. Not found during searches on 2004 and 2006 (ProAves Colombia 2008). He may be extinct, but if it still survives, this bird will be seriously threatened by habitat loss and hunting associated with the armed conflict in the region; The future of this Pyrrhura It looks bleak.
* Subspecies included within the species Pyrrhura picta.
50 to 57 cm.. height and weight between 560 and 770 g.
to Baudin's black cockatoo(Zanda baudinii) is almost entirely of black, with whitish margins in the feathers, patches rounded on them ear-coverts (yellowish to white in the female and Brown to grey in the male), white rectangular panels in the tail.
has a powerful bill (with greatly elongated upper jaw), Black in the male and white-gray color with a black color in the female tip. Iris dark brown surrounded by a eye ring Red in the male and female grey. Tail rounded, crest Erectile and legs greys. birds youth are like adults in appearance, but the bill of the male juvenile is equal to the of the of the female adult. The bill the juvenile male begins to darken after the second year.
Its natural habitat is the dense forests dominated by the Marris (Corymbia calophylla) in the extreme southwest of Australia.
Gregaria, is often seen in groups of three, a pair of adults with a young, or in small groups. Occasionally they gather in large flocks of up to 300 birds during the non-breeding season, usually in places where food is abundant.
Reproduction:
Very little is known about the reproductive biology This cockatoo, such as their reproduction area, nesting events calendar, the nest tree, Characteristics of holes for nests, implementation size, incubation period, incipient and successful nesting period.
Little is known about their reproductive cycle because nests are extremely difficult to locate.. Most of the characteristics of the biology of the species are inferred from the Short-billed black cockatoo.
They show a strong union of couple and probably is pair of by life. They remain together throughout the year, except when the female is incubating eggs. Probably they begin to breed at the age of four. The species breeds in late winter and spring, from August to November or December. Copulation probably takes place three days before laying. The female lays one or two white eggs and you can lay an egg of replacement if the first since egg fails. The incubation lasts a few 29 days and only the female incubates them. The chicks remain in the nest for a maximum of 16 weeks.
The nests are composed of a layer of wood chips, built in large hollow in the high eucalyptus, 30 to 40 cm. in diameter and more than 30 depth cm.
Food:
Are fed mainly from the seeds of MARRI and Karri. They are also fond of the rending of wood, Apart from pierce the bark of trunks in search of larvae. Apple trees and pear trees are frequently visited to enjoy its fruits.
Distribution:
Confined in the South-West of Western Australia, especially among Perth, Albany and Margaret River.
Small captive populations in the Melbourne Zoo, in the Healesville sanctuary in Victoria, and in the Zoo of Perth. The species is bred in captivity with great difficulty.
Conservation:
State of conservation ⓘ
Vulnerable ⓘ(UICN)ⓘ
In Australia is listed as Vulnerable by the law on protection and conservation of biodiversity for the environment.
The total population of the species is estimated at 12.500 individuals, with one downward trend.
Before the inclusion of the threatened species, the annual reproductive rate was of 0,6 per couple, too low to replace the large number of birds that were killed by horticulturists to protect their crops. It is now illegal to shoot these birds, However is it still done.
In captivity:
Appears in the Appendix II of CITES, what limited international trade in the species. It´s illegal capture These wild birds, a penalty of up to 10,000 $. This cockatoo is protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Australia.
Alternative names:
– Baudin’s Black Cockatoo, Long-billed Black Cockatoo, White tailed Black Cockatoo (English).
– Cacatoès de Baudin (French).
– Langschnabel-Rußkakadu, Weißohr-Rabenkakadu (German).
– Cacatua-negra-de-bico-longo (Portuguese).
– Cacatúa Fúnebre de Pico Largo, Cacatúa Fúnebre Piquilarga (español).
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Endangered ⓘ (UICN)ⓘ
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